How to review in primary schools

Chinese Pinyin is an important tool for literacy and learning Mandarin. In primary school, students are required to correctly confirm the pronunciation of initials, finals and syllables as a whole; Know capital letters and memorize Chinese phonetic letters; Can spell syllables correctly and read Chinese characters with the help of pinyin. Pay attention to the following difficulties in review, and distinguish the letters that are close to confusion; grasp

Second, review the recommendations.

(1) The learning of the basic content of Chinese Pinyin has been completed in the lower grades, but it is reborn in the upper grades, so it is necessary to review the basic content of Chinese Pinyin. The basic contents of Chinese Pinyin are initials, finals, tones and syllables. Practice the pronunciation of 23 initials, 24 finals, 16 whole syllables, with tone practice.

(2) According to the characteristics of this dialect, grasp the key and difficult points of learning Chinese Pinyin. For example, the initials are flat and the tongue is upturned; The difference between nasal sounds before and after vowels. The pronunciation of some common words should be spelled repeatedly and memorized properly.

(3) polyphonic words should be properly arranged. And review the pronunciations that are easy to mispronounce.

Chinese character

I. Summary of knowledge

1. Know 3,000 commonly used Chinese characters, of which about 2,500 can write.

2. Be able to read Chinese characters with the help of Chinese Pinyin. You can use word order and radical index to look up the dictionary and learn to read independently.

3. Master the basic strokes and common radicals of Chinese characters, be able to write according to the rules of stroke order, pay attention to the frame structure, and initially feel the physical beauty of Chinese characters.

4. Develop correct writing posture and good writing habits, and write in a standardized, correct and neat way. Can write regular script with hard pen and brush.

5. Cultivate interest in Chinese characters and active literacy, develop the habit of active literacy, and gradually form the ability of independent literacy.

Second, study the guidance of law.

(A) cultivate interest and develop ability

Reading and writing ability is the basis of reading and writing, and it is one of the key points of review. In the created language environment, let students distinguish polyphonic words, homophones, similar words and polysemous words through observation, analysis and comparison, and eliminate typos. In order to let students learn literacy methods and form strong independent literacy ability, it is very important to stimulate their interest in learning. Design some colorful and pleasant practical activities to arouse students' enthusiasm and initiative in literacy. For example, a "typo clinic" can be set up for students to collect, sort out and correct typos in classmates' homework, plaques, newspapers and advertisements; You can also engage in some literacy games and competitions in the class, and don't let students do mechanical repetitive exercises.

(2) lay a good foundation and master it skillfully.

1. Stroke and stroke order. When writing, no matter how many turns in the middle, it is always connected, that is, a stroke or a painting. Stroke order is the order in which Chinese characters are written. What are the common strokes? How many kinds of stroke order rules are commonly used? What do you mean?

2. Radicals and radicals. Most Chinese characters are combined characters. The upper, lower, left and right parts of the complex are called radicals. Putting the same radicals together is called the Ministry, and this same radical is the radical of the Ministry. What word can the word "Bao" be changed with different radicals? What word can be formed by adding different radicals to the word "wood"?

3. Shelves and structures. The proportion of each part of a word is a shelf, and the combination of each part of a word is a structure. The basic structures of combined Chinese characters are: up and down structure (thinking), left and right structure (phase), semi-closed structure (fierce), fully closed structure (country) and zigzag structure (arm).

(three) familiar with the law, flexible use

1. Pronunciation. Chinese characters should be read in standard Mandarin. Distinguishing the pronunciation of polyphonic words is a problem that should be paid attention to when reviewing. Polysyllabic words are generally polysemous words. We should first look at the language environment in which they are used, and then determine their pronunciation. For example, "this kind of instant noodles is very cheap." The two edges in this sentence have different pronunciations and meanings.

2. glyph. Chinese characters are ideographs based on hieroglyphs. Most Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters. When their shapes are the same, their meanings are related to something. For example, the word with "mountain" beside it is related to mountains, and the word with "hole" is related to Otawa Cave. When the sounds are the same, they are similar, such as Xiao, Xiao and Xiao.

3. Meaning. The common ways to understand the meaning of a word are to look it up in a dictionary and to understand it in context. What you said is reasonable, I am convinced. The word "clothing" has many meanings, such as clothing, food, clothing and clothing. So, what does the word "fu" mean in this sentence? Need to contact the context to judge.

Look it up in the dictionary. When you know the pronunciation of words, but don't know the shape and meaning of words, use word order search. When you know the font, but don't know the pronunciation and meaning of words, use radical search method. The above knowledge rules should be applied flexibly in practice, not mechanically.

(4) Grasp the key points and break through the difficulties.

Correcting typos is the focus and difficulty of review.

Third, review suggestions.

1. Phonetic similar words and morphological similar words

⑴ Review the basic ideographic knowledge of radical.

⑵ Help students to establish the relationship between word meaning and word meaning, so as to form words correctly.

⑶ Practice the comparison of pictophonetic characters.

Correct typing mistakes

(1) Find out the common typos in the class and carry out targeted error correction exercises.

⑵ Organize self-correction and group correction activities, and improve students' enthusiasm and ability to correct mistakes through interaction among students.

(3) The homework design is flexible and diverse, leaving room for students to find their habitual mistakes on their own initiative, so as not to write or make fewer typos.

Look it up in the dictionary

(1) The ability to look up a dictionary is an important ability to help students learn words, a skill that must be mastered, and a skill that students often use in their future study and work. Therefore, we should learn to look up words in alphabetical order and radicals. Review should be combined with students' situation, often used, and gradually develop habits, but there is no need to practice too much.

⑵ The key and difficult point of dictionary search is to determine radicals and choose definitions. This should be guided by the words in the text, solve students' difficult problems and do necessary exercises.

Word language

First, review the requirements

Read and write the words you have learned correctly, understand the meaning of words, pay attention to accumulating words and use them correctly in oral and written expressions.

Second, review the main points

1, master the common words you have learned.

2. Distinguish the antonyms of synonyms.

3. Learn the methods of meaning interpretation, master the rules of meaning interpretation, and correctly understand the meaning of words in combination with the language environment.

4. Be able to collocate words correctly and master the usage of "de, de, de".

5. Be able to classify words according to certain logical relations.

6. Master commonly used related words.

Third, review suggestions.

The focus of word review is understanding and application. Common words and keywords in the text should be used by students in various forms. Writing synonyms and antonyms, choosing words to fill in the blanks are common forms, as well as making sentences, writing conjunctions and collocations, all of which students should practice.

1. Polysemous words

(1) Starting with the cultivation of learning ability and habits, let students develop the habit of looking up the dictionary and cultivate the ability to correctly choose the meaning of words.

⑵ Improve students' ability to interpret words in the process of cultivating students' reading comprehension.

⑶ Combine synonyms and antonyms of words to gradually improve the understanding of polysemous words.

2. Style

(1) According to the textbook, recall and guide students to sort out the idioms they learned in primary school, and cultivate students' learning ability in the process.

⑵ In the form of Chinese activity class, common idioms in extracurricular study are exchanged, so as to guide students to pay attention to reading accumulation and apply what they have learned.

(3) Design some idiom exercises that students love, so that students can enhance their interest in practice, such as idiom quiz, idioms solitaire, idiom couplets and other game exercises.

⑷ You can use the blackboard newspaper and the learning garden in the classroom to create an idiom learning column, and students can edit and sort out the manuscripts, so that students can truly become the masters of learning.

Juzi

First, review the requirements

1. If you master the basic structure of sentences and several common sentences, you will sort out the sentences with disordered word order, complete the sentences, and expand and abbreviate the sentences.

2. I will use the commonly used words and sentences I have learned, requiring correct meaning, clear meaning and complete structure.

3. Be able to understand the key sentences and profound sentences in the text.

4. Be able to identify and modify obvious ill sentences.

5, can know figurative sentences (only requires to master similes), can know rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, anthropomorphic sentences, exaggerated sentences, parallelism sentences. (Only from perceptual knowledge)

6. Can change several common sentence patterns and sentence patterns. (Among them, "Ba" and "Bei" are interchanged, which is only used as practice content)

7. It can turn disordered sentences into smooth and coherent sentences.

Second, review the main points

1, the basic structure of the sentence.

2. Common sentences. (declarative sentences, imperative sentences, exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences)

3. Rhetoric. (Metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, rhetorical question, rhetorical question)

4. Understand the meaning of the sentence.

5. Make sentences, modify sick sentences, expand sentences and contract sentences.

punctuate

Review requirements and points

1, question mark, sentence, exclamation point, comma, colon, quotation mark, pause, title and ellipsis will be used initially. Know semicolons and dashes.

2, can correctly write punctuation, and know the case specification.

gather

(1) Review the guiding ideology.

Primary school students have accumulated a certain amount through reading in and out of class for six years. In the review stage, teachers should create certain situations, design some learning activities, guide students to correctly call accumulation, and at the same time guide students to accumulate in categories to further improve students' Chinese literacy.

(2) Review suggestions.

1, to guide students to sort out independently.

(1) The main types of accumulation are: idioms, famous sayings, proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings, couplets, ancient poems and masterpieces.

(2) Let students sort out each type according to the different contents.

For example: ① Idioms indicating "high concentration":

Focus, focus, focus, stare.

(2) the famous saying of "modesty":

Full loss, little gain. -"book. Dayu Mo "

Humility is based on strength, and arrogance is based on incompetence. -[Germany] Nitz

Modesty is the conscience of the body. -[France] Balzac

The less you talk about your greatness, the more I think about your greatness. -[British] Bacon

(3) Proverbs describing "accumulation":

Thousands of small rivers become big rivers;

A fast fire is not as slow as the sun;

Gather dust on Mount Tai;

Swallows hold mud nests.

(4) Ancient poems describing "spring scenery":

Du Fu's Looking for Flowers Alone by the River

Ye Shaoweng's The Garden is Worthless.

He Zhangzhi's "Singing Willow"

Yang Wanli's New Town Xugong Store

Ancient poems describing "parting";

Li Bai's Farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower Meng Haoran on his way to Yangzhou

Li Bai's gift to Wang Lun.

Gao Shi's Don't Move Big

Wang Changling broke up with Xin Jian at Furong Inn.

2. Guide students to correctly call accumulation.

Teachers purposefully create situations and design some learning activities to awaken students' accumulation and let students use it correctly. For example:

(1) Post "Ancient Poems" on the flowers and trees in the school.

(2) Design slogans for the following places.

School dining room, gymnasium, reading room ...

read

I. Summary of knowledge

Reading ability is the ability to know and understand written language, and it is one of the most basic abilities in people's daily life, study and work. The modern reading view holds that reading in a general sense is to collect and process information, understand the world, develop thinking and gain aesthetic experience. The same is true of reading Chinese classes. Reading teaching is a dialogue process among students, teachers and texts. Therefore, the focus of primary school reading teaching is to cultivate students' ability to feel, understand, appreciate and evaluate works, especially to cultivate students' ability of inquiry reading and creative reading, to guide students to read creatively from multiple angles, to expand their thinking space in comparison, judgment and reflection, and to improve reading quality.

The Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Primary Schools in Nine-year Compulsory Education (Trial Revised Edition) (hereinafter referred to as "Syllabus") mainly puts forward requirements for reading knowledge, ability, process and methods. (1) Have a strong interest in reading, read articles with appropriate degree, understand the main content, understand the words with clear connotation, understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author, have their own opinions, know some expression methods, and pay attention to accumulating language materials. (2) Be able to read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally in Mandarin; (3) Silent reading has a certain speed, thinking while reading. (4) Recite at least 50 excellent poems (including Text B) (5) Learn to browse and collect relevant materials as needed. (6) Develop good reading habits. The total amount of extracurricular reading is not less than 6,543.8+0,000 words for five-year programs and 6,543.8+0.5 million words for six-year programs. Item (1) puts forward specific requirements for primary school students' basic reading ability; Items (2)-(5) are about reading methods and requirements. Pay attention to reading aloud and silently, with special emphasis on reading aloud. Item (6) refers to developing good reading habits.

Currently, the development of

Second, study the guidance of law.

How to read an article

Articles are used to reflect objective things and express thoughts and feelings. Reading process is a process of emotional communication and dialogue among readers, texts and authors. When reading an article, we should not only know the ins and outs of the incident, but also know the joys and sorrows of the characters in the work, read out the author's laughing and cursing, and at the same time understand what expressions the author uses to reflect things, express his thoughts and feelings, and learn the author's methods of observing things, thinking and expressing his thoughts. In this way, you can really understand an article. When reading an article, we must establish a holistic view. The first step is to read the full text quickly, capture key sentences, and roughly grasp the outline of the article-the main content of the article and the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author, the general idea and framework of writing; The second step is to understand the meaning of key words and sentences and their functions in the article according to the overall perception of a tall building. The third step is to link the understanding of each part to make the understanding of the article reach a higher level. This "whole-part-whole" reading method conforms to the law of reading. For example, if you read the articles Wonderful and Horrible, you should first know that the article started with my parents' completely different comments on a poem I wrote when I was seven or eight years old, and it is said that my parents' two comments on me are equally important on the road to success, which is the main content of the article. Between the lines, we can also feel the two different ways that parents love their children. I have a deep understanding of my parents. How do we feel if we hide our thoughts? Can you think of the encouragement and encouragement from your parents when you were growing up? Can we understand from this-what are the two indispensable factors in the journey of personal growth? Only with the answers to these questions can we really understand this article.

1. Understand the main content of the article.

The so-called main content refers to the summary of the whole article, and the main content written by different styles of articles is different. Narrative mainly describes the time and place of the event, the people involved, the cause, process and result of the event. Writing articles about people mainly focuses on what kind of person the hero is, what qualities he has, and what performance he has. Articles introducing things generally introduce things from their shapes, colors, sizes, characteristics and functions. Articles about scenery generally introduce the characteristics of scenery. How to grasp the main content of the article? There are three main methods.

(1) self-reading query method. Ask questions by the title of the article or around the main events of the article. Like reading.

(2) Combination of paragraph and meaning. Read the meaning of each paragraph first, then connect the meaning of each paragraph and summarize the key points. For example, this article has 10 natural paragraphs. 1-2 The reason for writing the natural story is that Zhou Yu is jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent and wants to harm Kong Ming with tricks. In the 3-8 natural paragraph, Zhuge Liang tells the story of the process of borrowing an arrow from a straw boat, which once again shows his intelligence. The 9- 10 paragraph is about the result of borrowing an arrow, and Zhou Yu failed again in the contest with Zhu Gekongming. The main content of the article is to connect the main ideas of each paragraph in series. "Segmentation" and "summarizing the meaning of paragraphs" have always been the focus of training in reading teaching for middle school students. The concept of "paragraph" is not involved in Chinese curriculum standards, because the mechanical and stylized training mode in the past led to the bondage of complicated analysis in teaching, and the pursuit of standardized and unified answers ignored students' emotional experience in reading, which suppressed students' enthusiasm for autonomous learning and violated the reading law. Summarizing the meaning of a paragraph in sections is just a means to grasp the content and understand the thoughts and feelings. Students should not be allowed to speak and remember in a unified and fixed mode, and mechanical training should not be the goal of Chinese teaching.

(3) According to the details of the article, focus on mastering the key paragraph method. For example, in "Flying over the Luding Bridge ≥", the author first wrote in chronological order why he wanted to seize the bridge-"Race against the enemy", highlighting the word "fly"; Then write how to seize the bridge-"attack the natural barrier" and highlight the word "seize"; Finally, write the result of the bridge. Grasping the key part, and then according to the explanation at the beginning and the end, the main content of the article is naturally understood: the Red Army going north to resist Japan wants to seize Luding Bridge, and the Red Army and enemy reinforcements first arrive at Luding Bridge, then conquer Luding Bridge, cross the Dadu River and continue to resist Japan. In particular, each method is not unique, let alone independent. Understanding the main content of an article is often the result of the comprehensive application of several learning methods. Students should follow their own learning characteristics and habits; Choose the learning method that suits you.

2. Understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author

"What you say must be done". Whether writing about people, things or narratives, the author has a certain writing purpose, either praising or derogating, or affirming or revealing. In short, the author's thoughts and feelings will be reflected in the text. When reading an article, we should not only understand the specific content from the language, but also understand the feelings expressed by the author from the things described in the article. So, how to do this?

(1) Understand the author's thoughts and feelings according to the main content of the article. The author's thoughts and feelings are mainly expressed through the content of the article, so if we grasp the main content of the article, we can understand the author's thoughts and feelings. For example, in the article "Memories of Sixteen Years ago ≥", the author described several unforgettable things before and after his father died sixteen years ago: the situation was tense, and his father arranged some important books and materials in advance; Father was arrested; In court, the last side of father and daughter; The family was deeply saddened by the heroic death of their father. The language of the article is unpretentious, and between the lines, I deeply miss my father.

(2) Understand the author's thoughts and feelings according to emotional sentences. Articles are expressed through specific language and expressions. The author always expresses his views and attitudes between the lines, and sometimes even expresses his feelings directly by lyric and discussion. Therefore, by grasping the emotional sentences in the article, we can understand the author's feelings. For example, in the article "The Wild in Suoxiyu", the author wrote that the mountains, water and animals in Suoxiyu, and even the men, women and children who marched during the period returned to the primitive nature. After being wild, he praised: "So, I feel more comfortable and refreshing than ever before; The wildness of Suo Xiyu has purified my soul.

(3) Understand the thoughts and feelings of the article according to profound sentences and paragraphs. When expressing his attitude, the author tries to be clear and clear, so that readers and themselves have feelings. Sometimes, in order to achieve meaningful results, the author does not express his feelings directly, but expresses his feelings between the lines in a more subtle way. Regarding the author's attitude contained in a sentence, we should either contact the specific historical background of the author's writing, the writing technique of the article, or the main content, central meaning and structural level of the article, especially the specific context of the context in which the sentence or paragraph is located. For example, in the lesson Litchi, the author wrote about the action of mother when peeling litchi: "(Mother) kept stroking litchi with her hands with abrupt tendons, then scratched the litchi skin with the fingernail of her little finger, carefully peeled the litchi skin to prevent it from falling off, and held it in her palm, as if holding a chicken that had just pecked its eggshell, watching it lovingly and reluctant to swallow it ..." The detailed description highlighted her mother's life. I was reluctant to eat a litchi when I contacted my mother. Mother's deep love for her children and grandchildren is really touching.

(4) Experience the thoughts and feelings of the article through repeated reading and reading. Effective reading helps to grasp the main content of the article and understand the thoughts and feelings of the article. Reading, thinking, understanding and feeling in reading are important learning methods in primary school. Reading aloud is also a very important reading method, which is different from reading aloud and reciting. Reading aloud emphasizes the process of self-experience, focusing on feeling experience and overall grasp. Primary school students should read aloud, read and understand the works, and at the same time accumulate language materials, cultivate language sense and develop language. In addition, the sentences at the beginning and end of some articles directly express the author's strong feelings. For example, in order to arouse people's awareness of environmental protection, the author issued such an appeal: "We should carefully protect the earth and protect its ecological environment. Let the earth better benefit our future generations! " The titles of other articles themselves reveal the author's strong emotional tendency, such as "lovely grass pond ≥" and "I love bayberry in my hometown ≥". In the process of reading the article, we must deeply understand this feeling. What needs to be particularly emphasized is that in the past, the highlight of reading teaching in senior primary schools was "summarizing the central idea of the article", and the Chinese curriculum standard was changed to "understanding the author's thoughts and feelings". "generalization" requires rational judgment, pays attention to results and emphasizes standardization and unity; "Experience" is a grasp of feelings, focusing on the process, independent perception and free expression. "Central idea" is only the central idea of an article, while "thoughts and feelings" can be expounded from different angles and sides, and the extension of the latter is much greater than that of the former. In teaching, teachers should carefully understand the changes of these words, broaden students' horizons, open students' hearts and let students get more nutrition from their works.

3. Try to figure out the expression order of the article and get a preliminary understanding of the basic expression methods of the article.

If you understand the content and feel the emotion, you will understand the author's "What to write?" Question, then try to figure out the expression order, and understand the expression method of the article is to learn from the author's "how to write" problem. From the reading level, this requirement is higher. The requirements of "trying to figure out" and "preliminary understanding" are flexible to some extent, and students are still emphasized to learn independently and gain something through their own experience, perception and thinking, instead of being forced to instill knowledge about writing characteristics by teachers. Different styles of articles have their own characteristics in expression, and there should be differences in reading methods. Since the third issue, the Chinese curriculum standard has stipulated the reading objectives of different styles of articles separately, that is, it puts forward the reading objectives of expository articles, narrative articles and poems: "Reading expository articles can grasp the main points and understand the basic interpretation methods of articles." Read the narrative works, understand the outline of the story, briefly describe the scenes, characters and details that impressed you the most, and tell your feelings of like, dislike, reverence, yearning and sympathy. "Reading poetry, generally grasp poetry, imagine the situation described in poetry, and experience the poet's emotions. Infected and inspired by excellent works, yearning for and pursuing beautiful ideals. " This puts forward more targeted requirements for reading.

(1) Reading articles focusing on remembering people, including stories, novels, memoirs, biographies, etc. We should start with the story and characters, grasp the description of characters' language, movements, demeanor and psychological activities, and understand their internal qualities on the basis of a general understanding of the content of the article. For example, in the article "She is my friend", the author describes Ruan Heng's movements and demeanor during blood transfusion, which reflects the inner world of the little boy who is timid but brave, helpless and strong, and truly depicts a kind and simple little hero image.

(2) When reading the narrative, we should try to figure out the narrative elements and clues, that is, first clarify the author's writing ideas, and then read them carefully in order. Generally, the narrative mainly based on notes has "six elements": people, time, place, cause, process and result of things. Understanding the elements of narrative helps to understand the ins and outs of things and the main content of the article. Clues are the main thread running through the whole text in narrative and an important factor in narrative layout. Grasping clues is to understand the author's writing order and organize the article. When reading a narrative, we should find out the clues of the article, and make clear the paragraphs and levels of the article along this clue, so as to understand the ideological content of the whole article. The clues of the article are complicated, some of them are based on the transfer of time and space, and most of the travel articles are like this, such as

(3) The narrative of landscape painting is an article with natural scenery as its main content. Often through the description of the shape, color, sound, taste, atmosphere and artistic conception of things, to reflect their characteristics. Reading this kind of article, we can master the whole sentence and summarize it. This method can be used to read the Landscape of Guilin and the Wild in Suoxi Language.

(4) Reading poetry should focus on reading aloud, reading aloud and imagining. Reading can be divided into four steps. Understand the historical background of poetry creation and know under what circumstances the author wrote this poem, so as to better grasp the poet's thoughts and feelings. ② Use words and dictionaries to dredge poetry. (3) Expand reasonable imagination and understand the artistic conception of poetry. Poetry, especially the old-style poetry, is not only concise, but also has a certain leap. In reading, we must read the poem carefully, imagine the picture, and feel and understand the beautiful artistic conception of the poem. ④ Comprehend in repeated chanting, imagine in chanting, taste and sublimate in chanting.

(5) When reading the explanatory text, we should pay attention to four points: First, we should grasp the characteristics of the explanatory object and know what the explained thing looks like and what its characteristics are; The second is to clearly explain the order, knowing that the author introduces things in the order of time, space or the development of things; The third is to understand the basic interpretation methods of the article, such as enumerating numbers, classification, analogy, etc. The fourth is to try to find out the accuracy of the language. If you read The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, you must first understand that the author introduces the main contents of the picture according to different spaces. Compared with other paintings, The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival has not only high appreciation value, but also high historical value. In expression, the combination of descriptive words and descriptive words makes the language vivid and accurate.

4. Carry out inquiry reading and creative reading, read out your own unique feelings, and understand that reading is not only a thinking activity, but also an emotional activity. Readers with different experiences, experiences and personalities will have different understandings of the same work, and even the same author will have different experiences and feelings due to different time and mood. In the teaching proposal, the Chinese curriculum standard specifically points out that "reading is the individualized behavior of students, and teachers' analysis should not replace students' reading practice." "In the part of reading objectives, special emphasis is placed on readers' own personal experience.