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Edit this paragraph Current status of world water resources

From the perspective of the universe, the earth is a blue planet with abundant water storage. ,

*** has 1.45 billion cubic kilometers, and 72% of its surface area is covered with water. But in fact, 97.5% of the water on the earth is salty water, which is salty and bitter. It cannot be drank or irrigated, and it is difficult to apply in industry. The water that can be directly used by people for production and daily life is pitiful, only 2.5% of fresh water. Among fresh water, nearly 70% is frozen in the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, and most of the rest is water in the soil or deep groundwater, which is difficult for humans to exploit. Water from sources such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs and shallow groundwater is easier to extract for direct human use, but its amount is less than 1% of the world’s fresh water and accounts for about 0.007% of all water on the earth.

Global freshwater resources are not only in short supply but also extremely unevenly distributed among regions. Distributed by region, the freshwater resources of nine countries, Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, the United States, Indonesia, India, Colombia and Congo, account for 60% of the world's freshwater resources. About 1.5 billion people in 80 countries and regions, accounting for about 40% of the world's population, lack fresh water. Among them, about 300 million people in 26 countries are extremely short of water. What’s even more frightening is that it is expected that by 2025, the world’s water-scarce population will double, and 40 countries and regions will face fresh water shortages. my country has a large population and is the most populous country in the world. Although my country is also a country rich in water resources, its per capita fresh water resources only account for a quarter of the world's per capita fresh water resources.

The annual precipitation of global water resources on continents is about 110 trillion cubic meters. After deducting the amount of water evaporated from the atmosphere and absorbed by plants, the world's river runoff is about 42.7 trillion cubic meters. According to On a per capita basis in the world, the average amount of water available per person per year is 7,300 cubic meters. As the world's population continues to increase, this average has dropped by 37% compared with 1970. In the late 1980s, the actual amount of global freshwater used was about 300 billion cubic meters per year, accounting for 1-3% of the total available water. However, with the growth of population and increase in per capita income, people's consumption of water resources has also reached hundreds of millions. Number growth.

We should strengthen our awareness of water resource protection, increase our efforts to protect the water environment, start from ourselves and start from small things, otherwise the last drop of water on the earth will be our tears!

With the gradual development of science and the number of high-rise factory buildings, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more serious. With the destruction of mankind, the original blue "crystal ball" is no longer clear and blue, and is about to dry up. There is not as much water on the earth that can be used as humans imagine. If the water on the earth is compared to a large bucket of water, then we can only use a spoonful of water, and a quarter or more of this spoonful of water. More have been polluted; if they are allowed to continue to be destroyed by humans, sooner or later, they will disappear into the vast universe. [1]

Edit this paragraph China’s water pollution problem

The situation is grim

Our country is a country seriously short of water. The seven major river systems of the Haihe River, Liaohe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River are all polluted to varying degrees.

The situation in Wanli Sea is not optimistic either, with red tides arriving as scheduled every year. In the beautiful Bohai Bay, turbid currents splash, and the oil floating on the sea is like a black torch that burns out life in the ocean.

A large amount of freshwater resources are concentrated in the south, and the freshwater resources in the north are only 1/4 of the water resources in the south. In addition to water shortage, water pollution problems are also prominent. According to the monitoring of my country's seven major water system sections in 2001, only 29.5% met the minimum requirement of Category III water quality to enter water plants, while 44% met the minimum requirement of Category 5 water quality. In addition, pollution of shallow groundwater resources in my country is relatively common. , about 50% of the country's shallow groundwater is polluted to a certain extent, and about half of the urban areas have serious groundwater pollution. Due to the wanton discharge of industrial wastewater, more than 80% of surface water and groundwater are polluted. At present, urban water supply in my country is mainly surface water or groundwater, or a mixture of the two water sources is used. However, some areas in my country have long-term overdraft of groundwater, resulting in a decline in regional groundwater levels, and eventually forming a funnel for regional groundwater levels.

At present, more than 100 regional groundwater funnels have been formed across the country, covering an area of ??150,000 square kilometers. In some cities, large funnels of hundreds of square kilometers have been formed, causing seawater to flow back for dozens of kilometers. my country is also a country with serious water shortages. The total freshwater resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 6% of global water resources, ranking fourth in the world after Brazil, Russia and Canada. However, the per capita freshwater resources are only 2,300 cubic meters, which is only 1/4 of the world average. 1/5 of the United States, ranking 121st in the world, is one of the 13 countries with the poorest per capita water resources in the world. After deducting the difficult-to-use flood runoff and groundwater resources scattered in remote areas, the actual amount of fresh water resources available in our country is even less, only about 1.1 trillion cubic meters, and the per capita available water resources is about 900 cubic meters, and Its distribution is extremely uneven. By the end of the 20th century, more than 400 of the country's more than 600 cities had water shortage problems, of which 110 were experiencing serious water shortages. The total urban water shortage across the country was 6 billion cubic meters. According to monitoring, groundwater in most cities across the country is currently subject to a certain degree of point and area pollution, with the trend increasing year by year. Increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use function of water bodies, further aggravates the contradiction of water shortage, has a serious impact on the sustainable development strategy being implemented in our country, but also seriously threatens the drinking water safety of urban residents and the people. of health. The Ministry of Water Resources predicts that China's population will reach 1.6 billion in 2030, and the per capita water resources will be only 1,750 cubic meters by then. With full consideration of water conservation, the total water consumption is expected to be 700 billion to 800 billion cubic meters, requiring water supply capacity to increase by 130 billion to 230 billion cubic meters compared with the current level. The actual amount of water resources available nationwide is close to the upper limit of reasonable water utilization. Development is extremely difficult.

Take measures

Water is the material basis for the existence of life on earth. Water resources are the primary condition for maintaining the sustainable development of the earth's ecological environment. Therefore, protecting water resources is the greatest thing for mankind. , the most sacred calling.

To protect water resources, we must first mobilize the whole society and change the traditional concept of water use. We need to make everyone realize that water is precious. The water used every time the toilet is flushed is equivalent to the daily water consumption per person in some developing countries. Taking a cold shower in the summer uses water equivalent to the daily water consumption of dozens of people in water-scarce countries. If the faucet is not tightened, the water lost in one night is equivalent to the total daily drinking water of residents of a village in water-scarce areas in Africa or Asia. This is by no means sensational, but is the result of many years of investigation by relevant United Nations agencies. Therefore, the whole society should be called upon to save water, use water for multiple purposes, and make full use of recycled water. It is necessary to establish awareness of cherishing water and carry out water resource warning education. The country has launched water resource utilization projects such as the "Yellow River Diversion Project" and the "South-to-North Water Diversion Project" with the purpose of solving the water shortage problem in some areas. However, it should also cause us to think deeply: Where will the Yellow River be diverted when the water is exhausted? How to divert water from the south to the north when it is polluted? Therefore, people must establish awareness of water crisis, regard water conservation as our conscious code of conduct, and adopt various forms of water resource warning education.

Secondly, water resources must be developed rationally to avoid water resource damage. The development of water resources includes the development of surface water resources and the development of groundwater resources. When extracting groundwater, due to the large differences in water quality in each aquifer, it should be exploited in layers; contaminated phreatic water and pressurized water must not be mined together; exploration projects that expose and penetrate aquifers must be carried out in accordance with relevant regulations. It is stipulated that layered water stopping and hole sealing work should be strictly carried out to effectively prevent water resource pollution and ensure the sustainable development of the water body itself. Modern water conservancy projects, such as flood control, power generation, shipping, irrigation, breeding water supply, etc., while exerting one or more economic benefits, will also have certain negative effects on the natural and social environment of the project location, upstream and downstream, estuary and even the entire river basin. The impact may also cause damage to water resources within a certain range. In addition, the damage to water resources caused by some mining industries cannot be ignored. For example, every ton of coal mined in coal mining drains 0.88 cubic meters of water. Based on the annual coal mining of 300 million tons in a province, groundwater is lost every year just because of coal mining. The resource is as high as 264 million cubic meters, and it has caused great damage to the geological structure of underground water bodies. For another example, unlimited and indiscriminate logging has caused serious damage to vegetation, which will also have a certain impact on soil and water retention and surface burial of water resources.

Third, improve water resource utilization and reduce water waste. The key to effective water conservation lies in the utilization of "reclaimed water" and the reuse of water resources.

In addition, economic leverage is used to regulate the effective use of water resources. Due to inadequate water management, long running water occurs in many places, and in some places people "hold bowls and pray to the sky". Therefore, effective water metering devices must be installed and the principle of using more water, more billing must be implemented to achieve the purpose of saving water. Urban water quota management is an internationally accepted method. It is based on scientific verification of water consumption and adheres to the principle of classified treatment. Different water prices are implemented for citizens' domestic water use, water use for industrial and commercial enterprises, and water use for government agencies and institutions. The price is equal within the quota and the price exceeds the quota. Some prices are appropriately increased to cultivate the habit of water conservation among citizens. While saving water resources, ineffective waste should be avoided. In the winter in the north, water pipes are easy to freeze and crack, causing serious water leaks. Special attention should be paid to prevention and inspection. With the development of social economy and the acceleration of urbanization, in order to alleviate the water shortage situation, in addition to vigorously focusing on conservation and protection In addition to water resources work, cross-basin water transfer has become an inevitable choice for cities in northern my country. Cross-basin water transfer will inevitably bring about changes in the supply and demand relationship of water resources, so water rights trading must be implemented; since my country has always implemented a "welfare water" system, Water is not treated as an economic commodity. Therefore, in the allocation of water resources, market mechanisms are usually replaced by regulatory methods. At present, we should change our concepts, recognize the natural attributes and commodity attributes of water resources, and follow natural laws and values. According to the law, water should indeed be regarded as a commodity, and market mechanisms should be rationally used to allocate water resources to reduce resource waste.

Fourth, prevent and control water resource pollution and achieve comprehensive utilization of water resources. Water pollution includes surface water pollution and groundwater pollution. Industrial wastewater, industrial garbage, industrial waste gas, domestic sewage and domestic garbage generated during the production process can cause water pollution through different infiltration methods. For a long time, due to industrial production sewage Environmental incidents caused by direct discharge are common and have extremely negative impacts on human production and life. Therefore, effective prevention and control of production and domestic sewage should be carried out. In cities, centralized sewage treatment can be adopted; industrial enterprises must implement the "three simultaneous" system of environmental protection; production sewage should adopt corresponding sewage treatment measures according to its different properties. In short, we must resolutely implement the supervision and management system for water pollution prevention and control, adhere to the principle of who pollutes, and strictly implement the one-vote veto system for environmental protection, promote the development of corporate sewage treatment, and ultimately realize the comprehensive utilization of water resources.

At the same time, reforming the current water use system, strengthening the government's macro-control, and increasing pollution control and environmental protection are also effective ways to protect and utilize water resources. At present, we should intensify reform efforts, break the industry monopoly, improve the organizational structure, unify management, and establish a bottom-up water inspection system across the country. Further reform water prices, implement seasonal water prices, impose relatively high consumption taxes in water shortage areas to limit water use, etc. Only in this way can it be beneficial to environmental protection and cost reduction, and can we take the path of sustainable development.

Making full use of market mechanisms to develop a water market with Chinese characteristics to optimize the allocation of water resources is also an important part of the protection and utilization of water resources. The 21st century is called the century of water. China's water industry has ushered in unprecedented development opportunities. It is predicted that China's water industry should have a space of more than one trillion yuan. By 2005, sewage treatment alone will have a market share of 400 billion yuan. Over the years, because "water" has a strong social welfare aspect and is not a commodity in the true sense, the deviation between the value and price of water has seriously restricted the development of the water industry, and water resources have therefore not been effectively protected. This situation should be changed under the new historical situation.

According to monitoring, groundwater in most cities across the country is currently subject to a certain degree of point and area pollution, with the trend increasing year by year. Increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use function of water bodies, further aggravates the contradiction of water shortage, has a serious impact on China's ongoing sustainable development strategy, but also seriously threatens the drinking water safety of urban residents and the people. of health.

Edit this section of the Code of Conduct for Citizens on Environmental Protection

1. Take pride in saving water - turn off the faucet at any time and don’t let the water flow empty

Our country is the 13th largest country in the world. It is one of the most water-poor countries in the world, with fresh water resources less than 1/4 of the world's per capita water. More than half of the country's more than 600 cities are short of water, and 108 of them are seriously short of water. The scarcity of surface water resources has resulted in excessive exploitation of groundwater.

In the 1950s, wells in Beijing could produce water about 5 meters below the surface. Now the average depth of 40,000 wells in Beijing is 49 meters, and groundwater resources are nearly exhausted.

2. Guard water sources - protecting water sources is protecting life

According to environmental monitoring, about 100 million tons of sewage are directly discharged into water bodies across the country every day. The water quality of more than half of the seven major river systems in the country is polluted. Among the 35 key lakes, 17 are seriously polluted, and one-third of the country's water bodies are unsuitable for irrigation. More than 90% of urban waters are seriously polluted, more than 50% of urban water sources do not meet drinking water standards, and 40% of water sources are no longer drinkable. 60%-70% of the total water shortage in southern cities is caused by water source pollution.

3. One water for multiple purposes - let water be reused

70% of the earth's surface is covered by water, with about 1.4 billion cubic meters of water, of which 97.5 % is sea water. Although the rest is fresh water, more than half of it is directly usable water resources such as ice, rivers and lakes, accounting for only about 0.075% of the entire water volume.

4. Stop dripping - check and repair faucets

If the faucet is not tightened, the water lost in one night is equivalent to the total daily drinking water of residents of a village in water-scarce areas in Africa or Asia. .

5. Use detergents with caution - use soap as much as possible to reduce water pollution

Most detergents are chemical products, and wastewater with high detergent content is discharged into rivers in large quantities. Will worsen water quality. Improper use of detergents for a long time will damage the central system of the human body, hinder the intellectual development of the human being, reduce the thinking ability and analytical ability, and even cause mental disorders in severe cases. Remaining detergents on clothes will irritate the skin and cause allergic dermatitis. If detergents with higher concentrations are used for a long time, the carcinogens in the detergents will enter the human body through the skin and mouth, harming health.

6. Cherish paper - cherish forests and rivers

The surge in demand for paper is one of the reasons for the increase in wood consumption. The country's annual paper consumption consumes 10 million cubic meters of wood. More than 1.3 million tons of wood pulp and more than 4 million tons of paper are imported. How many trees will be cut down? The massive consumption of paper not only causes forest destruction, but also severely pollutes rivers and lakes due to the discharge of sewage from pulp production (the pollution caused by the paper industry accounts for more than 30% of the entire water pollution).

7. Choose phosphorus-free laundry detergent - protect rivers and lakes

Most of the laundry detergents produced in my country contain phosphorus. my country's annual output of washing powder is 2 million tons. Based on an average phosphorus content of 15%, more than 70,000 tons of phosphorus are discharged into surface water every year, which has a great impact on rivers and lakes. According to the survey, the total phosphorus content of Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake, and Xuanwu Lake is quite high. The phosphorus brought in by washing powder in Kunming's domestic sewage exceeds 50% of the total phosphorus load. When a large amount of phosphorus-containing sewage enters the water source, it will cause algae to grow wildly in the water, causing eutrophication of the water body. The oxygen content in the water will decrease, and aquatic organisms will die due to lack of oxygen. The water body has thus become stagnant and smelly water.

8. Vigorously develop greening and increase forest area to conserve water sources.

Forests have the function of conserving water sources, reducing ineffective evaporation and regulating microclimate, and have the significance of saving money. Forest areas and forest edges are likely to increase precipitation, which has open source significance.

9. Improve the comprehensive utilization of water resources. Water has the characteristics of comprehensive utilization in the same space.

Reservoirs can store floods and cultivate aquatic animals and plants. Large water surfaces can be navigated, and some water bodies can also be used for tourism. Water used in hydropower can be used for irrigation. Water leaking from canals and fields can be pumped out underground and used, and water pumped out from underground can also be pumped out and reused downstream of the irrigation area. Xinjiang is an arid area. Without irrigation, there would be no agriculture. Trying to increase the water diversion rate of rivers and arranging the relationship between upstream and downstream water use is equivalent to opening up water sources.

10. Water diversion project. Due to geographical and climatic characteristics, water distribution among regions is uneven. Using natural factors and artificial transformation to transfer water from water-rich areas to water-scarce areas is an effective means to solve water shortages and open up new economic zones.

11. Protection of water resources. Water resources are polluted, making water that could have been used become unusable water, which is actually equivalent to reducing water resources. At present, 40% of the world's rivers are polluted to varying degrees, and there is an upward trend.

12. Cities develop and utilize sewage resources and develop secondary water treatment and sewage reuse technologies.

After treatment and purification, the high-quality miscellaneous wastewater produced by some industrial production and daily life in the city can reach certain water quality standards and be used as non-drinking water for greening, sanitary water, etc.

13. Develop and promote water-saving appliances. According to incomplete statistics, my country currently has nearly 40 million sets of toilet water tanks and a large number of other sanitary appliances, and hundreds of millions of cubic meters of water are lost every year due to leaking toilet water tanks.

14. Strengthen the legal construction and publicity work to protect water resources and save water, enhance the water-saving awareness of the whole people, make people consciously realize that water is a precious resource, and abandon the "inexhaustible supply, use it" With the outdated concept of "inexhaustible", a good social trend of cherishing, saving and protecting water resources has begun to take shape.

The area occupied by water

It is extremely unscientific to say that the water resources on the earth are inexhaustible.

Water is an indispensable natural resource for human survival. It is irreplaceable. As an important component of the entire ecological environment, water resources are not only a constraint affecting economic and cultural life and urban prosperity, but are also closely related to weather and climate.

So, we must cherish water resources and don’t let this little reliance go away with the wind!