Summary of historical knowledge points in the second day of junior high school

In the process of studying history in senior two, we should summarize every knowledge point. The following is a summary of the historical knowledge points of the second day of junior high school compiled by our website for your reference.

Summary of knowledge points of history in grade two (1) Knowledge points in the first volume of grade eight 1. Lin Zexu and Humen Opium Destruction Case (1June 3, 839) (P2 in Grade 8): & ldquo; If the country is profitable, it will be born. If the country is dead, it will be avoided. & amprdquo

1. The reason why Britain smuggled opium: to reverse the trade deficit with China. The fundamental purpose: to open the China market.

2. The harm of opium smuggling to China: it leads to the outflow of silver and the rise of prices; The combat effectiveness of the army is weakened; Threatened the rule of the Qing government.

The purpose of Lin Zexu's smoking ban is to maintain the rule of Qing government.

4. Enlightenment from the harm of opium: stay away from drugs and cherish life.

5. Significance: Lin Zexu and Humen's destruction of opium is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu is a national hero in China's modern history.

Second, "treaty of nanking" (on August 5th):

1, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history-Sino-British treaty of nanking (1842).

2. Main contents: ① cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; (2) The compensation is 2 1 ten thousand yuan; (3) Opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (4) The import and export goods in the UK should be taxed, and China must agree with the UK.

3. Impact: China's territorial sovereignty is incomplete; Increased the burden on the people; Commodity exports beneficial to foreign capitalism began to lose their independent status.

Third, the influence of the Opium War: (8p6)-It marked the beginning of China's modern history.

1, 65438+June 0840 &; Mdash & mdash 65438+August 0842

2. The influence of the Opium War on China society;

① Social nature: China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society;

② Social tasks: China began to enter the period of anti-aggression and anti-feudalism old democratic revolution;

The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.

Fourth, the left recovered Xinjiang (P 14).

1, but so do dungans Governor Zuo proposed not to & ldquo; lift the east but fall to the west &; Rdquo, advocating the recovery of Xinjiang;

2. The Qing government appointed Zuo as an imperial minister to supervise military affairs in Xinjiang, and adopted &; Ldquo first goes north, then south, and then slows down and enters an emergency battle &; Rdquo strategy.

3. 1878, except Yili, Xinjiang returned to the embrace of the motherland.

4. 1884 A province has been established in Xinjiang.

V. Sino-Japanese War and treaty of shimonoseki (P 15- 17)

1, time:1894 & mdash; 1895. Deng Shichang's sacrifice.

2. Result: ① China was defeated. Beiyang navy was completely annihilated. ② Forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki (P 17). (Content: Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan; Compensation of 200 million taels; Open Chongqing as a trading port (foreign capitalist forces go deep into the mainland of China); Allow Japan to open factories (marking large-scale capital export and hindering the development of Chinese national capitalism)

3. Impact: China lost more territory and sovereignty, and China's semi-colonial degree greatly deepened.

Six, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China and the "Xin Chou Treaty" (8 P20)

1 year and 1900, in order to suppress the boxer movement, Eight-Nation Alliance led the war of aggression against China in Seymour, vice admiral, England.

2. The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty (190 1)(p 2 1) are as follows: ① The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver, with customs duties and other taxes as the guarantee; (2) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement; (3) Dismantle Dagu Fort and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; (4) Dongjiaominxiang in Beijing is designated as the embassy boundary, allowing all countries to station troops and prevent China people from living.

Harm: It added a new heavy burden to the people of China, seriously damaged the sovereignty of China, and made the Qing government a tool for imperialism to rule China. The "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Seven. Westernization Movement: 65438+60-90 years. (8 pages 28-30)

1. Purpose: To maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government.

2. Proposition: Make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of the predicament and safeguard the rule of Qing Dynasty by using advanced production technology in the West.

3. Slogan: Early (1960s),&; Ldquo self-improvement. As a slogan,

Later period (1970s),&; Ldquo seeks money &; Rdquo as a slogan.

4. Main contents: ① Establishment of military industry (Part VIII: P29); (2), the establishment of civil industry (eight p29);

(3), the preparation of the navy (P30); (Beiyang, Nanhai and Fujian navies)

④ Establish a new school (P30 in Grade 8) (the first new school in modern times: Shi Jing Wentongtang).

5. Evaluation (Part VIII P30): The Westernization Movement took place in the special historical stage of modern society in China, and it was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. The subjective purpose of Westernization School is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism. It didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced science and technology from the west, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for the modernization of China.

Eight, the bus letter (P33):

1895, headed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. It opened the prelude to the Reform Movement of 1898.

Ix. The Reform Movement of 1898 (P34): It is a patriotic movement to save the country and the people and promote people's ideological emancipation.

1, date:1June, 898&; Mdash& ampmdash September (* *103 day)

2. Character: Emperor Guangxu,&; Ldquo Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898. (P35, Grade 8)

3. Reasons for failure: ① The reformists divorced from the broad masses of the people and relied only on an emperor who had no real power;

(2) The opposition and destruction of feudal diehard forces.

X. China League (P38):( 1905)

1, location: Tokyo, Japan; 2. Leader: Sun Yat-sen

3. Nature: the first national bourgeois revolutionary party in China.

The newspaper of the League of Nations is People's Daily.

5. Political program:&; Ldquo expelled the Tatars, restored China, established the Republic of China, and had equal land ownership &; rdquo,

6. Three People's Principles: Nationalism, Civil Rights and People's Livelihood (The Three People's Principles are the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Revolution of 1911. )

Xi。 Xinhai Revolution: (P39-4 1)

1 Wuchang Uprising (P39):

1911010/0/010 The Revolution of 1911 broke out, which is called the Revolution of 1911 in history.

2, the establishment of the Republic of China (P40):

1 91210/0/month1(that is, the first year of the Republic of China), Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president in Nanjing.

Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911.

Yuan Shikai replaced Sun Yat-sen as the interim president of the Republic of China in Beijing, stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and established the rule of Beiyang warlords. The Revolution of 1911 failed to accomplish the task of opposing imperialism and feudalism, and it failed.

4. Historical significance of the Revolution of 1911: The Revolution of 1911 was a great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts.

5. Reasons for failure: imperialism and feudalism are too strong; The weakness and compromise of the national bourgeoisie.

XII. The New Culture Movement (VIII P43-46)

1 Main contents of the New Culture Movement

① Starting logo: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded New Youth and put forward the slogan of democracy and science.

② Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi and Lu Xun.

③ Main contents: advocate democracy and oppose autocracy; Advocate science and oppose superstition; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.

2. & ampldquo The new stage of the New Culture Movement &; rdquo

Li Dazhao was the first person to raise the banner of socialism. 19 18, he published "The Victory of Civilians" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", predicting that ldquo's vision of the future world must be a world with red flags! & amprdquo

3. Evaluation: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of China. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China, and promotes the May 4th Movement. However, in the new culture movement, there was also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation of eastern and western cultures, which affected future generations.

Thirteen. May 4th Movement (P49-5 1)

1, fuse: The Paris Peace Conference rejected China's just demand. （P49）

2. Slogan: Fight for sovereignty outside, and get rid of national thieves inside &; Rdquo canceled. Article 21&; Rdquo opposed signing a peace treaty with Germany and severely punished the traitor Cao Rulin and others.

3. Results: After the initial victory, three traitors were dismissed and refused to work in&; Ldquo peace treaty. Sign it.

4. Historical significance: ① This is a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism.

(2) The working class in China began to enter the historical stage as an independent political force.

It marks the great beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

(4) It promoted the combination of Marxism and China workers' movement, and prepared the conditions for the establishment of China.

Fourteen, the establishment of China * * * production party (P5 1-53)

1, date of establishment:1921July 23rd.

2. Place of establishment: Shanghai (later transferred to Jiaxing, Zhejiang)

3. Logo of establishment: Zhong * * * & ldquo is a big&; The convening of rdquo.

(The meeting adopted the party program and determined that the party's goal is to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize capitalism; The central task of the party is to lead the workers' movement. The Congress elected a new leading body-the Central Committee, with Chen Duxiu as its secretary. )

4. Significance of establishment: The establishment of China * * * Production Party is an epoch-making event in the history of China, which led the China Revolution to take on a new look.

Fifteenth, the first cooperation between the two parties in the national revolutionary movement countries: (P55)

1924 Kuomintang &; Ldquo is a big&; The convening of this meeting in rdquo marks the formal establishment of the revolutionary United front based on the cooperation between the two countries, that is, the first cooperation between the two countries has been realized.

Sixteen, the northern expedition (1926)(P56-59)

1. the goal of the northern expedition: to overthrow the rule of the northern warlords and unify the whole country.

2. The main object of the Northern Expedition: Zhang; Wu Pei was captured; Sun Fangchuan.

3. Advance team of the Northern Expedition: Ye Ting Independent Mission. (successively won the battles of Tingsi Bridge and Heshengqiao, and its fourth army was called & ldquo Iron Army rdquo)

17. Nanchang Uprising (P63):

On August 6th, under the leadership of China * * * Production Party, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the revolutionary army to hold an armed uprising in Nanchang.

2. The Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang, marking the beginning of China's * * * production party's founding of the people's army and its independent leadership of the revolutionary war.

Eighteen, the autumn harvest uprising (1September 9, 927) (P65):

Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the reorganization of Sanwan established the party's absolute leadership over the army and laid the foundation for building a new type of people's army. The uprising team later established a revolutionary base area in Jinggangshan, which opened the road to victory of the China revolution.

Nineteen, the establishment of Jinggangshan revolutionary base area, is the first rural revolutionary base area led by China * * * production party.

(Question 65, Grade 8)

1. Founder: Mao Zedong.

2. The significance of the establishment of revolutionary base areas in rural areas by China * * * Production Party: The establishment of rural base areas such as Jinggangshan opened a road to victory for the China revolution, that is, turning from cities to rural areas, creating rural base areas, encircling cities with rural areas, and finally winning national victory. This is a road to victory that suits China's national conditions.

XX. Zunyi Conference: (/KLOC-0 was held in Zunyi in 935) (July1August)

1, content: corrected left &; rdquo； Adventurous mistakes; Affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition; Military command by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, etc.

?

(2) Established the leading position of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong as the core;

(3) Saved the Party, the Red Army and the revolution at a critical juncture;

(4) The turning point of life and death in the history of the Party.

21. The Long March of the Red Army (1934-10-1936-10) (P70-74, Volume VIII)

1. Reason: The Red Army failed in its fifth counter-encirclement campaign,&; Ldquo left & rdquo； The spread of adventurism mistakes.

2. Beginning: 1934 10, the Red Army withdrew from the Central Revolutionary Base.

3. Passing through: the central base area-marching into Guizhou-liberating Zunyi-crossing Chishui River (disrupting the enemy's pursuit plan)-crossing Jinsha River (jumping out of the enemy's encirclement)-crossing Dadu River-flying over Luding Bridge. Mdash& ampmdash& ampmdash; Division III of the General Assembly

4. Victory symbol: 1936 10 Huining, Gansu, the three main forces of the Red Army.

5. Historical significance of victory: The attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to stifle the China revolution was shattered, and the China revolution turned the corner.

Twenty-two. Half past nine. September 18th &; Rdquo event (page 79):

1,1931September 18, the Japanese bombed the Nanman railway track in Liutiaohu village, Shenyang, and then attacked Shenyang. The three northeastern provinces fell within six months.

This is the beginning of Japan's large-scale invasion of China in order to pass on the economic crisis.

23.Xi incident (P82-85):

1,193665438+February 12, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng detained Chiang Kai-shek in Xi 'an and implemented & ldquo's military proposal. Force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan.

2, China * * * production party from the overall situation of national liberation, adopt the correct policy of peaceful settlement of the sian incident.

Chiang Kai-shek was forced to accept the cessation of the civil war and unite with * * * to resist Japan.

4. The peaceful settlement of the 4.Xi Incident became the key to change the current situation, which marked the basic end of the ten-year civil war situation and the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national united front.

24. July 7th Incident (also known as Lugouqiao Incident) P87):

1On July 7th, 937, the Japanese army shelled the ancient city of Wanping near Lugou Bridge, and 29 army fought back, marking the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China.

Twenty-five, the realization of the second cooperation between countries: marks the formal establishment of the anti-Japanese national United front. (Grade 8 P92)

The Kuomintang issued the Declaration on Cooperation of China Producer Party as a Publishing Country, and Chiang Kai-shek made a speech recognizing the legal status of China Producer Party.

26. Nanjing Massacre (P90):

1937 12, Nanjing was occupied, and the Japanese army slaughtered more than 300,000 soldiers and civilians in China.

Twenty-seven, Taierzhuang campaign (P94):

In the battle of Xuzhou under the command of Li Zongren, China army won the battle of Taierzhuang. The Battle of Taierzhuang was a great victory on the front battlefield of the Kuomintang.

Twenty-eight, Hundred Regiments War (Volume VIII P95):

This was the victory of the Eighth Route Army led by Peng, and it was the biggest battle that China army took the initiative to attack during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, which greatly encouraged the morale of the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians.

Twenty-nine, * * * seven (eight on P 100- 10 1):

1, in order to completely defeat the Japanese invaders and solve the problem of China's development future after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.

In 2.4 months, the China * * * Production Party held its seventh congress in Yan 'an.

3. At the meeting, Mao Zedong made a report on "On Coalition Government" and formulated the party's political line:&; Ldquo mobilized the masses, strengthened the people's strength, defeated the Japanese aggressors, liberated the people of the whole country, and established a new-democratic China under the leadership of the Party. & amprdquo

4. The Congress created the conditions for the final victory of the China Revolution.

Thirty, the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (the eighth P 10 1):

1,1945 August 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender.

2. Events that accelerated the surrender of Japanese fascists: (1)1945 In August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. (2) The Soviet Union declared war on Japan and sent troops to northeast China. (3) Mao Zedong published "The Last Battle against the Japanese aggressors", calling for a nationwide strategic counterattack.

3. The significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory: This is the greatest national liberation war in China's modern history. It has changed the situation that the people of China have been repeatedly defeated in the anti-aggression war for more than 654.38 million years, and achieved an all-round victory against aggression for the first time.

XXXI. Chongqing negotiation (P 108)

& ampldquo We should not only defeat Chiang Kai-shek, but also defeat him. & amprdquo

1. Purpose: Do everything possible to strive for peace and expose Chiang Kai-shek's plot to fake peace and real civil war.

2. Time: August1945-June 10.

3. China negotiators: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei.

4. Results: The agreement of 10/0 was signed (1945, 10, 10).

On the 34th, Liu Deng's army entered the Dabie Mountains, which was the beginning of the People's Liberation Army's strategic offensive and the prelude to the counter-offensive. (Grade 8 P 1 13)

Thirty-five, three major battles (P 1 17- 120):

1, 65438+ September 0948-65438+ October 0949.

2. Liaoshen Campaign: Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan commanded the Northeast People's Liberation Army to liberate the Northeast. （P93）

3. Huaihai Campaign: Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yi commanded the Central Plains People's Liberation Army and the East China People's Liberation Army, which laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River. (page 95)

4. Battle of Ping Jin: The Northeast People's Liberation Army and the North China People's Liberation Army jointly liberated Beiping peacefully and basically liberated North China, which laid the foundation for national victory. (page 95)

5. The role of the three major campaigns: basically wiped out the main forces of the Kuomintang and greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.

36. Battle of Crossing the River (P 120): Hukou, Jiangxi to Jiangyin, Jiangsu.

1949 The liberation of Nanjing on April 23rd marked the end of Kuomintang rule in the mainland.

37. Thinkers who open their eyes to see the world (P 144):

1. To change the status quo, we must learn from the strengths of the West.

2. National Map:

(1) Author: Wei Yuan, who lived during the Opium War.

(2) The purpose of writing a book:&; Ldquo learns from foreigners to control them &; Rdquo learns from foreigners to control them.

(3) Content: Introduce the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and America systematically.

3. Evolution theory:

(1) Author: Yan Fu, an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898.

(2) Proposition: Follow the example of the West and carry out prestige reform is the only way to save the country.

③ Progressive viewpoint: propaganda &; Ldquo Natural selection, survival of the fittest &; Rdquo, and. The world must progress, and the future will be better than today &; rdquo。

(4) Significance: At that time, China inspired intellectuals to explore the advanced western society, and also attacked the feudal die-hard forces.

Summary of the knowledge points of the second grade history (II) Knowledge points of the second volume of the eighth grade I. Simu Wuding

Representative works of Shang bronzes.

Second, Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Li Shizhen and Compendium of Materia Medica.

* * * Similarities:

(1) Hua Tuo is good at surgery, making general anesthesia & ldquo Ma Feisan &; rdquo。

(2) Zhang Zhongjing is the author of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which comprehensively expounds the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine, and later generations respectfully call him&; Ldquo medical sage & rdquo.

(3) Li Shizhen and Compendium of Materia Medica: an outstanding medical scientist in Ming Dynasty, who wrote Compendium of Materia Medica.

Third, Dujiangyan

North: P54 Li Bing Stone Statue

Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing and his son, the prefect of Shu County in Qin State during the Warring States Period. By&& Water-separating fish mouth &; Rdquo& ampldquo flying sand rock &; Rdquo& ampldquo Bottle Mouth &; Rdquo represents the advanced level of water conservancy projects in China at that time, and is the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient working people.

Fourth, the Great Wall.

North: (1)P72 (the first volume of Grade 7) Schematic diagram of Qin Changcheng. (2) Qin Changcheng: In order to defend the Huns, Qin Shihuang sent people to build the Great Wall, which runs from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, with a total length of one Vandory. This is the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.

Ming Great Wall: (Volume II of Grade 7) P 1 17 During the Ming Dynasty, it took nearly two hundred years to build the Great Wall on the basis of the repairs of the Great Wall in previous dynasties. The Ming Great Wall starts from Yalu River in the east and ends at Jiayuguan in the west, with a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers. The project is solid, and the scale and quality have reached the highest level in history.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Grand Canal

North: P4—— During the Sui Dynasty, the Grand Canal ran through the north and south, with Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south. From north to south, it is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan, connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. This is the longest canal in the ancient world. It embodies the hard work, wisdom and great creativity of the working people in our country.

After the Grand Canal was opened to traffic, it not only became a political, economic and cultural link between North and South, but also became inland Asia & ldquo Silk Road &; Rdquo and the Sea & ldquo Silk Road &; Rdquo center. The navigation of the canal also promoted the development of towns and industries in coastal areas. Successive dynasties have continuously dredged and rebuilt the canal, making it continue to play the role of connecting the north and south arteries.

6. Four Great Inventions

North: P40 printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking belong to ancient China people. Four great inventions of ldquo &; Rdquo These inventions have had a great impact on the civilization and progress of all mankind.

(1) papermaking

North: P87 In the early Western Han Dynasty, paper was invented. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun used bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets as raw materials to make paper, which expanded the source of raw materials, reduced the cost of paper making, and improved the output and quality of paper. In order to commemorate his achievements, people call his improved paper & ldquo Cai Houzhi & rdquo.

(2) printing

North: The Diamond Sutra printed by P40 in Tang Dynasty is the earliest printed matter with clear time record in the world.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. A movable type can be reused many times, which is convenient to save. Movable type printing saves engraving cost, greatly improves printing efficiency, and lays a foundation for the development of modern printing. Movable type printing in China was more than 400 years earlier than in Europe. It has played an important role in spreading knowledge and promoting the development of world civilization.

③ compass

North: In Song Dynasty, P82, the compass was made. Once the compass was invented, it was quickly applied to navigation. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass was introduced to Europe through Arabs, which provided important conditions for global navigation and discovery of the new continent.

④ gunpowder

North: P82 began to be used in the military in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the military in the Song Dynasty.

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