Solving the reading answer of "ghost traffic jam" with mathematics

Read Solving Ghost Traffic Jam with Mathematics, and then answer the following questions. (8 points)

How much time do you waste in traffic jams every month? Answer: it is difficult to calculate. The most frustrating thing is the traffic jams that seem to have no cause on the surface: there are no accidents, no stopped vehicles, and no closed construction lanes, but the roads will suddenly become blocked inexplicably, and after a long time, the traffic will be smooth without warning.

This inexplicable traffic jam is called "ghost traffic jam" by traffic experts. On a crowded road, it is likely that a short pause caused by a driver's sudden braking, sudden lane change or overtaking will trigger a series of pauses behind the car-the road is blocked like a ghost. Even if it takes only 2 seconds for the first car to start after stopping, it may take tens of minutes for the last car to start. Research shows that if you are on a busy highway, a novice driver's sudden braking may trigger a "traffic tsunami", and the affected section can be as long as 8 kilometers.

actually, the road is not really blocked, but the longer the time difference between cars is. Because of the braking of the first car, all drivers behind must also brake, and all drivers behind must also brake, and the "wave effect" brought by passing one car after another will lead to the overall slowdown of road traffic in a large area.

In addition, people's reactions vary widely, which is also the reason for the continuous expansion of "ghost traffic jams". If everyone can react correctly, then a few seconds of pause can be easily resolved. But the fact is just the opposite. The more traffic jams, the more people want to take advantage of the loopholes and hope to jump in line, which can only worsen the already blocked road conditions.

Mathematicians at MIT try to find a solution to the "ghost traffic jam" through mathematical model analysis. They found that the detonation wave generated after the explosion is a self-sustaining waveform, which constantly expands outward. And there is a critical point in this waveform, just like the "event horizon" of a black hole. When there is a "ghost traffic jam", drivers inside and outside the critical point can't know the situation in the other area, and accordingly they can't judge when the traffic situation can be improved.

after mastering these situations, the team of mathematicians at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology tried to calculate the variables that caused traffic congestion by using fluid mechanics equations, so as to control the spread trend of traffic jams.

At the same time, the mathematical model also shows that if the driver reduces the speed and drives at a fixed speed instead of an emergency stop, it will not only save fuel, but also hopefully eliminate the phenomenon of "ghost traffic jam". For example, on the highway, it is much better to drive at an average speed of 8 km/h than to stop and go at 11/ h. The same is true on general roads with many vehicles.

22. According to the context, please give a definition of "ghost traffic jam". (2 points)

23. One that doesn't conform to the original meaning is () (2 points)

A. Because of the limitation of traffic conditions, we waste most of our time on the road every time we travel.

B, the first car braked, and the rear car must also braked, which brought a chain reaction, and the vehicles stopped and stopped, which led to the overall slowdown of large-scale road traffic.

C. People's reactions vary widely. Although problems can be solved in a very short time, they often cannot make correct judgments.

D, if we slow down and drive at a fixed speed, we can not only save fuel, but also avoid the ghost traffic jam.

24. What explanation methods are used in the underlined sentences in the second paragraph of the article? What's the role? (2 points)

25. What measures do you think the transportation department should formulate or set up slogans on the highway to alleviate the traffic jam in combination with the serious traffic jam in the "Double Festival" this year? (2 points)

22. "Ghost traffic jam" refers to the phenomenon that there seems to be no cause on the surface of a crowded highway, but traffic jams suddenly appear inexplicably. 23, A

24, examples, metaphors, and figures; It shows concretely, accurately and vividly that human factors can cause serious consequences to road traffic.

25. The transportation department should formulate measures to prohibit novices from getting on the expressway and restrict drivers who violate the rules more from getting on the expressway; Limit the speed; Add electronic signs on the road to inform the traffic information ahead in time. Slogans such as: Please don't change lanes for no reason.