Good-hearted people come in.

fish: fish can live in water, and there are two important characteristics: one is that they can swim by swinging their tails and coordinating their fins to get food and defend themselves from enemies, and the other is that they can breathe in water with their gills.

other aquatic animals:

coelenterates: they have mouths but no anus. Food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residues are still excreted from the body through the mouth.

molluscs: the body is soft and protected by shells (squid and octopus shells are degenerated, which are also molluscs)

Crustaceans: there are hard nails on the body surface.

the growth environment of earthworms and the internal structure of rabbits

Animals flying in the air: Animals flying in the air in nature appeared hundreds of millions of years ago. First insects in invertebrates, then birds in vertebrates, and bats in mammals. They are both terrestrial animals and suitable for flying.

There are more than 9, species of birds and more than 1 million species of insects in the world.

Birds are suitable for flying: their bodies are covered with feathers, and their forelimbs become wings, which has the ability to fly quickly; There are airbags in the body; Body temperature is high and constant. The body structure and physiological characteristics of birds are adapted to their flying life.

characteristics of insects: insects have three pairs of feet and can crawl; Some insects' feet specialize into jumping feet, which can jump; Most insects have wings and can fly. Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates.

The body of an insect is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the moving organs-wings and feet are born in the chest. Exoskeleton is a tough shell covering the insect body, which can protect and support the soft organs inside and prevent the evaporation of water in the body.

classification of insects: the classification of insects belongs to arthropods (the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; The feet and antennae are segmented into arthropods)

Amphibians: Amphibians live by breathing with their lungs and using their skin to assist breathing. Such animals are called amphibians.

animal movement: rabbit's skeleton, joint pattern diagram and the relationship between muscle and bone and joint 8 P29

Coordination of bone, joint and muscle: the change of bone position produces movement, but the bone itself cannot move. The movement of bone depends on the traction of skeletal muscle.

Exercise needs the control and adjustment of the motor system and nervous system. It needs the supply of energy, so it also needs the cooperation of digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.

animal behavior: feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior, etc. It can also be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.

characteristics of social behavior: animals with social behavior often form a certain organization within the group, with a clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form grades. This is the main feature of social behavior.

information exchange in groups: P39

ecological balance: there are interdependent and restrictive relationships between food chains and various organisms in food webs. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.

Animals and bioreactors: Using bioreactors to produce certain substances needed by human beings can save the cost of building factories and purchasing instruments and equipment, and reduce complicated production procedures and environmental pollution.

Animals and Bionics: Scientists invent and create various instruments and equipment by carefully observing and studying organisms and imitating certain structures and functions of organisms, which is bionic.

colony: the colony of bacteria is relatively small, with smooth or sticky surface, or rough and dry. Fungal colonies are generally several to dozens times larger than bacterial colonies. The colonies formed by mold are often fluffy, flocculent or spider web, and sometimes they are red, brown, green, black and yellow.

Discovery of bacteria: Dutch Levin Hooke made a microscope 2~3 times to observe the dental calculus of the elderly and found bacteria.

Pasteur proved that bacteria were produced by pre-existing bacteria with a goose neck bottle. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were also found, and the methods of preserving wine, pasteurization and preventing surgical infection were put forward. Later, he was called "the father of microbiology".

Morphology and structure of bacteria: The individual of bacteria is very small, about 1 billion bacteria are piled up to be as big as a small grain of rice. The morphology of bacteria can only be observed with a high-power microscope or an electron microscope ... Bacteria don't reproduce with P6

on nucleus 8: bacteria reproduce by division, and some bacteria shrink, thicken their cell walls and form spores in the later growth stage. Spores are the dormant bodies of bacteria and have strong resistance to adverse environment < P > Fungal reproduction: Fungi reproduce their offspring by producing a large number of spores.

The role of bacteria and fungi in nature: 1. Participating in the material cycle as decomposers; 2. Causing diseases to animals and plants and people; 3. Living with animals and plants.

human utilization of bacteria and fungi: 8 P7

Biological classification: classification is based on the characteristics of organisms in morphology and structure. The basic unit of classification is species.

classification of plants The biological classification in descending order is: kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus and species.

1. The root cause of Britain's opium war: in the first half of 19th century, in order to open up the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct cause of smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.

In p>2.1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, he destroyed opium at Humen Beach. It showed the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression, and Lin Zexu, who led the struggle, became a national hero, which became the fuse of the Opium War.

The first Opium War broke out in 184-1842. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of China's modern history. < p p>4.1856-186. In order to further open China's market, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War. After occupying Beijing, the Yuanmingyuan was set on fire.

5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and * * * occupied more than 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest territories of China. (Combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9)

6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Westbank > In 1853, the occupation of Nanjing was changed to Tianjing, and it was designated as the capital, thus establishing a regime that confronted the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, Zuo Zongtang, as an imperial envoy, regained Xinjiang by adopting the strategy of "going north first, then going south slowly". In 1884, in order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government set up provinces in Xinjiang. Treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of China's semi-colonization.

In the spring of p>9.19, the Boxer Rebellion was directed at the imperialist aggression.

In p>1.191, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" with eight countries, which humiliated its power and country, increased the burden on China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China. China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

In the 196s and 199s, the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners" took "self-improvement" as the slogan in the early stage, and adopted western advanced production technology to establish a number of modern military industries, such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. In the later stage, it took "seeking wealth" as the slogan. For example, Li Hongzhang founded China Merchants Bureau in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and Hubei Weaving Layout, etc. From the 197s to 198s, three navies, namely, Nanhai, Beiyang and Fujian, were established. In 1862, Jingshi Tongwen Museum was the first new school founded by the Westernization School.

12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (page 3, with emphasis)

13.1895 spring. Kang Youwei's "writing on the bus" opened the prelude to the reform.

14.1898 From June to September, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of reform decrees, the contents of which were (P33): it was required to grasp from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.

15.1894, Sun Yat-sen organized the revolutionary group Xing Zhong Hui. In 195. It adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty, abolishing the absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic Republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country. The People's Daily, an organ publication founded by Sun Yat-sen, was the guiding ideology of the Revolution of 1911.

The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2, years. The idea of democracy was deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the fruits of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.

In p>17.1915, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, and set off a new cultural movement. The main content was to advocate the "four four-four-opposition" and carried out a counter-current to respecting Confucius. Thus, a wave of ideological emancipation was set off in the society.

In p>18.1918, Li Dazhao published two articles, Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.

19. The New Culture Movement was an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country, which inspired people to pursue democracy and science, explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and created the spread of Marxism in China. In the New Culture Movement, there was also an absolute negative or positive bias towards eastern and western cultures, which influenced later. < P > On May 4, 1919, students from Peking University and other schools held a demonstration, demanding that "sovereignty should be fought outside and national thieves should be eliminated inside", canceling the "Article 21", opposing the signing of the "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers held a demonstration. The working class played a huge role. As a result, the government was forced to release students, remove Cao Rulin and other traitors from their posts, and refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism and the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

21.192111 Make sure that the party's goal is to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize * * * capitalism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement. < P > In p>22.1922, the party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow the warlords and the oppression of imperialism. Establish a democratic Republic. This is the first time that a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program was put forward in China.

In p>23.1924, the Huangpu Military Academy was founded with Zhou Enlai as the director of the political department, which trained a large number of military and political talents.

In p>24.1926, the Guangdong National Government made a northern expedition to overthrow the rule of the northern warlords and unify the whole country. Object: Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, Zhang Zuolin; Main battlefields: Hunan, Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge and Hesheng Bridge; Destroyed Wu Peifu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; In less than half a year, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River valley to the Yangtze River valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.

In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and set up the "National Government" in Nanjing. On behalf of the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, it took refuge in imperialism abroad and suppressed the people's revolutionary movement at home.

On August 1, 1927, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others. The first shot of armed resistance against the rule of Kuomintang reactionaries was fired.

In September 1927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, attacked the rural areas where the enemy's strength was weak, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. The Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the revolutionary wars led independently by the China * * * Production Party. The foundation of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.

From October 1934 to October 1936, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and carry out the Long March after failing to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression".

In January 1935, the Party Central Committee held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gu and others and cancelled the military command of Bo Gu and others. Affirm Mao Zedong's correct position. Make sure that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai are in charge of the military command. The Zunyi Meeting established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution, which was a turning point in the history of the party.

3. On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the enemy's encirclement. In October 1936, the Red Second Front Army and the Red Fourth Front Army joined forces with the Red Front Army. Declare the end of the victory of the Long March. The victory of the Long March crushed the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone strength of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.

31.When the September 18th Incident broke out in 1931, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the northeast, implement a policy of non-resistance, which made all the land of more than one million square kilometers in the three northeastern provinces fall to the enemy in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war. Resist Japanese aggression. The Northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression. China * * * sent Yang Jingyu to organize northeast guerrillas to carry out anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare. The local anti-Japanese war of China people began.

32. After the September 18th Incident, China * * put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the National Government stop the civil war and unanimously resist Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted it. On December 12, 1936, the "Xi 'an Incident" was launched. After the incident, China's * * * production party advocated a peaceful solution from the interests of the whole nation. Since then, the ten-year civil war has basically ended, and the anti-Japanese national United front has initially taken shape.

In 1937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China in Lugouqiao, creating the July 7 Incident, and China people's national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out. In the incident, Tong Linge. Zhao Dengyu died for his country. Pingjin fell one after another, and then the anti-Japanese national united front was formally established.

34.1937 In December, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 3, China residents were massacred.

35. During the all-round anti-Japanese war, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * achieved a "great victory in Pingxing Pass", which was the first time since the anti-Japanese war. In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, a hundred regiments' war was organized under the command of Peng Dehuai in August 194, which was the largest battle in which the China army took the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the Anti-Japanese War. The Kuomintang army won a great victory in Taierzhuang in the spring of 1938.

36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Seventh National Congress was held in Yan 'an in April 1945. The conference mainly discussed the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and China after the victory.