Where was Xuan Zhonghua born?

Xuan Zhonghua

Xuan Zhonghua (1898-1927), whose original name was Zhong Hua, whose nickname was Hong Lin, whose courtesy name was Guangwen, and whose pen name was Yifan, was born in Xuan Village, Paitou Central, Zhuji, Zhejiang. He was a famous student movement leader in Hangzhou during the May 4th Movement and an outstanding revolutionary activist in Zhejiang during the First Civil Revolutionary War.

In the summer of the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), he was admitted to the Zhejiang Provincial First Normal School. In 1919, after the May 4th Movement broke out, he was elected as the chairman of the executive department of the Hangzhou Student Federation, and soon served as the chairman of the Zhejiang Province Students Federation of Secondary Schools and Above. In the spring of 1921, at the invitation of Chen Wangdao, he went to Shanghai to participate in the Marxist Research Society, and soon joined the Socialist Youth League. At the end of the year, he went to Moscow to attend the First Congress of Communist Parties and National Revolutionary Groups of Far Eastern Countries held by the Communist International, and was received by Lenin. On January 10, 1924, he joined the Communist Party of China. In March 1926, he was elected as a standing member of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Headquarters Executive Committee and Secretary of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Headquarters of the Chinese Kuomintang, responsible for the overall work of the Provincial Party Headquarters. In December of the same year, he took advantage of the conflicts among the warlords and led the Zhejiang people to launch an autonomous movement together with Chairman Mao Zedong of the Hangzhou Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, effectively cooperating with the Guangdong revolutionary government's Northern Expedition.

During the April 12 coup in 1927, the right wing of the Chinese Kuomintang launched a coup in Hangzhou and declared that China, under the arrangement of the Hangzhou Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China and with the help of Xue Muqiao, the head of the railway union, disguised himself as a freight train conductor. Leaving Hangzhou and returning to Shanghai. On April 13, unfortunately, he was spotted by secret agents at Longhua Station and arrested. Late at night on April 17, he died heroically in Longhua, Shanghai at the age of 29.

Chinese name: Xuan Zhonghua

Alias: Xuan Zhonghua, Xuan Honglin, Xuan Guangwen, Yifan

Nationality: Chinese

Nationality: Han

Birthplace: Central Xuancun, Paitou, Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province

Date of birth: July 4, 1898

Date of death: April 17, 1927

Occupation: Student movement leader, revolutionary activist

Graduation school: Zhejiang Provincial First Normal University

Belief: ** *Communism

Main achievements: Leading the "One Division Trend" to victory

Founding the first workers' newspaper in Zhejiang Province

Preparing to establish the Zhejiang Provincial Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang

Lead the struggle against the right wing of the Zhejiang Kuomintang

Lead the establishment of peasant associations at all levels across Zhejiang Province

Representative works: "Qujiang Labor Wave", "The Killing of Xuantong" 》etc.

Characters’ lives

Early experiences

Xuan Zhonghua was born into a poor peasant family in Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province. His father, Xuan Lei Feng, would rather endure hunger and suffer hardship, and Oshita would be in debt, and tried his best to support Xuan Zhonghua in school. In 1909, Xuan Zhonghua graduated from Rizhi Junior Primary School in his village, and was admitted to Tongwen Public School in this district to attend senior primary school. At that time, the profound national disaster and harsh social reality left scars of "huge trauma, deep pain, indescribable" in the soul of the young boy Xuan Zhonghua. Xuan Zhonghua wrote vigorously, in which he denounced the corruption of the Qing government and the ambitions of the imperialist powers, and planned a strategy to "defend foreign aggression and defend the country." His patriotic enthusiasm was appreciated and praised by the progressive teachers of Tung Van Public School.

In the summer of 1915, Xuan Zhonghua was admitted to the Zhejiang Provincial First Normal University in Hangzhou to study. In 1919, the May 4th Movement broke out. Propaganda of China used great patriotic enthusiasm to give speeches on stages, distribute leaflets, and put up slogans everywhere from campus to the streets. Xuan Zhonghua was elected as the chairman of the Hangzhou Student Union and became a "pioneer of the reform movement" who "declared from all sides to protect new opportunities" and "engaged in social movements vigorously".

Leading the "First Division Trend"

The Provincial First Division at that time, with the support of principal Jing Hengyi, teacher Chen Wangdao and others, was the center of the New Culture Movement in Zhejiang Province. The feudal conservative forces headed by Governor Qi Yaoshan and Director of Education Xia Jingguan are extremely hostile to it.

In December 1919, on the grounds that the second issue of "Zhejiang New Tide" published the article "Unfilial Piety" written by Shi Cuntong, a student of the First Normal University, they sent personnel to investigate the First Normal University twice, accusing Jing Hengyi of supporting the publication of "Zhejiang New Tide" on campus. , "advocate radicalism, advocate abolishing Confucius, not filial piety, adultery, wife and childbirth, and all kinds of heresies, in order to destroy the social order that has existed for thousands of years."

In February 1920, Qi Yaoshan and Xia Jingguan took advantage of the opportunity for students to leave school and go home during the winter vacation and ordered the replacement of Jing Hengyi, forcing Chen Wangdao and others to resign. A small number of students who stayed on campus, under the organizational leadership of Xuan Zhonghua and others, immediately angrily protested against the reactionary forces' conspiracy, and urgently sent letters to inform their classmates back home to return to school early after the Spring Festival to plan countermeasures. In March, after hearing the news, most students rushed back to school to stage boycotts and demonstrations, triggering the "One Division Trend" that shocked the country. The students' just struggle has received support from all walks of life across the province, the country, and even overseas Chinese. As the main initiator and leader of this movement, Xuan Zhonghua showed outstanding organizational skills during the struggle. Xuan Zhonghua not only led the crowd to the Provincial Office and the Department of Education to engage in face-to-face reasoning and struggle with the reactionary authorities; moreover, at the critical juncture on March 29, when the reactionary authorities dispatched a large number of military police to surround a division and attempted to forcibly dissolve the school and expel the students, Xuan Zhonghua Zhonghua led all the students in the school to fight against more than 700 military police. With the massive support of students from various schools in Hangzhou, they finally defeated the reactionaries' plot and achieved an initial victory in the struggle.

Shortly after the victory of the "First Division Trend", progressive students such as Xuan Zhonghua took advantage of the heat to lead students from various schools in Hangzhou and launched a struggle to expel Governor Qi Yaoshan and Director of Education Xia Jingguan. On the one hand, they assigned students' federation representatives to go to various governments in the province to expose Qi and Xia's crimes; on the other hand, they mobilized thousands of students to petition the provincial assembly, demanding the "impeachment of Qi and Xia." Under the pressure of strong public opinion, the provincial assembly was finally forced to pass the "impeachment case of Governor Qi Yaoshan" on June 16. Xia Jingguan was lucky enough to avoid impeachment because of his good attitude towards repentance. The next day, Qi Yaoshan was forced to resign and left Hangzhou. The victory of this struggle was one of the most prominent events in the national student movement at that time.

Join the Revolution

In the summer of 1920, Xuan Zhonghua graduated and was hired as a teacher in the affiliated primary school of the First Division. During this period, Xuan Zhonghua had extensive contact with workers from all walks of life in Hangzhou, actively supported and assisted the workers of Zhejiang Printing Company in establishing a "mutual aid association" with the nature of a modern trade union, and founded the province's first workers' newspaper "Qujiang Labor Wave" with Chen Fanyu, Ni Youtian and others. 》. He also gave lectures at the "after-work tutorial school" for printing workers to promote new culture and new trends of thought, and was welcomed by the workers.

In the spring of 1921, Xuan Zhonghua was invited by Chen Wangdao to work for the Shanghai Marxist Research Association; soon after, he joined the Socialist Youth League and traveled between Shanghai and Hangzhou to carry out revolutionary activities. During the summer and autumn, Xuan Zhonghua was introduced to Xiaoshan Yaqian Rural Primary School by Shen Dingyi, a member of the Communist Party of China. He used rural primary schools as his base to engage in revolutionary activities. He and other progressive young teachers often went to Shaoxing, Xiaoshan and other rural areas to help poor farmers learn culture, publicize revolutionary principles, and guide farmers to organize to fight against the reactionary government and landlords. In September, organizations such as Shen Ding and others launched the Xiaoshao Peasant Movement centered in Xiaoshan Yaqian. In just one or two months, farmers in 82 villages in Xiaoshao Plain organized farmers' associations and launched a vigorous struggle against rent and rent reduction. In October, Xuan Zhonghua went to Soviet Russia as a representative of the Zhejiang Farmers Association to attend the First Congress of Communist Parties and National Revolutionary Groups of Far Eastern Countries held in Moscow by the Communist International in January 1922. This trip abroad gave Xuan Zhonghua the opportunity to witness with his own eyes the tremendous changes that had taken place in Soviet Russia after the October Socialist Revolution, which had an important impact on his ideological transformation. During the meeting, Xuan Zhonghua applied to join the Communist Party of China.

In April 1922, Xuan Zhonghua, Yu Xiusong and others prepared to establish the Hangzhou Organization of the Socialist Youth League. In the second half of the year, at the invitation of Shen Dingyi, a member of the Communist Party of China, he went to Xiaoshan Yaqian to serve as the director-general of the Dongxiang Education Association.

During this period, on the one hand, he was engaged in rural surveys, and on the other hand, he helped found the progressive journal "Responsibility", and published many articles in the journal, exposing the crimes of reactionary warlords and foreign imperialism, and calling on the people to rise up in struggle. For this reason, he was hated by the reactionaries and was wanted for arrest. The "Responsibility" weekly was also shut down at the same time.

Cooperation with the Communist Party of China

On January 10, 1924, after discussion and decision by the Shanghai Local and District Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China, it was approved to declare China to join the Communist Party of China . At the time of the first Kuomintang cooperation, Xuan Zhonghua, as a representative of the cross-party members of the Chinese Kuomintang in Zhejiang Province, attended the first National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang held in Guangzhou on January 20. After the meeting, Xuan Zhonghua returned to Zhejiang, and on March 30, he prepared to establish the Zhejiang Provisional Provincial Party Headquarters of the Chinese Kuomintang in Hangzhou, and was elected as an executive member, responsible for establishing county and city party committees and leading the workers and peasants movement. He often published articles in Zhejiang Weekly, the magazine of the Provisional Provincial Party Headquarters, and actively carried out anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary propaganda. As a result, he was repeatedly wanted by the warlord authorities.

The establishment of the Zhejiang Provisional Provincial Party Headquarters of the Chinese Kuomintang marked the realization of the first Kuomintang-Kuomintang cooperation in Zhejiang. However, within this national revolutionary united front, there has always been a struggle between the left and right factions. In May 1925, Shen Dingyi, who had already rebelled against the Communist Party of China, returned to Zhejiang after attending the Third Plenary Session of the First Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang. He conspired with Dai Jitao and other Kuomintang rightists, and hosted a meeting in Xiaoshan Yamen on July 5. The plenary meeting of the Provisional Zhejiang Provincial Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang was held. At the meeting, Dai Jitao and Shen Dingyi tried their best to peddle "Dai Jitaoism", opposed Kuomintang cooperation, opposed the theory of class struggle, etc. Xuan Zhonghua immediately refuted it angrily at the meeting, and Xuan Zhonghua's speech was supported by most of the representatives present at the meeting. Everyone rose up to condemn Dai, Shen and other rightists for deviating from the line of the "National Congress" of the Chinese Kuomintang and undermining the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China, and thwarted their attempt to exclude the Communist Party in the election of representatives to attend the "Second National Congress" of the Chinese Kuomintang. Communist conspiracy.

After the Yaqian Meeting, Shen Ding intensified his opposition to Kuomintang cooperation in various parts of Zhejiang, and in November 1925, he participated in the so-called Fourth Plenary Session of the First Central Committee of the Kuomintang (i.e. Xishan) illegally held in Beijing. meeting), completely transformed into the Kuomintang ultra-right wing. Xuan Zhonghua had been influenced by Shen Dingyi's revolutionary thoughts earlier, and his colleagues had engaged in revolutionary activities, and their relationship was quite harmonious. However, Xuan Zhonghua detested Shen Dingyi's anti-Japanese and traitorous actions and made it clear that he would fight Shen to the end. On December 15 of the same year, Xuan Zhonghua presided over a joint meeting of the party headquarters of the Chinese Kuomintang counties and cities in Zhejiang at Dongshan Pavilion, Xiashi Town, Haining. The meeting electrified the whole country and angrily denounced the reactionary actions of the Xishan Conference faction; it was decided to establish a joint meeting of the party headquarters of all counties and cities in the province to assume the powers of the Provisional Provincial Party Headquarters, and completely broke with the right-wing Provisional Provincial Party Headquarters controlled by Shen Ding.

In January 1926, Xuan Zhonghua made a party work report on behalf of the Chinese Kuomintang organization in Zhejiang Province at the Second National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang, thoroughly exposing and criticism. In view of Shen Dingyi's rebellious behavior, the Kuomintang Central Committee decided to impose party disciplinary punishment. After the meeting, Xuan Zhonghua returned to Hangzhou. On March 6, he supported the convening of the first Zhejiang Provincial Congress of the Kuomintang in the lecture hall of Hubin Public Education Center in Hangzhou, and decided to formally establish the provincial party headquarters. Xuan Zhonghua was elected as the executive committee executive Member and Propaganda Minister, and appointed by the Shanghai District Committee of the Communist Party of China to serve as Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Zhejiang Provincial Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang, headed by Communist Party members such as Xuan Zhonghua, was recognized and supported by the Guangzhou Kuomintang Central Committee, thus achieving a major victory against the Kuomintang right wing.

After that, Xuan Zhonghua actively engaged in important tasks such as forming the Zhejiang Provisional Provincial Government and welcoming the Northern Expedition to Zhejiang. At the end of 1926, he went to Nanchang to meet with Chiang Kai-shek, the commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, to discuss the issue of candidates for the provisional provincial government. After returning to Zhejiang, he went to Ningbo as a special commissioner in January 1927 to form the Zhejiang Provisional Provincial Government and was elected as a member of the Political Committee of the Provisional Provincial Government. Later, he led a provincial party headquarters delegation to Wenzhou and other places to welcome the Northern Expeditionary Army from Fujian to Zhejiang.

On February 17, the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Hangzhou, and soon the entire province of Zhejiang was recovered. On February 24, he presided over the Provincial Party Headquarters Executive Committee meeting in Hangzhou and was re-elected as a standing member of the Executive Committee. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the Left Provincial Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang headed by Propaganda of China, the revolutionary situation in Zhejiang developed rapidly, and the workers and peasants movement surged to an unprecedented high. Trade union organizations and peasant associations at all levels in counties and cities were established one after another. Trade unions and The membership of the farmers' association grew rapidly.

Arrested and sacrificed

While the revolutionary situation was looking good, the new warlords and the New Right headed by Chiang Kai-shek stepped up their conspiracy to betray the revolution and created one counter-revolution after another. event. The "March 3_" incident also occurred in Hangzhou. A large number of hooligans and thugs bribed and instigated by the Kuomintang reactionaries, armed with copper hammers and iron bars, attacked the Hangzhou Federation of Trade Unions and demonstrated in front of the provincial party department with the intention of destroying it. Xuan Zhonghua immediately summoned all the staff of the Provincial Party Headquarters to set up a defensive line and stand ready. He personally stood at the gate of the Provincial Party Headquarters and fought face-to-face with the gangsters. The next day, under the guidance of the Hangzhou Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China and Xuan Zhonghua, Hangzhou's industrial, commercial and academic circles held "three strikes". Thousands of people poured into the streets to angrily protest against the atrocities of the reactionaries. . When the demonstration marched near Taipingfang, they were suddenly shot by reactionary military police. Dozens of people were killed and injured on the spot, turning into a horrific bloodshed.

Faced with the rapidly deteriorating situation, Xuan Zhonghua went to Shanghai to report to the Shanghai District Committee of the Communist Party of China, and then returned to Hangzhou to attend an emergency meeting held by the Hangzhou District Committee. He clearly pointed out: We must be more vigilant and pay close attention to Pay attention to the new trends of the Kuomintang right wing and be prepared for emergencies.

On April 11, Zhang Lie, director of the Hangzhou Municipal Public Security Bureau, carried out Chiang Kai-shek’s secret order and staged the “April 11” counter-revolutionary armed coup in Hangzhou. A large number of military police suddenly surrounded and closed down the KMT provincial party headquarters, provincial government, federation of trade unions, student unions and other institutions where the left was dominant, and searched for Communist Party members and KMT leftists. Xuan Zhonghua was notified by the revolutionary comrades and was able to move to another place temporarily. After urgent research by the Hangzhou Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, considering that Xuan Zhonghua was wanted and could not continue his activities in Hangzhou, it was decided to send someone to secretly escort him to Shanghai.

On the night of April 13, Xuan Zhonghua secretly came to the home of Xue Yulin (Xue Muqiao), the head of the Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway Union, and a businessman went to Shanghai to make arrangements. On the morning of the 14th, Xuan Zhonghua disguised himself as a railway conductor and took a train from Genshan Gate to Shanghai, escorted by Xue Yulin and Communist Party members of the Hangzhou Railway Union Shen Leshan and Fang Renlang. In the afternoon, when the train arrived at Longhua Station in the suburbs of Shanghai, he was unfortunately discovered by Kuomintang agents who were densely surrounded by the station and was arrested. The Kuomintang reactionaries thought they could dig out clues about the Communist Party organizations in the entire Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions from him. On the 15th, Shanghai Security Commander Yang Hu and others interrogated Xuan Zhonghua at the Longhua Security Command. Faced with threats of inducement to surrender, torture, and shooting, Xuan Zhonghua remained unmoved and said righteously: "If you kill me, you are nothing more than Xuan Zhonghua, but thousands of revolutionaries will come to kill you!" China is dying for the revolution now, but it has no regrets." Late at night on April 17, the bruised Xuan Zhonghua was escorted to the outskirts of Longhua and brutally killed.

List of Works

"Qujiang Labor Wave"

In 1920, Xuanzhonghua was founded, which was the first workers' newspaper in Zhejiang Province.

"Killing Xuantong"

In the second half of 1922, Xuan Zhonghua went to Xiaoshan Yaqian to carry out revolutionary work and published many articles in the progressive publication "Responsibility". In particular, the article "Killing Xuantong" caused a nationwide sensation. In this article, he not only said impassionedly: "The Qing Dynasty is the enemy of the people, and it is right to kill them all to avenge the enemy"; he also sternly denounced the Beiyang warlord government, which was "completely the same as the Qing Dynasty." 'The remnants of feudalism'".

Historical evaluation

Xuan Zhonghua was a famous student movement leader in Hangzhou during the May 4th Movement and an outstanding revolutionary activist in Zhejiang during the First Civil Revolutionary War.

In his report "On the Party's Relationship with the Kuomintang from 1924 to 1926", Zhou Enlai once compared Xuan Zhonghua with the party's outstanding leaders Li Dazhao, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, and He Shuheng, and compared Xuan Zhonghua's role in the Zhejiang National Revolution The outstanding contributions made in the united front work of * cooperation will be highly evaluated and praised.