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Chinese characters (pinyin: hàn zì, phonetic notation: ㄢˋˋ), also known as Chinese characters, Chinese characters and square characters, belong to morpheme syllables of ideographic characters. Chinese characters are written Chinese characters and borrowed from Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other languages. They are widely used in the cultural circle of Chinese characters, and they are also the only highly developed characters that are still widely used in the world.

In a broad sense, Chinese characters refer to characters from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Da Zhuan, Jinwen, Xie Wen and Xiao Zhuan to official script, cursive script and regular script (and derived running script). In a narrow sense, Chinese characters written in block letters are also widely used in modern Chinese characters. Chinese characters were invented and improved by ancient Han ancestors. At present, the exact history can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and Zhang Wen and Jin Wen were in Shang Dynasty about 65438 BC+0300 BC. Later, it went to Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty, and developed into Li Bian in Han Dynasty, which became the standard of handwritten font in Tang Dynasty-block letters.

Chinese characters have been used for the longest time in a row so far, and they are also the only characters in various ghostwriting systems in ancient times that have been passed down to this day. Chinese characters have always been the main official language in China. Chinese characters have developed to a highly complete level in ancient times. They are not only used in China, but also the only international communication language in East Asia for a long time. Before the 20th century, they were the official written and standardized characters of Japan, Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, Ryukyu and other countries, and all East Asian countries created their own Chinese characters to some extent.

origin

archaeological finds

Archaeologists in China have published a series of unearthed materials related to the origin of Oracle inscriptions in Yin Ruins. Jia Hu's engraving has a history of about 7762 years (128) after the physical determination of carbon 14. There are double pier carvings 7,000 years ago, Banpo pottery carvings 6,000 years ago, Qingdun site carvings more than 5,000 years ago, couplets of tomb sites, pottery symbols of Dawenkou, Zhu Wen of Taosi site in Yao and Shun era and water calligraphy of Xia site. Early Oracle Bone Inscriptions was rich in writing system, and later Oracle Bone Inscriptions was in the initial mature stage. These archaeological discoveries may be important clues to the origin of Chinese characters, or they may be different origins of the development of various characters.

In the early 1980s, more complete characters were found on the pottery unearthed from the Xia cultural site in Dengfeng, Henan. This is the earliest written language with exact time in China confirmed by scholars so far.

From the ancient legend of Cangjie word-making to the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions more than 100 years ago, China scholars have been trying to uncover the mystery of the origin of Chinese characters. There are five ancient sayings about the origin of Chinese characters, namely, knot rope theory, gossip theory, Hutuluo theory, Cangjie word-making theory and picture theory.

Knot the rope and say: "The History of the Northern Wei Dynasty" said: The ancestors of the Northern Wei Dynasty "hunted for a career, and simplicity was a custom, and simplicity was a change; Not for words, just for carving wood and knotting ropes. " Recorded some tribes in primitive society. Before writing appeared, events such as wars, hunting, alliances, elections, celebrations, marriages, births, diseases and disasters were recorded by knotting notes.

In the past, according to the Book of Changes, some scholars said, "In ancient times, knots were the rule. Later sages were easy to use books and behaviors, and managed hundreds of officials and observed all the people." It is inferred that "writing originated from knotting ropes".

Bagua said: Kong Anguo's Preface to Shangshu (forged, but long ago) said: "The ancients sacrificed to the world with the king of their home country, and began to draw gossip and make books to replace the politics of tying ropes, so it was a literary book."

The Book of Changes: Rivers paint, Luo writes, and sages write. "River Map Jade Edition": For the emperor, swim and hunt in the south, build Yangding Mountain, face the water, and teach it by books.

Unveiling the mystery of this theory, it is not difficult to find that its real core is arithmetic, which can be compared with the "Jiugong" algorithm. The so-called "Nine Palaces", for the Chen Wei family, is the Eight Diagrams plus the Central Committee, that is, Nine ("Five" is located in the Central Committee and can also be associated with the Five Elements); In the eyes of astrologers, horizontal, vertical, oblique and added numbers are always 15. [2]

"Creating Characters in Cangjie": According to legend, Cang Xie was the historian of Huangdi, the leader of tribal alliance in ancient Central Plains. With the society entering the stage of large-scale tribal alliances, the foreign affairs between alliances are becoming more and more frequent, and it is urgent to establish a set of communication symbols that all alliances enjoy. Therefore, the work of collecting and sorting out words was handed over to historian Cang Xie.

During the Warring States period, "the theory of Cangjie's word creation" was popular. "Lu Chunqiu JUNSHOU" said: "Cang Xie is a book and Hou Ji is a crop." In the Qin and Han Dynasties, this legend became more popular. Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words: "Cang Xie's early book, Gai Yi is like pictograph."

Modern scholars believe that systematic writing tools can't be completely created by one person. If Cang Xie really exists, he should be a text organizer or publisher.

Picture theory: Modern scholars believe that Chinese characters really originated from original pictures. Some figures carved on unearthed cultural relics are likely to be related to words.

Wang, a doctoral supervisor at Zhengzhou University, believes that the earliest symbol of China appeared in the Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan Province, with a history of more than 8,000 years. These original materials are comprehensively sorted out in order to compare the occurrence and development of Chinese characters before Shang Dynasty. However, the situation is not so simple. Except for the small-scale materials existing in Zhengzhou Shangcheng site and Xiaoshuangqiao site (more than 10 cases of Zhu Shutao's characters in the early Shang Dynasty have been found), other symbols before Shang Dynasty are scattered, with many missing rings, and most of them are inconsistent with Shang Dynasty characters. There are also some symbols with heavy regional colors and complex backgrounds.

Wang believes that the formal formation of the Chinese character system should be in the Central Plains. Chinese characters are a writing system of independent origin, which does not depend on any foreign language. However, its origin is not single. After many times and long-term running-in, probably at the beginning of Xia Dynasty, our ancestors creatively invented the writing symbol system of recording language on the basis of extensively absorbing and using early symbols. At that time, the Chinese character system quickly matured.

According to reports, according to the written materials unearthed from archaeological excavations, China had formal written materials at least in the Xia Dynasty. For example, archaeologists once found the word "Wen" with a brush and calligraphy on a flat-bottomed pottery pot unearthed at the Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi. These symbols belong to the basic configuration in the early writing system, but unfortunately, there are still few written materials unearthed in this way.

About 6000 years ago, there were more than 50 kinds of carved symbols on the outer wall of pottery in Yangshao cultural sites such as Banpo site. They are well-planned, regular and simple, which may be the bud of Chinese characters.

In the pottery of the late Dawenkou cultural site and Liangzhu cultural site about four or five thousand years ago, regular graphic descriptions were found, which are early graphic characters.

brief introduction

Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in the world, with a history of at least 4000 years. The earliest recognizable mature Chinese character system was Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. Chinese characters gradually change from graphics to strokes, from hieroglyphics to symbols, and from complexity to simplicity. In the principle of word formation, from ideographic, ideographic to phonological. With few exceptions, they are all a Chinese character and a syllable.

Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters, and a Chinese character usually represents a word or a morpheme in Chinese, which forms the characteristics of unity of sound, form and meaning. Chinese characters are square characters composed of strokes, so they are also called square characters. Such as "che", "Shang" and "Ming", which directly express the meaning of language in the form of words; "Question" can indicate both meaning and sound, "door" indicates sound and "mouth" indicates meaning.

Chinese characters have formed "seven styles of Chinese characters" in the evolution of thousands of years, namely: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, seal script, official script, cursive script, regular script and running script.

Legend has it that Cang Xie created Chinese characters. Cang Xie inspired, classified, collected, arranged and used the footprints of birds and animals recorded in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which played an important role in the creation of Chinese characters and was known as the "sage of word creation".

Oracle Bone Inscriptions appeared in Shang Dynasty, which is the earliest known mature Chinese character. Later, Zhong Dingwen, although the number of words increased, did not change much.

During the Zhou Dynasty, due to the vast territory and long-term separatist regime, Chinese characters obviously showed abnormal characters among vassal States in the late Spring and Autumn Period, especially in the Warring States Period. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, in order to consolidate the rule, Qin Shihuang ordered Prime Ministers Li Si, CZ Zhao Gao and Taishi Hu Wujing to sort out the characters, and made a small seal script based on the big seal script of Qin State as the national standard font. Later, according to the popular fonts at that time, a simpler font official script was written and widely circulated throughout the country as a common character.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, regular script appeared and the evolution of Chinese characters was perfect. Not only that, the first calligraphy monograph "cursive script" appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In the past, people often said that Chinese characters began in Oracle Bone Inscriptions during the Yin and Shang Dynasties, but in fact, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is already a mature writing. Before this, Chinese characters should have a development process from production to maturity, so some people advocate pushing it to the end of summer; Others think that we have our own opinions before promoting Zhixia. Guo Moruo pointed out in Dialectical Development of Ancient Chinese Characters: "When did Chinese characters originate? I think this can be used as an indicator of the age of Xi' an banpo village site. " "Banpo site has a history of about 6000 years. "Banpo site is a typical Yangshao culture in Neolithic age" and "Banpo painted pottery often has some simple descriptions of similar words, which are quite different from the patterns on the utensils. ""Although the meaning of the description is not clear, it is undoubtedly a symbol with a literal nature. " "To be sure, it is the origin of China's writing, or the Jie legacy of China's original writing. "On this basis, China civilization should be nearly 6000 years. When did China's writing begin? When did the oldest writing appear? What do they mean? No agreement has been reached so far, which requires a lot of materials to explain.

develop

The later evolution of Chinese characters has gone through thousands of years, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script and so on. Up to now, regular script has been widely used, but it has not been completely finalized.

Chinese characters were written in ancient times, before the Han Dynasty. More vivid.

Warring States period text: "The princes are in power, not unified with the monarch, and evil rituals and pleasures harm themselves, all of which belong to their classics." "The venue is different, the trajectory painted on the car is different, the law is different, the clothes are different, the text is different, and the text is different." It has a strong regional character. Qin characters are the mainstream of the development of Chinese characters. There are great regional differences in the six languages, which do not reflect the development track of Chinese characters and are tributary characters.

oracle bone script

It refers to the Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins written on tortoise shells and animal bones by the royal family in China in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~1century).

According to the investigation, there are about 6.5438+0.5 million films in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with more than 4,500 words. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions records are extremely rich in content, involving many aspects of social life in Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military affairs, culture and social customs, but also science and technology such as astronomy, calendar and medicine. Judging from about 1500 characters recognized in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it has already possessed the methods of "pictographic, comprehending, pictophonetic, referring to things, transmitting notes and borrowing words", which shows the unique charm of China characters. Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty in China (about 16 BC-0/0 BC).

Ancient bronze inscriptions

Bronze inscriptions refer to characters cast on bronze wares of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, also known as Zhong Dingwen. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the Bronze Age, in which Ding was the representative of ritual vessels, Zhong was the representative of musical instruments, and "Zhong Ding" was synonymous with bronzes. Therefore, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions on bronze refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China entered the Bronze Age in the Xia Dynasty, and the smelting of copper and the manufacture of bronzes were very developed. Because copper was also called gold a week ago, the inscriptions on bronzes were called "bronze inscriptions" or "auspicious words"; This bronze ware was called "Zhong Dingwen" in the past because it had the largest number of characters on Zhong Ding.

The application time of bronze inscriptions is about 1200 years, from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty. According to Rong Geng's Jin Wen Bian, there are 3,722 inscriptions on bronzes, of which 2,420 can be identified.

The inscriptions on bronzes have different words. The content of memory is also very different. Its main content is mostly to praise the achievements of ancestors and princes, but also to record major historical events. For example, the famous Mao has 497 words, which covers a wide range and reflects the social life at that time.

big seal character

Dazhuan originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and traveled in Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The fonts are similar to those of Qin Zhuan, but the configurations of glyphs overlap. Shi Guwen represents the present, which is named after a book written by Tai Shihuan of Zhou Xuanwang. He reformed on the basis of the original text, and was named after being engraved on the stone drum. It is the earliest stone inscription handed down so far and the originator of stone carving.

lesser/small seal character

Xiao Zhuan is also called "Qin Zhuan". In the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to unify the characters, which was called Xiao Zhuan. During the Qin dynasty. The shape is long and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan. Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words in the Eastern Han Dynasty [2] said: "Qin Shihuang was the first emperor in the world." ... but he is not in harmony with Qin Wen. "Reese wrote Cang Xie, Zhao Gao wrote a calendar, and Taishi asked Hu Wujing to write an academic book. "They all took the big seal of the Book of Poetry, or changed a lot, the so-called small seal." Today, there are remnants of "Engraving Stones in Langyatai" and "Engraving Stones in Taishan", which are the representative works of Xiao Zhuan. It is said that after Qin Shihuang unified China, Reese implemented the policy of "the same words, the same cars on the same track" and was responsible for unified measurement. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin, Li Si simplified it, canceled the variant characters of other six countries and created a unified writing form of Chinese characters. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers. Because of its complicated strokes and quaint form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting has been using seal script until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.

official script

Official script is basically evolved from seal script, mainly changing the circular strokes of seal script into square folds, which makes writing faster, and it is difficult to draw circular strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.

Official script is also called "official script" and "ancient book". On the basis of seal script, in order to facilitate writing, the font of seal script is simplified, and the flat and round lines of seal script are changed into straight strokes, which is convenient for writing. It is divided into Li Qin (Guli) and Han Li (Jinli). The appearance of official script is a great change in ancient writing and calligraphy. Official script is a common solemn font in Chinese characters, with a slightly wider and flatter writing effect, long horizontal drawing and short straight drawing, and pays attention to "swallow tail of silkworm head" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that official script originated in the Warring States period.

Official script is relative to seal script, and its name originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The appearance of official script is another great change of China characters, which brings China's calligraphy art into a new realm, is a turning point in the development history of China characters, and lays the foundation for regular script. Official script is fair, neat and delicate. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the painting of left-handed and right-handed stippling was beautified as upward provocation, which had different degrees of seriousness and artistic beauty of calligraphy. Styles also tend to be diversified, which is of great artistic appreciation value.

According to legend, the official script was written by Cheng Miao, who was not in the prison of the Qin Dynasty. It is simplified by removing complexity, the font becomes round and square, and the strokes become straight. Change "Lian Bi" to "broken pen" and change from lines to strokes, which makes writing easier. "Li Ben" is not a prisoner, but a "small official", that is, a small official in charge of documents, so in ancient times, official script was called "Zuo Shu". Lishu prevailed in Han Dynasty and became the main style of calligraphy. As a newly-established Qin Li, seal characters have many meanings, which have been continuously developed and processed. It broke the writing tradition since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties and gradually laid the foundation for regular script. Under the unification of the thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", the official script of the Han Dynasty gradually developed into a dominant script, and at the same time, cursive script, regular script and running script were derived, laying the foundation for art.

regular script

Regular script, also known as official script, or real script, began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name. Many famous calligraphers have created many representative fonts, such as Ou Ti (Tang Ou Yangxun), Yu Ti (Tang Yu Shinan), Yan Ti (Tang Yan's true feelings), Liu Ti (Liu Tang Palace Boxing) and Zhao Ti (Song and Yuan Zhao Mengfu). At the beginning, there were not many official scripts left in regular script, which were slightly wider in structure, longer in horizontal drawing and shorter in straight drawing. Among the Wei-Jin posts handed down from ancient times, Zhong You's Table of Distinguished Learning, Table of Collected Notes, Wang Xizhi's Theory of Yue Yi and Huang Tingjing can all be regarded as representative works. Looking at its characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said: "Change the wave painting of official script, take it, and still keep the vertical of official script."

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and the south were divided, and calligraphy was also divided into two factions. Influenced by Han Li, the calligraphy style of the Northern School is simple and rigorous, but its style is simple and rigorous, so it is called Wei Bei. Southern calligraphy is more beautiful than letters. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, because of regional differences, personal habits and book styles were quite different. The books in the north are strong and the books in the south are rich, each of which is wonderful and inseparable, while Bao and Kang Youwei admire the books in the two dynasties, especially the inscriptions in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Kang listed ten beauties to emphasize the advantages of Wei Bei.

Regular script in the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the national situation in the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. The book style is mature, and calligraphers come forth in large numbers. As far as regular script is concerned, Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun, Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing in the middle Tang Dynasty, Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty, etc. are all valued by later generations and regarded as models of calligraphy. Regular script is a universal standard in modern times.

cursive script

The cursive script was formed in the Han Dynasty, and it evolved from the official script. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass. Cursive script is a font produced for the convenience of writing. It began in the early Han Dynasty. At that time, it was "Cao Li", that is, scribbled official script, which gradually developed into a kind of "Cao Zhang" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed "Cao Zhang" to "modern grass", and the writing style was formed in one fell swoop. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su developed into "wild grass" with continuous brushstrokes and changeable glyphs. Cursive script is a common font used by calligraphers.

Cao Zhang's rescue rod has rules to follow. Masterpieces such as the Songjiang version of Urgent Chapter by Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms Period.

This grass is eclectic and its brushwork is smooth. Representative works such as "The First Moon" and "Getting Time" by Wang Xizhi in Jin Dynasty.

Mad grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and it became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. Since then, cursive script has only been copied by calligraphers. Representative works include Abdominal Pain Post by Zhang Xu and Autobiographical Post by Huai Su.

Half cursive/running script/hand (China's calligraphy)

Calligraphy came into being in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is a font between regular script and cursive script, which can be said to be cursive script or cursive script. It is to make up for the shortcomings of slow writing in regular script and illegible cursive script. The brushwork is not as sloppy as cursive script, and it is not required to be as correct as regular script. Mold opening method is more than cursive calligraphy, which is called "mold opening". Cursive calligraphy is more than modular method, which is called "cursive calligraphy". Representative figures: "Two Kings": Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi.

trait

Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in the world and have a great influence on the surrounding areas. They are the letters of other characters. This is a written symbol for recording events. Formally, it has gradually changed from a figure to a square symbol composed of strokes, so Chinese characters are generally called "square characters". It has evolved from hieroglyphics (ideographs) to linguistic signs with both phonetic and semantic meanings, but the whole system is still ideographs. Therefore, Chinese characters have the characteristics of integrating image, sound and meaning. This feature is unique in world writing, so it has unique charm. Chinese characters are the treasures of China's culture for thousands of years, and they are also our lifelong teachers and friends.

Everyone's spiritual home. Chinese characters can often arouse our wonderful and bold associations and give people beautiful enjoyment.

Chinese characters are the bond of national soul. Making a living in a foreign country, Chinese characters are a kind of sustenance. Even if it is a plaque or a piece of paper, the square words on it will attract you like a magnet and make you feel the goodwill from your motherland. Because China people's feelings have been condensed into the simplest. Every stroke is written by the rules of China's game. Overseas, whether you are successful or wandering, as long as you are accompanied by Chinese characters, you will have much comfort and sustenance, because every word has a profound origin, whether it is pictographic or indicative, whether it is knowing or speaking, and every China person is the soul of Chinese characters.

Compared with the advantages of pinyin characters

There are two types of characters used in the world, namely, non-pinyin characters (Chinese characters and calligraphy) and pinyin characters (other characters). Among the characters used in today's world, Chinese characters and Shuishu belong to non-pinyin characters.

In today's writing, Chinese characters have been used since the Shang Dynasty and have evolved to this day. Legend has it that the Sanskrit alphabet was created by Brahma, the god who created the universe, and was awarded to mankind (Records of the Western Regions of Datang). Many other characters borrowed the four-letter system. Boulami alphabet, Latin alphabet, Slavic alphabet and Arabic alphabet are called the four major alphabet systems in the world. The Boulami alphabet is used in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, China and Tibet. Latin letters are used in English, French, Italian, etc. Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc. Use the kirill alphabet (or Slavic alphabet), which is converted from the Greek alphabet; Latin letters are also transformed from Greek letters. The ancestors of Aramaic alphabet-the ancestors of Alama alphabet and Greek alphabet-Canaanite alphabet was not directly created by their ancestors, but was transformed from Semitic characters. This kind of writing borrowed from Samui cuneiform and modified it. Cuneiform characters were created by Sumerians, holy books were created by Egyptians, Chinese characters were created by China, and Shui scripts created by China Shui people were not pinyin characters. There are only Chinese characters and Shuishu left in the four books, and the other two books have died out.

Another feature of Chinese is its super-dialect and super-language features. Linguists divide China dialect into eight major dialect areas. Some people say that without Chinese characters, China would have split into dozens of countries. The differences between Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian in Europe are much smaller than those in Chinese dialects, but they are never willing to admit that their languages are "romantic" dialects because they are all independent countries.

In the history of the world, Chinese characters, as the mother characters of other later invented characters, such as Vietnam, Korea and Japan, all use Chinese characters to record their languages. The Japanese still use a mixture of Chinese characters and pseudonyms, and use Chinese characters. Another important invention is to write Chinese characters and read Japanese words. As long as other countries are willing, they can do the same. If this is really done, Chinese characters will become a universal international language symbol, just like mathematical symbols, which only express meaning but not sound.

Chinese characters are the most widely used characters in the world. According to statistics, the number of people who use Chinese characters and Chinese has reached more than 65.438+0.6 billion.

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the introduction of western culture, some people thought that Chinese characters were the chief culprit of China's backwardness and advocated the abolition of Chinese characters. In the second half of the 20th century, computer science developed rapidly. Some people thought that Chinese characters hindered the development of science, and Chinese characters could not be input into computers, which led to the upsurge of abolishing Chinese characters. Later, the problem was solved and the doubts dissipated.

Chinese characters are the oldest characters still in use. The earliest Chinese characters that can be seen and read now are Oracle Bone Inscriptions more than 3,000 years ago. This is a fairly mature and systematic Chinese character. There is no writing in the world that remains young through vicissitudes like Chinese characters. The sacred script of ancient Egypt 5000 years ago is one of the earliest scripts of human beings. But it later died out, and the recorded ancient Egyptian culture was deeply buried. Sumerian cuneiform also has a history of 5000 years. But after 330 AD, it also died out. Famous fallen characters in history include Maya and Boulami. Chinese characters not only have a long history, but also have a growing influence.