Brief introduction of Dazu stone carving

On June 30th, 2000, 165438+ The 24th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Cairns, Australia, made a decision to include three royal tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, namely, Ming Xianling (Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province), Qing Dongling (zunhua city City, Hebei Province) and Qing Xiling (Yixian County, Hebei Province) in the World Heritage List. 1 99965438+February1After the 23rd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, five cliff statues in Chongqing Dazu Stone Carvings, namely Beishan, Baoding Mountain, Nanshan Mountain, Shi Zhuan Mountain and Shimen Mountain, were officially listed as World Cultural Heritage, and Chongqing Dazu Stone Carvings entered the World Heritage List. Dazu Stone Carving is located in Chongqing, Sichuan Province, covering Dazu County, Tongnan County, Tongliang County and Bishan County. Here, you can enjoy the stone carving art representing the Tang and Song Dynasties in China. Dazu stone carving is the floorboard of the grotto art in Dazu County, which is mainly based on cliff statues. There are more than 70 stone carvings in Dazu Stone Carving Group, with a total of 6.5438+10,000 bodies. Among them, Baodingshan and Beishan Cliff Stone Carvings are the most famous. They are mainly Buddhist sculptures, and Confucianism and Taoism are the models of China's late grottoes. They are large in scale, exquisite in art and rich in content, and can be as famous as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes. Dazu Stone Carvings located in the mountainous area of China, due to inconvenient transportation, have escaped the catastrophe and man-made destruction caused by wars in the past. They have high cultural relics, sculptures and tourism values, especially the cliff carvings in Beishan and Baoding Mountain. The cliff (grotto) stone carvings in Beishan are located two kilometers north of Dazu County. It was unearthed in the first year of Jingfu, Tang Zhaozong (892). After the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were nearly 10,000 statues in Fowan, Yingpanpo, Guanyinpo, Beita Temple and Foeryan. More than 500 meters long, * * * compiled as Cave 290. Among them, there are 6 steles, 55 steles and statues, 8 classic buildings, 364 stone carvings and silver pavilions 1 seat. The most concentrated stone carving in Beishan is the Buddha Bay statue, No.290 niche. On the cliff more than 300 meters long and 7 meters high, there are 6 stone tablets, 55 stone tablets and statues, 8 buildings, a manjusri disease map and 264 stone carvings. The Buddha statues in Fowan are finely carved, beautifully shaped and unique in style. The "Bodhisattva Samantabhadra" in the "Heart Car Cave" is beautifully shaped and is known as the "Venus of the East"; The "Runwheel Cave of Tibetan Scripture" is called "Stone Carving Palace Que"; Weijun Jing Monument, Cai Jing Monument and Ancient Poem Monument are unique to the world, which are not only calligraphy treasures, but also supplements historical materials and have great value. The stone carvings in Fowan are divided into two areas, the southern area is mostly works of the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and the northern area is mostly works of the Song Dynasty. In the works of the late Tang Dynasty, the characters are dignified and plump, with rich temperament, simple clothes and smooth lines. The works of the Five Dynasties are exquisite, exquisite and colorful, and the costumes are from simple to complex, gradually getting rid of the influence of foreign culture, which has the characteristics of stone carving transition period. The national characteristics of Song Dynasty's works have been very prominent. Baodingshan Cliff (Grottoes) is 15km northeast of Dazu County. The founder of the stone carving is Zhao Zhifeng, a famous monk in Song and Shu Dynasties. It was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty from the sixth year of Xichun to the ninth year of Chunyou (1 179- 1249) and lasted for more than 70 years. Stone carving is * * 65439. Baoding Mountain is one of the holy places of Buddhism, and it is said that "Emei goes to court and Baoding goes to court". Giant Buddha Bay is a deep horseshoe-shaped mountain bay, which is carved in the east, south and north. First, it is based on Little Buddha Bay, and then it is carved here. A large-scale group sculpture composed of 19 groups of Buddhist stories, with more than 15O00 statues, is exquisitely designed, but none of them are the same, breaking the saying that "a thousand buddhas have one side". Baoding Jue Yuan Cave, which is excavated from whole stone, is as spacious as a room. Three Buddha statues are carved on the main wall of the cave. There is a kneeling bodhisattva in front of the main Buddha, bowing his head and closing his eyes, respectful and pious. The left and right walls are twelve-round-sense bodhisattvas sitting on the lotus platform, beautiful and solemn, with different postures. Clothes and muscles are real, like tulle, skirts are smooth and free. Carved pavilions, figures, birds and animals, flowers and trees, secluded springs and strange rocks between walls are almost all realistic works, which are the essence of the sculpture in the Giant Buddha Bay. There are more than 30 giant sculptures, including: Six Divisions in the Wheel of Karma, Vast Baoting, Three Statues of Huayan, Avalokitesvara with Thousand Hands, Sakyamuni's Nirvana Sacred Relic, Kowloon Prince Bath, Kong Cuiming's Stone Sutra Transformation, Parents' Kindness Transformation, Great Convenience Buddha's Gratitude Sutra Transformation, Six Consumption Maps, Hell Transformation, etc. Take the Buddhist story as the theme and put it next to the statue. Dazu stone carvings not only have huge Buddhist statues and complete Taoist statues, but also rare pure Confucian statues in grottoes, as well as many sculptures combining "three religions" and "two religions". This cultural phenomenon of Dazu stone carving, as a physical example, reflects the long-term struggle and integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in the cultural history of China. In the Song Dynasty, the idea of "the confluence of the three religions", "Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are all saints" and "punishing evil and promoting good and governing together" was consolidated. Dazu stone carving, "contained in Buddhist scriptures, without exception", achieves a high degree of artistic unity of "humanization of God and apotheosis of man". Dazu stone carving runs through thousands of years, integrating Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, with exquisite statues and high integrity. At the same time, there are more than 6.5438+0.5 million words of stone inscriptions, such as classics, subtitle, eulogy, notes and so on. , mostly masterpieces in the history of epigraphy, is a rare treasure house of culture and art, with distinctive national characteristics and high historical, scientific and artistic value, which occupies a decisive position in the art history of ancient grottoes in China, and is known as a magical pearl of oriental art, a genius art and a unique treasure house of world cultural heritage at home and abroad.