Common sense of place names

1. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is the largest rift valley in the world and is called "the biggest scar on the earth".

2. Every time the altitude rises 100 meters, the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius.

The territory of a country is divided into territory, airspace and territorial waters.

4. Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world.

5. Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world.

6. The biggest warm current: Mexican warm current

7. The largest archipelago: Malay Archipelago

8. The highest island: New Guinea, which is also the largest island belonging to both countries.

9. The only island belonging to three countries: kalimantan island.

10. The longest strait: mozambique channel.

1 1. The deepest strait: Drake Strait, which is also the widest strait.

12. The most tortuous strait: strait of magellan.

2. Which place names contain cultural knowledge?

Too many! * * * (Holy Land-Tibetan) Handan (Handan Toddler) Speaking of the place names in China, from apes to people, from barbarism to civilization, it has created the humanity of naming things by words.

Let's take a look: Nothing in the world seems to be known by human beings without a name. Even the moon that was impossible to set foot on in ancient times was created into the "Guanghan Palace" by imaginative China people. Humans mark many geographical entities as place names to identify symbols in different regions. It is a tool for people to engage in social activities and exchanges, and it is also a cultural treasure of social development and human progress.

However, China has a large number of ancient place names and places with rich cultural connotations. They are distributed in mountains, streams, lakes, scenic spots, cultural relics, memorial sites, ancient sites, ancient buildings and streets. It is a geographical symbol and vivid portrayal of China's long history, splendid culture and many celebrities.

Although some ancient relics were lost in the vicissitudes of history, only names were left, but later generations can use these names to evoke historical memories and find their traces. This is an ancient geographical coordinate.

The existence of a large number of ancient place names dissects the cultural features of China in different time and space. It is a long scroll showing the history of China and a picture of people's life in time and space, which should be protected as a valuable cultural heritage of our country. "Geographical names are national cultural heritage", which is the orientation of the material, social and cultural significance of geographical names in the Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names.

China has a vast territory, a long history and many ethnic groups. It is not only the country with the largest number of place names in the world, but also its profound cultural heritage is not comparable to that of ordinary countries. It is a "rich mine" of geographical names and cultural resources. The basic structure of culture can be divided into four levels: first, material culture, including production and living tools and related technologies processed and manufactured by human beings; Second, spiritual culture, including people's thoughts, beliefs, values and mentality; The third is behavior culture, which refers to the conventional writing mode of people who are bored in social communication; The fourth is institutional culture, which shows the social norms established by people in social practice.

The origin and classification of place names are generally discussed from these four aspects. There are many classifications and origins of place names, with different meanings.

Only some common types can be listed here. Moreover, the classification boundaries of some place names are vague, which can be said to be divided by surnames or landforms, so this paper will not delve into their categories.

First, named after the geomorphological features or features. Such as Heilongjiang, Dahenggou, Qingyatou, Shiyazhi, Yaozimen, Zhongchakou, Lingdi, Potou, Sha 'ao, Hongtupo, Dianchi, Hongyadi, Narrow Gate, Carriage, Magnetic Basin Water, Kuanping, Baishi, Heishiyao, Huanglongtou and Cenfeng.

The typical "Silong Village" is named Huanglongtou (Longwangtou), Huanglong 'ao, Longchaowan and Qinglongpo, which is based on the terrain where a mountain and village like a dragon runs north and south. There are also Elephant Trunk Mountain in Guilin and so on.

There is also a format, which is a combination of surnames and place names, and is a comprehensive part of the first and second formats. In densely populated places with different landforms, such names are too numerous to mention.

For example, the first * is the surname, and the second * is the landform, such as ditch, beam, valley, mausoleum, mound, mound, pier, township, pavilion, dock, wall, foundation, garrison, fort, town, shop, city and field. Such as Kangjiagou, Qijiazhuang, Majialian, Xiaojiahui, Liangjiazhai, Caijiaping, Guocun, Hecun, Lujiacun, Niujiacun, Fujianao, Zhengjiagou, Liujiapo, Zhaojiacha, Sujialing, Yuanjialiang and Wang.

Among them, the name "Yuegezhuang" evolved due to the change of pronunciation. Yuegezhuang is actually just Yue Jiazhuang, which is due to the development and change of Chinese pronunciation.

During the pre-Qin period, many place names named after "Qiu", "Ling" and "Fu" appeared in the North China Plain, which reflected the geographical environment at that time-undulating terrain. In order to avoid floods, people chose higher places to live. The disappearance of "autumn" indicates that they will be silted up by the flood of rivers such as the Yellow River in the future. Place names in Han Dynasty were named after "Xiang", "Ting" and "Ji", which showed the local administrative system at that time. Six Dynasties; The appearance of characters used in place names such as dock, wall, fort, garrison, fort, etc. should be related to the great land ownership of the Hao nationality at that time and the need to defend against social unrest; After the middle Tang Dynasty, the towns, markets and markets in the mainland reflected the rise of small commercial cities, while the markets and service industries represented the development of government-run handicrafts. Coastal place names such as "Buer", "Buye" and "Buqi" often have the word "No", which can be thought to be caused by the pronunciation of this ancient coastal nation in Northeast China. These place names condense ethnic and linguistic historical materials, which is of great help to understand the migration of ancient tribes.

Some are in the form of surname+landform+son, such as Niuzhaizi and Haoyaozi. There are also place names in the format of Eight Kings Tomb and Princess Tomb.

There are many kinds of place names related to landforms and surnames, and the most common ones are not listed here. Handan City, Hebei Province is a national historical and cultural city.

Its name first appeared in the ancient version of bamboo annals. The origin of the place names of Handan is generally based on the annotation of wei ren Zhang Yan in the Three Kingdoms period in the Geography of Han Dynasty: "Handan Mountain, under the eastern city, is single and exhausted, and the city walls follow the city, so a cloud is added."

It means that the place name of Handan originated from Handan Mountain. Below the east of Handan, there is a mountain called Hanshan, which is the end of the mountain range. Hanshan stops here, hence the name Handan. Because the city wall comes from the city, adding a city (Lu) makes Handan. As a place name, Handan remains unchanged for three thousand years, which is a special case of China's place name culture.

Many place names in China have the word "continent" or "state", so it is necessary to explain here. On the basis of creating the word "Chuan", the ancients created the word "Zhou" to represent the island in "Chuan".

The original meaning of "state" is an island (or sandbar) in the river and land in the water. China's earliest poem "The Book of Songs Nan Zhou Guanju" contains the phrase "Guan Guanju's dove is in Hezhou".

Shuowen Jiezi: "Zhou, you can live in the water of Yuezhou. Go around.

From Chongchuan. Yesterday.

3. Seek enough geographical knowledge.

Japan, a long and narrow island country, is called "the country of volcanic earthquakes". Its symbol is Mount Fuji, which is also called "Holy Mountain" by the Japanese. The throat of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean-Malacca Strait: full length 1080 km; There is a Tambora volcano in the northern part of Sumbawa Island east of Java Island in Indonesia. When 18 15 broke out, the energy released was 80 million times that of the American atomic bomb against Japan, which was the most violent volcanic eruption known to mankind. Angkor Wat, a world cultural heritage, is the pride of the Cambodian people, and is as famous as the Taj Mahal. Museum of language and race; Religious kaleidoscope-India; The rain pole of the world-begging for help; India's "Silicon Valley"-Bangalore; "Little India" Mumbai; Hindu holy city-varanasi; The symbol of eternal love-Taj Mahal; Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world; The disappearing lake-Aral Sea; The country of platinum-Uzbekistan; The lowest land point in the world-the Dead Sea; Persian Gulf, the world's oil treasure house; Holy land-Mecca; Holy city Jerusalem! People who have attended junior high school may know that the earth has a history of 4.6 billion years, and many people may also understand the basic process and principle of stratum formation.

In addition, in recent years, people are familiar with the terms "Cambrian", "Jurassic", "Cretaceous" and "Quaternary", but how these terms came from is probably just a vague impression for many people. We all know that the age of the earth is divided into some units according to the age of strata, which can facilitate us to express the evolution of the earth and life. People are used to dividing the whole 4.6 billion years into two big units according to biological conditions. Those times when creatures are invisible or difficult to see are called Phanerozoic, while those times when a certain amount of creatures can be seen are called Phanerozoic.

The upper limit of Phanerozoic is the origin of the earth, but its lower limit is not an absolutely accurate number. Generally speaking, it can be pushed back to 600 million years ago, and some of it can be pushed back to 570 million years ago. It has been called Phanerozoic since 600 million or 570 million years ago.

Zhou Xia is divided into several generations. Generally speaking, there are five generations: Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Archean generally refers to the period of formation and chemical evolution of the earth, which can be 4.6 billion years ago to 3.8 billion years ago or 3.4 billion years ago. The reason why this figure has a difference of hundreds of millions of years is that there are still many uncertainties in the oldest life or traces of life that we can grasp at present. Proterozoic followed Archean, and its lower limit was generally set before the explosion of Precambrian life, which is currently between 570 million and 600 million years ago.

Archaean and Proterozoic were named 1863 by American Luo Gang, which means that the biological world is too old and the biological world is sub-old. The period from CAMBRIAN to 230 million years ago was Paleozoic. The name was formulated by an Englishman, Sedvik, based on Luo Gang's ancient biological meaning. It happened on 1838.

From 230 million years ago to 65 million years ago, it was Mesozoic, and after 65 million years, it was Cenozoic. These two generations were named by Philip, an Englishman, in 184 1, which means that the biological world is moderately old and close to modern times.

(see attached table) The following units are regarded as disciplines. Let's start with the oldest.

The oldest era is called the Sinian, which was named by an American named grip in China in 1922. At that time, grip was active in Zhejiang and Anhui. According to the ancient Indians, he named China the place of sunrise. It started at 18 or1900 million years ago and ended at 570 million years ago.

Life in this period was mainly bacteria and cyanobacteria, and eukaryotes and invertebrates began to appear in the later period. During the period of 1936, Cedwick conducted research in Wales, western England. In the era of Roman rule, the North Wales Mountain was once called Cambrian Mountain, so Sedvik called this period Cambrian.

Thirty-three years later, another British geologist, Lapzi, discovered a stratum in the same area. This stratum is different from Silurian discovered before Cambrian. It is between the above two floors and obviously belongs to a different representative period, so he called this period Ordovician according to a famous nation who lived here in ancient times. The name of Silurian came into being before Cambrian and Ordovician, about 1835. Mo Sun Qi also studied in the west of England, and the meaning of his name comes from the name of another ancient Welsh native.

1839, Mohs and Sedvik named a group of marine rock formations in Devon, which was translated into "clay basin" in Chinese. The name Carboniferous may have appeared at the earliest. 1822, while studying British geology, Cornebil and Philip discovered a set of stable coal-bearing strata, which was formed in a very spectacular coal-making period, so they were named after coal.

The name Permian was translated from images by scientists in China. Originally named in 184 1, Mozambique named it Permian according to the local Perm state (Ufa Plateau in Ural Mountains). Later, it was discovered in Germany that the strata in this period were obviously dolomitic limestone above and red rock below, which was the basis for China's later translation into Permian.

These are the six periods of Paleozoic. Mesozoic is divided into three periods.

The first is Triassic, named after Albert in southwest Germany. There are three completely different strata here, hence the name. This happened on 1834. There is a Jura Mountain at the junction of Germany and Switzerland. Blainville discovered that there are very obvious stratigraphic characteristics around 1829, so it was named after the mountain. If Smith, an Englishman, first named it at 1820, it would definitely not be the Jurassic, because the ammonites he studied in Britain at that time happened at this time.

Two years later, in 1822, de Harrow discovered that white sediments containing a lot of calcium were exposed on the cliffs on both sides of the English Channel, which was the chalk soil used to make chalk at that time, so it was named Cretaceous. It should be pointed out that the strata in this period were not all white in most parts of the world, for example, in China, they were mostly purple-red strata.

Lyle once called Paleozoic Eogene, Mesozoic Eogene and Cenozoic Eogene. 1829, when studying the geology of some French areas, De Noalte Ye divided them into Quaternary according to Weilner's stratification scheme, thus giving birth to new life.

4. Poems about place names with a little common sense are also acceptable.

I remember something. Do you think you can help an old friend quit the Yellow Crane Tower in the West? Fireworks set off in Yangzhou in March-Yangzhou is better than the West Lake, and light makeup and heavy makeup are always appropriate-the warm winds of the West Lake and Hangzhou make tourists intoxicated, and they regard Liangzhou as Bianzhou-once they get to the top of the peeping, they will soon see that Liangzhou and other mountains are short and short under the sky. -Taishan Qiangdi, why do they complain about willow trees? Isn't the spring breeze enough? -Yumen, Gansu, still misses Xiang Yu and refuses to cross Jiangdong.

According to Song Liqing's "Summer is the most quatrain"-weeds are in full bloom near Zhuque Bridge in Wujiang, Guizhou, and the sun sets at Wuyi Lane. The midnight bell of a night-mooring near maple bridge-Hanshan Temple outside Nanjing Gusu City by Tang Zhangji rang the passenger ship.

Guazhou in Jingkou, Suzhou, a night stop near Fengqiao Bridge in the Tang Dynasty, is separated by several mountains. Wang Song Anshi is buried in Guazhou. Can we finally send messengers? Geese, return to Luoyang.

Tang Wangwan's "The next berth on the North Fort Mountain" I am worried about the bright moon, and I will follow you to the long night. Tang Li Bai's "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left, and the dragon table has this letter." In ancient times, there were yellow cranes carrying saints to heaven, but today there are no yellow cranes.

The Yellow Crane Tower under the pen of Tang Cui Haobi is a desolate place with mountains and water, which was abandoned in 23 years. Tang Liu Yuxi's "Enjoy Lotte at the First Meeting in Yangzhou" urgently needs the service of Heyang, and cooking in the morning still needs to be prepared.

Why didn't the man in Tang Du Fu's "Stone Trench Officer" take Wu Gou and accept fifty states in Guanshan? Tang Lihe's "South Garden" and the mist in Yunmeng Valley have always shrouded Yueyang City.

Haoran's "A Letter from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang" filled up the scenery, and Hengyang Goose left inadvertently. Song Fan Zhongyan's "Pride of Fisherman": Xiangyang is windy and makes me drunk! .

Looking from the Han River written by Tang, we watched him cross the Lunta Gate to the east and enter the snowdrift of Tianfeng Road. Tang's "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home" Xianyang Road declined to bid farewell to Fujian, and if the sky is affectionate, it will be old.

Tang Li and Song of the Golden Tongxian River Luoyang is full of flowers in March, and it takes a lot of effort to weave it well. Liu Tangkezhuang's "Ying Suo" pays tribute to Bai Di Caiyun, and thousands of miles return to Jiangling.

Tang Li Bai's "First Building a City" saw the autumn wind in Luoyang City and wanted to ask a writer to write a book. Qiu Si by Tang Zhangji Every winter solstice in Handan Post, I hold my knees with me in front of the lamp.

Tang Bai Juyi's "Handan Winter Solstice Day" Huayang falls full, Wendao Longdu crosses five streams. Tang Li Bai's "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left, and Long Biao Yao has this letter", next to the wall around Sanqin area, there is a mist that unites the five rivers.

Wang Tangbo's "Farewell to Deputy DuDu's appointment in Shu" was played nine days earlier and eight thousand later. Where is the hometown of Yunheng Qinling in "Moving to the Left to Show Grandnephew"? The heavy snow hindered the horse's progress.

Tang Hanyu's "Moving Left to Lan Guanxian's Grandnephew" Chang 'an looked back at the embroidered pile, and the top of the mountain opened a thousand times. Tang Du Mu's "Crossing Huaqing Palace".

5. Place names with place names

Too many.

The following is the information I found (from the internet): Huanghua County, Hebei Province: Cangxian County1June 1937, Yanshan County was set up as the Xinhai Administration. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Huanghua, commander of Bohai Division of Shandong Military Region of the Eighth Route Army, died in Nanzhao Village, the county seat, and was named Huanghua County in June 1945. Hongyi County, Hebei Province: 1942 10 * * Yang Hongming, commander of jinan military area command, and Sun Yimin, director of the political department, the Party Committee and Administrative Office of Jinan District, decided to set aside parts of Linqing County, Qizhi County and Qinghe County to form Hongyi County.

Guang Zhi County, Hebei Province: 194 1 At the beginning of the year, Guang Zhi County was established in the west area of Anxin County, east of Zhang Bao Highway in Qingyuan County, to commemorate the martyr Li Zhiguang, the first public security bureau director of the Political Bureau of Jizhong in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, who led the anti-Japanese activities for a long time in 1939 and fell ill at work. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Guang Zhi County was revoked and its land was merged into qingyuan county.

Enterprise County in Hebei Province: 1940 In March, the Chief Executive's Office of southern Hebei set up an enterprise county in the border area of Quzhou County, Linqing County and Wei County to commemorate the martyr Guo Qi, the county magistrate of Quzhou County who died in Quzhou County in 1939. 1945, the enterprise county was revoked and its inheritance was returned to the original county.

1946 10, qi zhou county was renamed Qizhi county. 1August, 949, Qizhi County was renamed as Yanshan County.

Jingyuan County, Hebei Province:1June, 940, in memory of the Yang Jingyuan martyr who died in Yanshan County and started working on the border of Hebei and Shandong, Jingyuan County was established in the west of Yanshan-Qingyun Highway, east of Yanshan-Jiuxian Highway and south of Xuanhui River. 1August, 945, Jingyuan County was revoked and the territory was merged into Yanshan County.

In June of the same year, Yanshan County was renamed Jingyuan County. 1949 In May, Jingyuan County was renamed as Yanshan County.

Jianping County, Hebei Province: 1940 In August, the administrative committee of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region approved the establishment of Jianping County in some areas of Pingshan, Jingxing and Huolu counties to commemorate the martyr Zhou Jianping, commander of the Fourth Military Division of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region who died in Pingshan County in June 1939. 1945 10 This time Jianping County was revoked, Pingshan County was divided into two parts, Jianping County was established in the west, and Pingshan County was retained in the east.

Jianping County was revoked 1958 was merged into one. Hebei County: At the end of 1942, counties were established in Wangdu County, the north of Tangxian County and the southeast of Wanxian County to commemorate Liu Martyr, the head of the Eighth Route Army's Jinchaji Military Region cavalry regiment who died in Wanxian County in April 1942.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Yun Biao County was revoked and its territory was returned to the original county. Gongcen County, Hebei Province: 1943, Fei Yong County was renamed Gongcen County by the southern administrative office of Hebei Province to commemorate Ma Gongcen, the county magistrate of Martyrs County, who died in 1942+02 to cover the breakthrough of comrades.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Gongcen County was revoked and Yongnian County and Feixiang County were restored. Hebei county: 1945, the administrative office of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan border region decided to rename Zaobei county as county from July 7, in memory of 1943, Zhao Yi, commander of the Fifth Army Division of the Eighth Route Army in jinan military area command, and Chen Martyr, deputy commander.

Bao Sen County, Hebei Province: 1945 1 1. 10, the administrative office of Jireliao District, the administrative committee of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, decided to rename the office in southern Hebei as Bao Sen County, in memory of the martyr Bao Sen who died in the battle of marching into Jidong Army Division in February 1942. 1946, Jinan office was renamed.

Tang Zhen County, Hebei Province: 1947 At the beginning of this year, the administrative office of Jin 'an in Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border Region changed its name to Tang Zhen County to commemorate the martyrs of Dong Zhentang. /kloc-0 changed its name to Xinhe county in August, 949.

Zuoquan County, Shanxi Province: 19 12 abandoned Zhili Prefecture to Liao County. 1942 Zuo Quan, deputy chief of staff of the Eighth Route Army, died of illness in Martin County, and was renamed Zuoquan County in September of the same year.

Shixian County, Shanxi Province: 194 1 year, Duanshi County was established in memory of the famous anti-Japanese general Wu Shimin, and Duanshi and Qinshui counties merged into Qinshui County in 1947. Jingyu County, Jilin Province: 19 13 Yang Jingyu, commander-in-chief of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces, died in Mengjiang County in the county on 1940, and was renamed Jingyu County in memory of the anti-Japanese hero Yang Jingyu on 1946.

Shangzhi County, Heilongjiang Province: 1922, analyzing Wuchang, setting Tongbin County and Wuzhuhe Administration. 1927 was changed to Hezhu County, and was renamed Shangzhi County in memory of the anti-Japanese hero Zhao Shangzhi (deputy commander-in-chief of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition). Ye Ting County, Jiangsu Province: After Ye Ting was killed in 1946, Yancheng County was renamed Ye Ting County in 1949 to commemorate Ye Ting, commander of the New Fourth Army, and Yancheng County was renamed in 1950.

Jiangsu County: In memory of Fu, director of the political department of the advance column who died in this county, Ganyu County was renamed as County on 1943 and Ganyu County on 1950. Binghui County, Anhui Province: formerly known as Tianchang County.

1948 was named in memory of Luo Binghui, the fourth division commander of the Fourth Army who died in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 1949 belongs to Chu county of northern Anhui administrative office.

1959 65438+ renamed in February. Mingguang County, Fujian Province: In memory of revolutionary martyr Li Mingguang, Liancheng County was renamed Mingguang County. 1934, the Red Army began the Long March, and * * * * was renamed Liancheng County.

Yongzhi County, Shandong Province, 1946 In August, Qingping County was changed to Yongzhi County, and its original name was restored in autumn, 1949, to commemorate the martyr Xiao Yongzhi, secretary of the Northwest Shandong Provincial Party Committee who died in the battle of Chen in Qingping County in September. Yangzhong County, Shandong Province: 1946, where Zhong Yan County and Jiyang County are located. Yangzhong County was named and renamed Huiji County in 1949 to commemorate Yangzhong, a city in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression who died here.

Lushui County, Shandong Province: The peak analysis is at 1944, and Tengger County is located in Shuang Shan County. In memory of Wang Lushui, commander of the 8th Division of Lunan Military Region who died in the Battle of tengxian in 1945, it was renamed Lushui County in 1946 and merged into Baiyan County in 1950. Zhenhua County, Shandong Province: Ningjin County 1945 was renamed as Zhenhua County, and 1949 was renamed as Ningjin County to commemorate Ma Zhenhua, secretary of the * * * prefectural party committee, who died in the county in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's later period.

Fucheng County, Shandong Province:1945 Analysis of administrative divisions of seven districts in Cao County in September. It was named in memory of Yuan Fucheng, Commissioner of the 22nd District of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Henan, and Zhu Cheng, commander of the military division.

Belongs to the west of the lake. Revoked in March 1956.

The jurisdiction is merged into Cao County and Shan County. Zhao Bo County, Shandong Province: 1944 was moved from the border of Linyi, Tancheng, Feixian and Yixian counties, and was named in memory of Zhao Bo, Party Secretary of Lunan who died in the1October 27th1940+27th Silver Factory tragedy.

It belongs to the third administrative organization of Lunan. 1950 revoked, and the jurisdiction was merged into Cangshan county.

Guangwu County, Shandong Province: formerly known as Lingxian County. 1943 was named in memory of Wu Kuangwu, the county magistrate of Lingxian Anti-Japanese Democratic Regime who died in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

1949 Restore the original name.

6. Geographical knowledge

Geography is a subject that studies all kinds of natural phenomena and human phenomena in the geographical environment of the earth's surface and their relationships.

The word "geography" first appeared in China's Book of Changes. In English, the word geography comes from the Greek words H234G234 (meaning "the earth") and graphein (meaning "writing").

The earliest geography books in ancient China include Yu Gong and Shan Hai Jing. Ancient geography mainly explores measurement methods related to the shape and size of the earth, or describes known regions and countries.

Research object geography studies the geographical environment related to human beings on the earth's surface. * Earth's surface: geographical crust-landscape crust-Earth's surface-atmosphere-lithosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere-land-ocean mountains-continental shelf-climate-vegetation Human life: rural-market town-city-nation-state-world administrative region-capital-continent-region-state-province-flag-county-city-town.

In western Europe, geography is divided into two parts: general geography (that is, departmental geography) and thematic geography (that is, regional geography). General geography is divided into physical geography and human geography, and the two branches are divided into secondary branches. The former Soviet Union divided geography into two branches: physical geography and economic geography, and then it was divided into two branches.

Western scholars divide geography into two parts: physical geography and human geography, or into three parts: physical geography, economic geography and human geography, and then into two branches. Physical Geography Physical geography is a kind of system of geography, which uses biology to study the global animals and plants, and uses mathematics and physics to study the movement of the earth itself and its relationship with other stars in the solar system. It is a subject that studies the position and spatial changes of the earth.

* O Integrated Physical Geography O Paleogeography * Sectional geomorphology, climatology, hydrogeology, soil geography, biogeography, plant geography, animal geography, medical geography, glaciology, geocryology, volcanology, seismology and human geography, paying more attention to the components of social sciences in geography, examining the behavior pattern of the whole earth from a non-physical level, and exploring the geography of various human phenomena and activities based on the theory of man-land relationship. It can be divided into the following branches: * socio-cultural geography o ethnic geography o population geography o settlement geography o social geography o cultural geography o religious geography * economic geography o agricultural geography o traffic geography o tourism geography * political geography o military geography * other branches of urban geography * Historical geography-regional geography-cartography-toponymy-local chronicles-theoretical geography-applied geography-quantitative method of geography-landscape ecology-geographic information system, in which cartography-quantitative method of geography-quantitative geography-geographic information system-geographic observation method can be collectively called geographical technology methodology.

Geography is a basic subject to study various natural conditions and social and economic development on the earth's surface. Natural science. Geography can be divided into physical geography, human geography, geo-geography and cosmic geography.

Including topography, climate, distribution of animals and plants, local conditions and customs. 1. Land, mountains and other environmental conditions.

This refers to the general situation of natural environment, climate, products, transportation, residential areas and other social and economic factors in the world or a region. 2. refers to the study of geography.

3. region; Organization. 4. Address.

5. feng shui. How to learn geography well The geographical environment is vast, the geographical things are diverse and the geographical relationship is complex.

When studying geography, we should pay special attention to the learning methods. Only by mastering the learning methods can we turn the difficult into the easy and learn firmly and flexibly. 1. Learning to use textbooks is not only a tool to master knowledge and skills, but also the basis to cultivate self-study ability.

The table of contents shows the main points of the whole book and the relationship between them, so you should read it often to understand the contents of the whole book. Read the text carefully, often think deeply, grasp the main points, write down the questions, pay special attention to the illustrations and tables, and understand the problems illustrated by the charts.

2. Learn to use maps. Map is the carrier of geographic information, which can make the vast geographical environment invisible to our naked eyes clear at a glance. Maps are also tools for learning geography. By analyzing the map, we can understand the geographical characteristics, principles and causes, and find ways to use and transform it. To learn to read and use all kinds of maps, we must first remember the most basic maps.

For world geography, we must first remember the distribution of seven continents and four oceans. 3. Paying attention to geographical observation means observing carefully while thinking.

Take a look at the local geographical environment and how people move around there. Get geographical information through newspapers, TV programs and pictures, and exercise our intelligence.

4. Being good at geographical imagination observation can only get local intuition, and maps can only provide location intuition. Imagination can connect the two, so that you can get a comprehensive view of the geographical environment and then show you the future of geography. 5. Be good at thinking and often ask yourself questions. The general idea of geographical problems is: ① What to learn? Such as the Yellow River and its hydrological characteristics.

② Where is it? For example, the provinces and basins where the Yellow River flows. ③ Why? For example, how is the water feature of the Yellow River formed?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of 4? For example, how to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages provided by the Yellow River to northern China. ⑤ How to coordinate the relationship between good people? For example, how to coordinate the relationship between human beings and the Yellow River, and how to make rational use and transformation.

6, diligent in doing things, often using handwriting, strokes, and learning tools, not only makes your mind bright, but also makes you handy. If the method is right, you will get twice the result with half the effort. The more you learn, the more you love learning.

Geography is a basic subject to study various natural conditions and social and economic development on the earth's surface. Natural science. Geography can be divided into physical geography, human geography, geo-geography and cosmic geography.

Including topography, climate, distribution of animals and plants, local conditions and customs. 1. Land, mountains and other environmental conditions.

This refers to the general situation of natural environment, climate, products, transportation, residential areas and other social and economic factors in the world or a region. 2。

7. What place names have local color?

Place names generally have local colors.

Due to different dialects, the names of place names are quite different, which often reflect regional characteristics. For example, for the gathering place of people in rural areas, the northern plain area is basically called "village" and "village" (fort), while the southern area has various names because of its rich dialects.

In northwest China, due to the influence of minority languages, many place names are related to these languages. For example, "Dunhuang" is a Tibetan language, which means "land of chanting".

There is a similar situation in the northeast. Many of their place names are in Manchu. For example, "Jilin" comes from Manchu "Jilin Wula", which means "the city along the river". In the south, especially in Hunan dialect area, people are used to calling mountains mountains.

There are many place names named after Ling in Changsha, such as Zhiziling, Liufangling, Huangtuling, Jinpenling, Changling and Yaoling. The areas defined by these place names are mostly mountainous areas.

In southwest mandarin, some people call mountains "boundaries", such as Zhangjiajie in southern Hunan and Laoshan in Sichuan. There are also hutongs in Beijing, such as "Maoer Hutong" and "Juer Hutong".

So we can see that place names have great local color and are closely related to local dialects.