What impact did the concession in Jiaoao have on China?

Qingdao used to be called Jiaoao. 189 1 year (the seventeenth year of Guangxu), the Qing government decided to fortify Jiaoao and Qingdao was established. In the second year, Gaoyuan Zhang, the company commander of Diaodengzhou Town, led the troops to transfer to Jiaoao. 1897165438+10 In October, Germany occupied Jiaoao under the pretext of "Juye religious plan" and forced the Qing government to sign the Jiaoao Concession Treaty on March 6. Since then, Jiaoao has become a colony, and Shandong has also been included in the sphere of influence of Germany. After the outbreak of World War I,19141in June, Japan occupied Jiaoao instead of Germany and carried out military colonial rule.

On June 1 897165438+1October1day, two ferocious German missionaries in southwest Shandong were killed by broadsword, which was called "Juye Religious Case", providing a rare excuse for the German invaders to stir up trouble and create disputes. 1October 7th, 165438+ Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered German warships to set off from Shanghai and arrive in Jiaozhou Bay on June 38, 2003, deceiving the China garrison on the pretext of "traveling here". The next day, the Germans suddenly landed, and the Qing court ordered no resistance. The Germans successfully occupied Jiaozhou Bay.

Under the threat of German imperialism,1on March 6, 898, the Qing court ministers Li Hongzhang and Weng Tonghe signed the Sino-German Jiaozhou Bay Concession Treaty with the German ambassador to China Hai Jing, which stipulated that Jiaozhou Bay was originally leased to Germany for 99 years. Germany can build two railways from Qingdao via Weixian, Zichuan to Jinan, and from Qingdao via Yizhou and Laiwu to Jinan, and enjoy the mining rights within 30 miles on both sides of the railway; Germans have the priority to undertake all kinds of projects in Shandong. Since then, Jiaoao has officially become a colony of Germany, and Shandong has also become the sphere of influence of the German army. 189810 June 12 The German emperor named the urban area of Jiaoao Concession Qingdao. German aggression triggered a frenzy of the imperialist powers to carve up China, which aggravated the national crisis in China.

After the German army invaded Jiaozhou Bay, it implemented a series of colonial policies and stepped up its expansion.

Germany established a relatively complete colonial institution, with the Governor of Jiaoao as the general leader and directly under the jurisdiction of the German emperor. The Governor has a government office and a counselor committee. The government office has four departments: civil affairs, military and political affairs, economy and public works. In order to guard against the resistance of Qingdao people, the German authorities conducted a large-scale search, confiscated civilian weapons and set up a patrol room to beat night patrols. Others strictly separated the residential areas of Germany and China. The Germans named many planned streets with German place names and noble names. The Germans allowed the chairman of China Commercial Bureau to attend the counselor's meeting and ruled Qingdao people in the way of China governance.

The German colonial authorities promulgated laws against China people and non-China people respectively, and set up two courts to deal with lawsuits from China and foreign countries, which treated China people very harshly. The Germans built many fortresses in Qingdao to strengthen their vigilance and prevention.

In order to operate for a long time, Germans have invested heavily in Qingdao, built a seaport, built the Ji Jiao Railway and opened some factories. In addition, they are also committed to developing mines along the Ji Jiao Railway and plundering China's resources. In Qingdao, the Germans occupied the land of China, and all the land in Qingdao and its nearby villages was occupied by the Germans.

Germans attach importance to the role of cultural undertakings in consolidating colonial rule, and set up churches, schools, cinemas and theaters, published newspapers and periodicals and engaged in many activities in Qingdao.

As soon as the German colonists set foot on the land of Jiaoao, they aroused the resistance of Qingdao people. /kloc-in October, Li Xiangfeng, a native of Jimo, was arrested and beheaded for killing an evil German soldier. More than 200 Germans attacked the Germans at midnight. 1899, the villages around Qingdao United and refused to sell grain to the Germans. In April this year, Jimo Wang Yixun United Broadsword Association held a rally against the church and the government. Women and children in Jiaozhou organized the anti-German volunteer army, and people on both sides of Dagu River opposed the German railway construction, all of which dealt a heavy blow to the German authorities.

Japanese imperialism has long wanted to turn China into its colony, and Qingdao, a good port in the East, is its long-cherished wish. 19 14 In the summer, World War I broke out in Europe. Shortly after the exchange of fire between Britain and Germany, Japan officially declared war on Germany on August 23, and the second Japanese fleet blocked Jiaozhou Bay on August 27. On September 2, a 30,000-strong Japanese Army Division 18 landed in Longkou, Shandong. Instead of resisting Japanese aggression, the Beiyang government designated a special marching area for the Japanese army according to its "requirements". Japan went from Longkou to Qingdao via Yexian, Pingdu and Jimo. Subsequently, the Japanese army marched westward, crossed the war zone and occupied Jiaozhou and Weixian, and occupied Ji Jiao Railway Station and nearby mining areas one by one, and finally occupied Jinan Railway Station.

On September 18, the second batch of Japanese troops landed at the mouth of Laoshan and joined the first batch of troops landing in Longkou, blocking the German army's retreat and leaving it in a dilemma between Scylla and Charybdis. After fierce fighting, the German defence was broken and the fortresses were occupied one after another. 1On October 7th, the Germans were forced to surrender. After more than two months of fierce fighting, Japan finally replaced Germany.

18 Lin Xiya Guang, head of the division, issued an order announcing the implementation of military and political affairs, and set up two military and political departments in Qingdao and Licun to implement military colonial rule over Qingdao and Ji Jiao railways. The Japanese army promulgated Article 10 of the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Military Affairs, which restricted the freedom of speech and action of Qingdao people.

In order to facilitate long-term "legal" rule, 19 17 June, Japan announced that it would change the Military and Political Department into the Civil Affairs Department, and set up civil affairs branches in Kanzi, Zhangdian and other places to strictly control and detain residents.

The Japanese seized all the property, land, factories, ports, railways and mines of the Germans in Qingdao and Shandong. Japanese exploited by force. In the past eight years, operating Ji Jiao Railway alone earned more than 50 million yuan. The Japanese also use "legal" means to buy and sell guns, sell drugs and make a fortune.

Japanese imperialism has also implemented many measures of cultural aggression, and the Japanese authorities stipulate that students must take Japanese as their main course. Japanese colonists also changed some hills, islands and streets in Qingdao to Japanese names.

The people of Qingdao and the whole country waged an indomitable struggle against the Japanese invaders in order to recover Qingdao's sovereignty.

1915 65438+1kloc-0/8 Japan made use of Yuan Shikai's dream of restoring monarchy and put forward "Twenty-one Articles" aimed at destroying China. Yuan Shikai was eager to get Japan's support for his restoration of monarchy, so he shamelessly negotiated with Japan and agreed to the demands of Japanese imperialism. This caused great anger among the Japanese people, and a large-scale anti-China patriotic movement was launched all over the country. In the upsurge of this movement, a glorious chapter in the struggle to recover Qingdao's sovereignty was opened. The problems in Qingdao and Shandong became the direct cause of the May 4th Movement.

After World War I, the Allied Forces and 1965438+ 19 held a "Peace Conference" in Paris in 10. China attended the meeting as a victorious country. Under the auspices of Britain, the United States and France, the meeting ignored the strong opposition of the representative of China and handed over the sovereignty of Qingdao and the rights and interests of Shandong to Japan. Under the pressure of imperialism, Beiyang government is ready to sign it.

When the news came out, the whole country was furious. Starting from Beijing, a vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal May 4th patriotic movement began, "Give me back Shandong!" The slogan "Give me back Qingdao" resounded throughout the country. Under the pressure of the people all over the country, the representative of China who attended the Paris Peace Conference refused to sign the peace treaty, thus smashing the plot of Japanese imperialism to "legally" occupy Qingdao.

After the May 4th Movement, the anti-Japanese patriotic struggle continued to develop in depth. Under the unanimous resistance of China people, Japan was forced to solve the Qingdao and Shandong issues through negotiations. 192110 In February, the Washington Conference was held to discuss the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. China, the United States, Britain, France, Japan and Italy attended the meeting. At the meeting, the representative of China once again demanded the unconditional recovery of Qingdao, while Japan insisted on mutual representations between China and Japan. Beiyang government succumbed to the temptation of Britain and the United States and the pressure of Japan, and directly negotiated with Japan. 1922 On February 4th, representatives of China and Japan signed the Treaty on the Settlement of Cold Cases in Shandong and the attached agreement. Only when China's sovereignty was seriously damaged and China paid a large amount of ransom did Japan promise to recover its sovereignty from Shandong by China.

China, on behalf of Wang, held a handover ceremony with Bi Guangwei, the Japanese garrison commander in Qingdao, and Masayoshi Akiyama, the civil administrator of Qingdao, officially recovering Qingdao's sovereignty. At this point, Qingdao, which was ruled by Germany and Japan for 25 years, finally returned to the embrace of the motherland.