How to do reading comprehension?

Common nouns in Chinese reading analysis

1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.

Second, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, repetition, metonymy, rhetorical question, quotation and comparison.

Three. Classification of explanatory texts:

1. Interpretation of objects, events and procedures

2, science and technology, literature (also known as science sketch or knowledge sketch)

Fourth, the order of interpretation:

1, chronological order: historical order, chronological order, alternating order of four seasons, morning and evening (successively) order.

2. spatial order: Pay attention to nouns indicating position.

3. Logical order: from the first to the second, from the outside to the inside, from simple to complex, from this to that, from special to general, from phenomenon to essence.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) description method:

List numbers, make comparisons, give examples, make analogies, classify, explain, define, list charts and quote data.

There are two ways of explanation: simple explanation and vivid explanation.

Sixth, the language characteristics of explanatory writing: vivid (interesting) accurate (scientific)

Seven, narrative order: chronological, flashback, narrative (narrative)

Classification of prose: lyric prose and narrative prose.

Nine, the characteristics of prose: the shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.

Ten, the three elements of the novel: the characters, the plot and the environment.

The structure of the novel: beginning, development, climax and ending (some have a preface before and an ending after).

XII. Description method:

1, general introduction and specific description;

2. Portrait (appearance) description, behavior description, expression description, language description and psychological description;

3. Front description and side contrast

4. Environmental description in the novel: natural environment and social environment.

Thirteen. Classification of Argumentative Papers: Argumentation and Refutation

Fourteen, argumentative three elements:

1. Argument: Solving "What Need to Be Proved"

2. Argument: Solve the problem of "proving what"

3. Demonstration: How to solve the problem of "how to prove"

Fifteen, argumentative structure

1, Introduction: Asking questions

2. This theory: analyzing problems

3. Conclusion: Solve the problem

Types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.

Seventeen. Common argumentation methods:

1, the most basic argument method: put facts and make sense.

2. Common argumentation methods: example argumentation, reason argumentation, quotation argumentation (such as quoting stories, it belongs to example argumentation, such as quoting famous sayings, it belongs to reason argumentation), comparison argumentation, metaphor argumentation, analogy argumentation (often words such as "same" and "similar").

Eighteen, common writing methods and expressions:

Associating, imagining, symbolizing, comparing, contrasting, setting off, contrasting, suppressing before promoting, seeing the big from the small, expressing ambition from the things, reasoning from the things, expressing people from the things, expressing things with expressions, expressing scenes with expressions, and blending scenes.

Nineteen, the role of sentences in the structure of the article:

Always start the full text, cause the following, pave the way, pave the way, connect the preceding with the following (transition), give consideration to both before and after, echo from beginning to end, summarize the full text, point out the theme and promote the development of the plot.

Twenty, the role of sentences in expression:

Render the atmosphere, compare the characters (or feelings), point out the center (reveal the theme), and highlight the theme (deepen the center)

Twenty-one, sentence feature evaluation words:

Accurate, rigorous, vivid, vivid, easy to understand, concise, concise, infectious, rhythmic, euphemistic, meaningful, thought-provoking, profound, stimulating reading interest, thorough reasoning and convincing.

Typical topic actual combat art of war

General principles for answering paragraph reading questions:

1, read the topic first and then the text. When reading questions, pay attention to find out the "eye of the question" (that is, the key point to answer questions), and read the text with questions, so that reading has a clear goal.

2. When reading the article, we should pay attention to grasp the main content and central meaning of the article as a whole.

When preparing the answer, be sure to look at the question carefully again and find the "eye".

4. When answering questions, the specific topics involve relevant paragraphs, which should be studied repeatedly; If the whole article is involved, you should read it again.

Know little about lyrics and songs

A brand name (or brand name) indicates the meter of a word (or song), and the title determines the content of the word (or song).

The function of quotation marks:

1, table quotation (quoting dialogues, poems, sentences, etc. );

2. Table specific title (special meaning);

3. Expressing negation, irony, irony and other meanings;

4. The table emphasizes that.

Solution to the problem of word limit;

1, complete and accurate statement according to the topic requirements (don't think too much about the number of words at this time);

2. Simplify according to the number of words: ① Remove irrelevant modifiers; ② Turn disyllabic words into monosyllabic words; ③ Use abbreviations (especially place names).

3. Read the sentences that meet the requirements of meaning and number of words together to see if there are any language diseases. If so, it must be revised. Make sentences concise, complete, smooth and clear.

Write a slogan:

1, the sentence must be short and pithy;

2. You can use the following sentence patterns: imperative sentence, figurative sentence, parallelism sentence, antithesis sentence, antithesis sentence, or skillfully use famous sentences, proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings and other slight changes to adapt to the context.

Imitation sentence:

1, carefully analyze the sample sentence format. Pay attention to the rhetorical devices (such as metaphor) and the characteristics of words (such as overlapping) used in example sentences.

2. If it is a continuous parody, we should also pay attention to the consistency of meaning.

Verbally express questions (such as inquiries, conversations, telephone conversations, etc.)

1, topic: accurate, reflecting the relationship between people;

2. Combined with the context of the prompt, the meaning must be clear;

3. The tone must conform to the identity and avoid being adult and bureaucratic;

4. Pay attention to the use of polite expressions.

Word comparison (choose words to fill in the blanks):

1. When comparing the meanings of words, especially words with similar meanings, we must carefully distinguish the differences between the two words in terms of degree, scope of application and emotional color.

2. After choosing a good sentence, you should read the relevant sentences several times and experience them repeatedly.

Define related nouns according to the context:

Take the definition of "genetically modified crops" as an example.

1, format a: transgenic crops are one kind of crops. Format B: A, format b, format b, format b, format b.

2. Note: the definition must grasp the essential attributes of things, such as "crops" is the essential attribute of "genetically modified crops"; "Mathematical method" is the essential attribute of "overall planning method".

Analysis of key words and short sentences in paragraphs;

Quoted words or sentences appear in the stem of the topic, which often indicates that the object of analysis comes from the original text, so this principle should be implemented in the analysis:

Words cannot be separated from sentences → sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs → paragraphs cannot be separated from articles.

In other words, it must be considered in a specific context.

Understand the meaning of words in the selected text and context;

To answer such questions, we should pay attention to two points: first, the word may no longer have the meaning in the dictionary, but has a special meaning in a specific context. Second, to understand the contextual meaning of words, we must first correctly understand the context in which words are located. Such as "Peugeot" in the sentence "It's really beautiful" in the article "Mr. Fujino".

Analysis of the function and meaning of sentences;

1, this sentence uses the related words "although ... but not only" ... and ... "both of which are used to express the progressive relationship, and both of them are used to emphasize the latter.

2. The function of inverted sentences: it is often to emphasize the previous part (that is, to move to the front). For example, "I'm sorry, you're not good" means that the degree of "you're not good" is "I'm sorry". Another example is "bad, I think", which is to clearly emphasize that the author's evaluation of "Lei Feng Sunset Red" is "bad".

3. Evaluation and appreciation of a sentence: We should start from two aspects, first evaluate its writing characteristics and language characteristics, such as rhetoric, expression, language or vivid or beautiful or symmetrical or accurate and rigorous ... and then evaluate the ideological connotation, that is, clarify what views this sentence expresses and what feelings, enlightenment and education it gives you. ...

4. The analysis of the meaning of a sentence can also start with the analysis of keywords, focusing on the meaning of keywords in a specific context.

5. When analyzing a sentence in an explanatory paragraph, it is important to buckle the explanatory content, the characteristics of the explanatory object and the characteristics of the explanatory language (accurate and vivid).

6. When analyzing a sentence in a narrative paragraph, it is important to recognize the specific atmosphere, the feelings expressed and the characteristics of the characters.

7. When analyzing the sentences in the argumentative paragraphs, we should correctly deduct the argument (or the central argument of the full text or the sub-argument of the paragraph) and the characteristics of the argumentative language.

8. Key sentences mainly include five aspects: ① sentences that point out the theme; 2 descriptive, argumentative and lyrical sentences; ③ Summarize the sentences of the full text; (4) Sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following (such as sentences that take care of each other and transitional sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following); ⑤ Sentences using various rhetorical devices (such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, irony, rhetorical questions, especially quotation). Understanding key sentences is mainly to understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by sentences. For example, the author's emotions, attitudes and thoughts between the lines. At the same time, it is necessary to understand the functions, functions and characteristics of sentences in the text.

Point out the writing method used in the statement:

We must pay attention to stylistic features and the accuracy of noun use.

The main functions of social environment description:

1, indicating the background of the work.

2. When you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements of environmental description in the text.

The main function of sentences describing the natural environment (scenery description);

1, showing the regional scenery and prompting the characteristics of time, season and environment;

2. Promote the development of the plot;

3. Render the atmosphere;

4. Contrast characters (or characters' moods and feelings);

5. Highlight and deepen the theme.

Function analysis of sentences in article structure;

1. For the above (or full text): refer to the above, echo from beginning to end, and summarize the above (or full text);

2. For the following: cause the following, pave the way, pave the way;

3. Context: connecting the preceding with the following (transition).

Sentence comparison and analysis problems:

FAQ Meaning: Can you change the original sentence into a new one? Or which is better, the original sentence or the modified sentence?

Answering methods and steps:

1, make a point (ok, which is better);

2. Analyze the advantages of the original sentence;

3. Analyze the shortcomings of sentence modification.

Answer the questions in your own words:

1, this kind of question is often limited to sentences that cannot be answered directly in the original text. On another level, it means that you have relevant sentences in the original text, so you should first find out the relevant sentences in the original text;

What we need to consider now is how to turn the sentences in the original into our own words. The following methods can be adopted:

① Generalization, which is suitable for long sentences related to the original text;

(2) Sentence translation method, which is suitable for classical Chinese paragraphs;

(3) Explain key words, which are applicable to uncommon words in the original sentence;

(4) Sentence conversion method is suitable for the case that the original text uses interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions with ambiguous meanings, and the title requires clear expression.

The judgment of the protagonist in the article

Principle: It must be based on the theme of this article.

For example: seven matches-unknown soldier; A little thing-"me".

The "I" in prose (including essays, newsletters and general narratives) is equal to the author himself; The "I" in the novel is not equal to the author himself, but the character image created by the author through fiction on the basis of life.

Evaluate the writer's works:

1, giving priority to the positive evaluation of the progress of writers and works;

2. Restrictions on writers and works should be stopped, with emphasis on historical restrictions.

Put forward a theme for this article:

1. Look at the beginning, the end, the central sentence, the turning sentence, and the recurring sentence. 、

2. The language requirements are concise, generally about 6 words.

Talk about your own views or experiences according to your own reading experience;

1, in the first person;

2. In the form of 1+2 or 1+3, first summarize your opinions or experiences in one sentence, and then explain the reasons in two or three sentences. You can put the facts, or you can be reasonable. If the topic has relevant requirements, we should also pay attention to combining our own personal experience.

According to the context, fill in the psychological activities:

1, must use the first person;

We must study the specific situation carefully.

Add examples according to the ideas put forward in the article:

1, you can give examples of celebrities, which are more convincing and show your knowledge, but you must write accurate people and things and avoid arrogance.

2, you can also give examples of people, you can make them up, but you should pay attention to realism, not too exaggerated, so that people can know at a glance that they are made up.

3. Format: people+examples+short comments

Summary of the examples in the article:

1, which must contain two elements: people+things;

2. Other elements, such as time (season, year), place, environment, etc., should be summarized if they have specific significance.

Divide paragraphs and levels and summarize the meaning of paragraphs and levels;

We should pay attention to the clues of the article, with the help of transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words in the article, statements indicating time changes and statements indicating place changes, and also pay attention to the order in which the characters appear.

Refining center, theme:

Pay attention to the main content of this article, the purpose of the author's writing this article and the thoughts and feelings contained in it. Pay attention to some commonly used words, such as summarizing the main contents, which are generally used as follows: this article describes …, describes …, introduces …, passes through …, and so on. For example, summarizing the writing purpose and thoughts and feelings is generally used as: confession …, expression …, praise …, praise …, expose …, whip …, expose …

Interpretation center of judgment paragraph (interpretation content):

Answer:

1, physical description: description object+object characteristics.

2. Description: reasons (reasons, methods, principles, etc.). ) about ......

3. Program description: operation, experiment or production process. ...

Explaining methods and common answer formats of functional analysis;

The explanation method used in this sentence is vivid, concrete and intuitive, and the explanation is simple (scientific and accurate)

(explain the content) for readers.

Understanding and analysis of the function of words in expository writing;

There are two main types of problems:

A, where is the word "××"?

★ Answer method: Use the word "××" to vividly (accurately) explain the characteristics of ...

B. Can the word "××" be deleted?

★ Answer method: ① No, the word "××" is used, which vividly explains ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2 No way, delete the word "xx" and the meaning of the sentence will become ..., which is too absolute; The use of the word "××" accurately explains ..., conforms to the actual situation, leaves room for it, and is scientific.

The judgment of the object pointed by demonstrative pronouns in paragraphs (various styles);

1, common pronouns are: this, that, these, those, other, above, so, this ...;

2, generally looking forward to finding;

3. After finding it, read it in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.

Subjectivity in expository writing and its solutions;

It is important to show innovative consciousness and scientific spirit.

Main problems:

1, rewrite the content of the article concisely and accurately. For example, define things according to prompts and show the style of words and pictures.

Principle, chart, text, brief overview of examples, etc.

2. Make a reasonable supplement to the content of the article. Such as: adding a title, adding sentences in combination with the context, and supplementing the object of the article as required.

3. Take practice as an example. (Meet the requirements of paragraph description center)

4. Put forward reasonable suggestions and ideas for the phenomena described in this paper. (Be scientific and avoid making things up)

5. On the expressive features of language. (Consider the order, method and language features of interpreting the text)

Identify or refine central arguments and secondary arguments:

1, the form and position of argument.

Argumentative writing should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a relatively complete sentence in form.

Location: ① the title, ② the beginning, ③ the end of the article, ④ during discussion (pay attention to the transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following), and ⑤ the expression is not concentrated and needs to be summarized.

2. When there are no ready-made sentences to express arguments, although there are some difficulties, there are ways to follow: we need to extract the core of the article on the basis of accurate understanding of the full text, accurately judge and refine the author's views according to the topics and arguments and referring to the problems that the author wants to solve, and then summarize them in his own words.

3. It should be noted that in some articles, there are more than one sentence expressing the meaning of the central argument, and comparison is needed to find the most concise sentence.

Analyze the relationship between arguments and arguments;

Answer: The argument in this article (paragraph) is that the argument that … is (fact or reason) listed here is to prove this argument from (negation or affirmation) ….

Determine the demonstration method and analyze its function;

1. To answer this kind of question, we need to clarify the concepts of several common argumentation methods, understand the differences between them, and then analyze the specific content in combination with the context.

2. How to answer the question: This paragraph (sentence) demonstrates … (argument) by means of argument, which seems to be … (benefit).

Imitate the sentence patterns that express arguments (sub-arguments) in the original text and put forward one of my own views:

1. To answer such questions, we must first perceive the content of the article as a whole, then gain a unique experience according to the enlightenment of reading the article, and finally express it in a prescribed sentence pattern to form an argument (sub-argument).

2. This topic examines not only the ability of association, but also the ability of language expression, and also the ability to grasp the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments.

Comments on paragraphs (reasons need to be explained):

To answer such a question, we need to understand the relationship between the structure, materials and viewpoints of the original text. When you answer, you must analyze and summarize, and avoid plagiarism.

Answers to open reading questions;

This kind of test questions is actually to test students' perception of the selected text or important sentences. Students are required to combine reading with life, reading with writing, reading with learning methods, and reading with innovation. There are mainly the following aspects: 1, which requires to talk about opinions, feelings and sentiments according to the selected materials; 2. Explain the understanding of the selected text content in combination with the actual situation; 3. Comment on the characters in the article; 4, according to the life and study experience, judge the advantages and disadvantages, and talk about their own unique views on the selected materials; 5. Put forward some reasonable suggestions and ideas about the phenomena described in this paper. 6, mobilize the accumulation of knowledge, from the inside out to investigate the extension of the selected materials and the connection between the inside and outside of the textbook (such as understanding the works of important writers, literary models and famous sentences in the works, etc.). ); 7. Use association and imagination to fill in relevant contents; 8. Appreciate the artistic technique or aesthetic feeling in the text.