Excuse me, what does the word "ideology" we often mention mean, and how does this term come from?

First of all, let me correct you. It is "ideology", not "ideology".

What is ideology? Ideology generally refers to a systematic ideological concept formed on a certain social and economic basis, which represents the interests of a certain class or social group (including the country and national groups). In turn, it guides the actions of this class or group. According to this definition, it can be said that ideology is a kind of ideological concept, but it is not a general ideological concept. It has three characteristics:

The first is group character , that is, it is not the ideological concepts of individual people, but the ideological concepts that have been accepted by a certain group (class or social group), representing the interests of this group and guiding its actions;

The second is systemic , that is, they are not fragmented ideas and concepts, but formed a system;

The third is historical, that is, formed on a certain socio-economic basis.

In layman terms, ideology is the perspective of human understanding of human society. Communism is an ideology, and capitalism is also an ideology. The following are ideologies described by many philosophers.

Ideology: (ideology)

1: Louis Althusser (Louis Althusser)

Ideology is a system of ideas and representations , which dominates the spirit of a person or a social group.

Ideology is the representation of the imaginary relationship between an individual and his or her real living state.

To illustrate my central thesis about the structure and function of ideology, I will first present two themes, one negative and the other positive. The first theme concerns the objects "represented" in ideological imaginary forms; the second theme concerns the materiality of ideology.

Theme 1: Ideology reproduces the imaginary relationship between individuals and their true state of existence.

… When we admit that ideology does not correspond to reality, that is, when we admit that ideology constitutes an illusion, we admit that ideology constitutes an illusion of reality, and they only need to be "Explanation" is the discovery of the reality of the world (ideology = illusion/suggestion) hidden behind the imaginary representation of that world.

Theme 2: Ideology has a material existence.

I have already touched on this point when talking about those "ideas" or "representations" that seem to shape ideologies but do not have an conceptual or spiritual existence, and some have a material existence. theme. I even proposed that the conceptual or spiritual existence of "idea" only appears in the ideology of "idea", or a certain ideology of ideology? вKen Zhongyue stole this flat from?Su Pao Huan Pai Wan Nang Gou Satin Weng?School?Cao Chuang Squid Zhong Lie Pu?Guide?咴鄄Woyuan⒌Nang Gou Satin Weng?

2: Terry Eagleton

Ideology specifically refers to the struggle for power that unfolds at the ideographic level. way; although this signification activity is involved in various hegemonic processes, it is not at the level of dominance that maintains domination in every situation.

Ideology is usually felt as naturalized and universalized. process. By setting up a complex set of discursive devices, ideology presents values ??that are in fact partisan, polemical, and of a specific historical stage as something that is true of any time and place, and therefore these values ??are natural and Inevitable and unchangeable.

In short, ideology is a problem of discourse, a problem of practical communication between subjects in a historical situation, not just a problem of language (what we are describing) proposition). Ideology is also not just a matter of biased, biased, and partisan discourse, although there is no human discourse that is not.

Ideology refers to the largely concealed structure of values ??that pervades and is based on our actual statements. I am talking about the way we speak and believe within them, and how they relate to the way we live. The power structure of society is related to power relations...that is, the patterns of emotions, evaluations, perceptions and beliefs, which have a certain relationship with the maintenance of social power.

3: Clifford Geertz

In terms of studying the social determinants of ideology, there are two main approaches: interest theory and tension theory. For the former, ideology is a mask or a weapon; for the latter, ideology is a disease and a prescription. According to the interest theory, ideological claims must be examined in the context of a broad struggle for superiority; according to the tension theory, they must be examined in the context of long efforts to correct social and psychological imbalances. In the former context, people are chasing power, in the latter context, people are fleeing from anxiety.

Despite other differences, the so-called cognitive and expressive symbols or symbol systems have at least one thing in common: that is, they are both external resources of information, on which human life depends. Such resources shape them so that they are transpersonal mechanisms for perceiving, understanding, judging, and operating in the world. The patterns of culture - religious, philosophical, aesthetic, scientific, and ideological - are "programs"; they provide templates or blueprints for the organization of social and psychological processes, just as genetic mechanisms provide organisms The organization of the process provides such a template... Man, an animal that makes tools, laughs and lies, is also an unfinished animal, or to be more precise, a self-completed animal. Man is the subject of his self-realization, and he creates the special ability to define himself out of the general ability to construct symbolic patterns. In other words, returning to our topic, it is through the construction of ideology and the construction of schema images of social order that people make themselves into a political animal, for better or worse.

As cultural systems, the difference between science and ideology should be found in the different types of semiotic strategies of the overall situations they respectively represent. Science names the structure of situations in such a way that the attitudes toward them contained therein are disinterested, in a form that is restrained, concise, and absolutely analytical, by avoiding the most effective statements of moral sentiments. By means of semantics, science seeks maximum clarity of thought. Ideology names the structure of situations in such a way that the attitude toward those situations contained within it is a commitment. Its style is colorful, vivid and deliberately suggestive: expressing moral sentiments through semantic means that science eschews, it seeks to evoke people's actions...Science is the diagnostic and critical level of culture, and consciousness Form is the defensible and argumentative level of culture, which refers to "that part of culture that actively cares about the establishment and defense of beliefs and value patterns.

4: Fredric Jameson )

From this higher perspective, we can see that the first ideological model, which is essentially an epistemological sense, does not give us much help, because what is decisive now is not The question of whether a given system of thought is truth or falsehood is rather a question of its function, role and effectiveness in the class struggle. It is now believed that the tasks of the ideology of the ruling class are legitimation and hegemony (these two words). (from Habermas and Gramsci respectively), in other words, no ruling class can always rely on violence to maintain its rule, although violence is completely necessary in turbulent moments of social crisis. On the contrary, the ruling class must rely on it. Some form of people's approval is at least some form of passive acceptance. Therefore, the basic function of the huge ruling class ideology is to convince people that social life should be like this, that change is a waste of effort, and that social relations have always been like this, etc. wait.

At the same time, it is conceivable that the function of a countervailing ideology - such as Marxism itself, as the ideology of the proletariat, rather than as a "science" about the state of society - is to confront the hegemonic Ideology poses a challenge, debunks, weakens, and disbelieves the ideology, and one must develop its own countervailing ideology as part of the broader struggle to seize power.

5: Ernesto Laclau

Ideology does not consist of a misrecognition of the nature of affirmation; rather, on the contrary, ideology results from a failure to recognize What consists of the failure to recognize the indeterminate character of any possibility, and the failure to recognize the impossibility of any eventual bridging.

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6: Emmanuel Levinas

The concept of ideology was originally a Hegelian concept and was later used Marxism's critique of bourgeois humanism, a concept that owes much of its compelling power to Nietzsche and Freud. Its novelty lies in the fact that rational phenomena may be obscure and more difficult to grasp than irrational phenomena. Its mystifying power can be so subtle that the art of logic is not enough to break the mystery. Mystification stems from an unconscious intention to mystify the mysterious.

Like reason in Kant’s transcendental dialectic, ideology may be a necessary source of illusion. This may be a recent view. If one believes Althusser, ideology always expresses the way in which consciousness experiences its dependence on the objective and material conditions that determine it, that is, on The dependence of scientific reason on the conditions to be grasped in its objectivity. However, an inevitable doubt is whether this also tells us something strange about the consciousness that is related to the order controlled by science. To be precise, it is related to what science belongs to, that is, the subject. Fracture, the great gap and "game" between science and existence.

7: Peter Bürger

It should be noted that in this model, ideology cannot simply be understood as a copy of social reality, that is, social reality copy, but should be seen as a product of social reality. Ideology is the result of an activity that reacts to experienced reality as an insufficiency ("real reality", that is, the possibility of man unfolding in reality is suppressed, so that man is Forced into "fantasy realizing" himself in the religious realm). Ideologies are not simply reflections of certain social conditions; they are parts of the social reality as a whole: "Elements of ideology do not simply mask economic interests, they are not just slogans and slogans: they are elements of the real struggles being fought. Components and Elements."

8: Raymond Williams

"Ideology" is an indispensable term in sociological analysis, but there are difficulties with this terminology. The first is that either it is used to describe: a) the systematic or conscious beliefs of a class or other social group, as in the usual use of the word "ideological" to mean some general principle or theoretical proposition, or usually less The term "Zhongting" refers to some dogmas. Either used to describe: b) the unique world view or universal concept of a class or social group, which includes some systematic and conscious beliefs, as well as less conscious and systematically elaborated attitudes, habits and emotions, and even some Unconscious assumptions, intentions and commitments.