20 19-02-26 "curve drug control" from "alternative planting" to "golden waterway"

"curve drug control" from "alternative planting" to "golden waterway"

"I know poppy won't make us live well, but we have no choice but to live on it." Once, for the people at the bottom of the drug chain in the Golden Triangle, the huge profits of drugs had nothing to do with them.

The long mountain road cut off the connection between ordinary people in the Golden Triangle and modern civilization. For more than a hundred years, the local people have continued their primitive way of life, and poppy has become their only cash crop that can be exchanged for money. However, due to the manipulation of local power, their income is very meager, and there are countless poverty, crimes and armed conflicts ... in all aspects of their lives, it is like a nightmare.

Ordinary people in the Golden Triangle need a way of life. How to develop alternative economy, lift local people out of poverty and cut off drug supply from the source is a problem that international drug control has been exploring.

History of Poppy Sea Extinction in Green Drug Control Plan

In the valley of southwest Yunnan, there is a small town lying on its side like a fat gourd: Nansan Town, Zhenkang County. Nansan Town is adjacent to Kokang County, Shan State, Myanmar in the west. Under the majestic national gate, sugarcane transport vehicles are arranged in an orderly manner. They have just made a long journey from the sugarcane fields in Kokang County. After customs clearance, they will file into the streets of Nansan Town and transport the fresh sugar cane from the car to the sugar factory. At this point, this season's sugarcane planting has come to an end. At this time of the year, it is the time when the courageous people look forward to it most: the "huge sum" of returning from planting sugar cane far exceeds the income from planting poppy before.

Such a turning point appeared in the 1990s. At that time, the "Green Anti-drug Plan" was quietly launched in the Golden Triangle: China government cooperated with local governments in the Golden Triangle to replace poppy cultivation with high value-added cash crops, to help local tobacco farmers increase their household income and gradually weaken their dependence on the drug economy, with a view to cutting off the supply line of drugs from the source.

From 65438 to 0996, Zhenkang County and the government of Kokang County in Myanmar formally signed an agreement on the joint development and planting of sugarcane: China provided excellent sugarcane seedlings, planting techniques, fertilizers and pesticides, and China was responsible for the procurement and processing of sugarcane. In the same year, the sugarcane production headquarters of Zhenkang County was established in the old street of Kokang County, and a group of agricultural technicians were stationed in Kokang County. Go deep into the homes of local villagers and popularize sugarcane planting. The local tobacco farmers still remember the big fire that year. A 5,000-mu poppy-growing area was set on fire, and a sugarcane field was razed to the ground. At that time, tobacco farmers could not help but burst into tears when they saw that the poppies on which they lived were reduced to ashes in the raging flames. However, people's sadness was soon diluted by the huge economic benefits brought by planting sugar cane: the annual income of tobacco farmers increased by about four times compared with the previous poppy cultivation.

The increase in income has increased the enthusiasm of local people to grow sugar cane. The planting area of sugarcane has expanded rapidly. 1998 may 12. Pi Nuo Agrak, former United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Director of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, arrived in Kokang County by helicopter. When he saw the flaming sea of poppies turn into green sugarcane fields, he couldn't help but get excited: "This is a miracle. This is a great contribution to world drug control. All countries of the United Nations should lend a helping hand. Actively support the grand project of eradicating drug sources for the benefit of mankind. "

The success of sugarcane planting in Kokang County is only a microcosm of alternative planting in the Golden Triangle.

As early as 1992, Yunnan Province of China cooperated with the Fourth Special Zone of Shan State of Myanmar to help local villagers grow cash crops such as tea, rice and rubber. Five years later, the Fourth Special Zone of Shan State was officially declared as a "poppy-free area". From 65438 to 0999, China cooperated with Laos phongsaly province to replace poppy cultivation with dry land food; In 200 1 year, in Wan Hong area, the base of Khun Sa, the drug Lord, the relevant personnel in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province began to promote hybrid rice, which took only two years. The rice planting area reached 1.85 million mu, and the total output exceeded 7.8 million kilograms ... In 2005, the local government in the Golden Triangle announced "a total ban on poppy cultivation". Large-scale transformation to produce crops such as rice, rubber and sugarcane. By 2036, the poppy cultivation area in Myanmar, Thailand and Laos has been reduced by 85%, and the villagers' lives have been significantly improved. Although it was repeated a little later, the once drug kingdom in the Golden Triangle is gone forever.

The jade raw material channel for armed escort in the world's largest jade producing area

In Myanmar, there is a widely circulated legend: most Burmese believe in Buddhism, and the Buddha was very happy and blessed it. With a burst of falling, many mineral deposits such as rubies, sapphires and jadeites are buried underground in Myanmar. In the mountainous area of northern Myanmar, there is a river about 250 kilometers long from north to south-Lu Wu River, which is considered as a "special gift from God"-containing a huge amount of jadeite raw stone, accounting for 95% of the world's total output, and is called "the king of jade" because of its high hardness and bright and peaceful color.

The picture shows Burmese jade, mainly produced in northern Myanmar. Because of its high hardness, smoothness, bright and peaceful color and high collection value, it is called "the king of jade".

Pagan mining area is the largest jade mining area along the Lu Wu River. The road to Pagan has long been rugged under the long-term crushing of large trucks. In the dry season, cars pass by, raising dust all over the sky. Even experienced drivers often don't know the direction. If it rains, cars often get stuck in the mud and it is difficult to move forward. When the merchants finally entered Pagan mining area after a long journey, a small town built on the mountain suddenly appeared in front of them. The streets in the town extend in all directions and are extremely irregular, but they all connect to the same place-the entrance and exit of Pagan jade mining area.

Most of the jade raw materials produced by Pagan are good products. At present, the three major jadeites in the world all come from here. It is about14km southwest of Pagan Town. A field called "Namo" is famous all over the world-in this field, the largest jadeite jade in the world is hidden. This jade was found when people dug a hole in the mountain. It weighs more than 3000 tons, is 35 meters long, has a depth of 12 meters, and has a maximum thickness of 8 meters. Because the ore body is too big to move. So far, people can only circle it with bricks and leave it on the mountainside for people to visit.

Rich jade reserves have attracted "gold diggers" all over the world. As early as the Han Dynasty, there were sporadic mining records. By the Ming dynasty, the local area was already a "famous pit" rich in jade. In modern times, Myanmar jade was exported to all parts of the world.

However, in the 1960s, the Myanmar government closed the traditional export channels of jade raw materials at sea. As a result, a group of courageous businessmen joined hands with local separatist forces and began to cross the Pentium Mekong River and the inaccessible virgin forest, carrying jade raw materials. In the sinister Golden Triangle, they abruptly opened up a special jade passage, and finally came to Yeshi Town in northern Thailand and sold it to jade merchants who flocked from all over the world. At that time, this jade passage was crowded every day, and the heavily armed caravan carried countless jade articles. It has been continuously transported to northern Thailand. Chiang Mai, located in northern Thailand, has changed from an old place with only a few thatched houses to a world-class jade trading center that accommodates tens of thousands of people. After China's reform and opening up, jade raw materials can directly enter China from Myanmar through the border crossing, the distance is only one tenth of the original passage, and the danger is greatly reduced. This passage of the "Golden Triangle" is gradually abandoned by people, and the function of the jade raw material distribution center in Chiang Mai is gradually weakening.

The picture shows the Mekong River under the aerial lens.

Emerald produced in Myanmar enjoys a long-standing reputation in the world. Exquisite jade raw materials, combined with the careful carving of jade carving masters, can often be sold for millions or even tens of millions of yuan. However, due to historical reasons. Most jade producing areas are controlled by local armed forces. Become an important source of income for drug dealers. Ruanlong, the poisonous king of Southeast Asia, is known as the "Jade King". He once controlled 40% of the jade mines in Myanmar and operated more than 800 jewelry and jade shops. ...

In recent years, the Myanmar government has gradually controlled the output of jade, and deeply processed precious jade by regulating jade mining, restricting the export of primary products and introducing international advanced processing technology. So as to improve the utilization rate of jade resources. At the 20 17 "Belt and Road" summit forum, China and Myanmar signed an economic and trade cooperation agreement, hoping to promote international cooperation through the "Belt and Road" to make the jadeite economy develop healthily and continuously and become an important part of eliminating drugs and developing alternative economy.

The rise and fall of the Mekong River, the "golden waterway", connects the Golden Triangle with the international traffic artery.

1990 65438+1October 14. A burst of boat flutes cut through the silence in the air, and four motorboats slowly sailed out of Jinghong Port in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. The voyage was led by Zhou, then deputy director of Yunnan Provincial Communications Department, with 93 people from China on board. Two people from Laos and 35 tons of goods went to Vientiane, Laos to participate in the "Taruan Festival". Four ships sailed south along the Mekong River. When they arrived at the "Golden Triangle" area, people in the small town flocked to the river bank and cheered wildly at the ships-this was the first time they saw such a huge ship on the Mekong River. After a trip of 12 days, 66 beach risks were crossed. The ship finally arrived in Vientiane, the capital of Laos, and the people on board were ecstatic-it was an eternal day in the shipping history of the Mekong River: China's fleet successfully made its maiden voyage to Vientiane, ending the history that the upper reaches of the Mekong River could not be navigable.

Mekong River originated in Tanggula, Qinghai, China, and is called Lancang River in China. After flowing out of China from Guanlei Port in Yunnan, it is called Mekong River, which flows through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia, and then flows into the South China Sea through Vietnam.

After 1 1 year's efforts, on1October 6, 2006, China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand held a formal navigation ceremony in Jinghong Port, and the Mekong River, which had been sleeping for a long time, finally woke up. Become a new economic corridor in Indochina Peninsula: It is estimated that the goods in Southwest China are exported to Thailand, Singapore and other places from this route. It will save more than half the time and about 50% of the operating cost than bypassing the Straits of Malacca from the southern port of China.

However, due to the great changes in the flow of Mekong River in dry season and rainy season, there are reefs everywhere and the water is fast, which makes it very difficult for ships to sail. With the official opening of this route, China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand have started a long waterway regulation project. There are 38 dangerous beaches in the reach from No.243 to Xiangla 157 km between China and Myanmar, among which "Beach King"-the speed on the beach is more than 6 meters per second and the waves are as high as two or three meters. It takes more than 40 minutes to transport ships through this dangerous beach, which is as long as 160 meters. At that time, Kuang Junyi, the project manager of Yunnan Lugang Engineering Company, took more than 60 workers to the construction. Because the water current is too fast, the perforating boat can't stop to punch holes, so it has to adopt naked explosion technology with high risk factor. After more than 40 days of fighting, * * * blew up more than 6000 cubic meters of underwater rocks/kloc-0, reduced the speed on the beach to about 3 meters, and reduced the sailing time of ships by half. By May 2008, after the completion of the regulation project, the Mekong River has achieved the navigation capacity of 350-ton ships. With the development of shipping, countries along the way have built ports and docks to meet the growing demand for waterway transportation. At the same time, hotels, shopping malls and other supporting facilities around the port have gradually prospered, forming a chain reaction of economic development, greatly increasing the import and export volume and GDP—— of various countries-the Mekong River is a veritable "golden waterway".

With the development of Mekong River shipping, there is also land transportation in Indochina Peninsula. 20 13 12. The Sun Hui Bridge connecting Sun Hui in Laos and Qingkong in Thailand was officially opened, and the Man Kun International Highway was officially opened to traffic. This also means that the Golden Triangle, once "the mountain is high and the road is far", is finally connected with the land artery of Indochina Peninsula through Sun Hui in Laos. People got on the bus from Kunming and went all the way south. The winding road is accompanied by a vast rainforest, and the viaduct runs through the blue waves, just like a castle in the air hidden in the world. Besides, along the Man Kun Expressway, people can also see the mysterious Golden Triangle, ancient buildings in Luang Prabang and exotic temples in Thailand, which attracted many tourists to road trip and promoted the development of local tourism economy. Kunming-Kunming Expressway has also become an important freight channel from China to Southeast Asia. From 20 13 to 20 14, the value of goods transported by Kunming highway is almost the same as that by Mekong River.

At the same time, many roads and railways connect from China to Indian zhina Peninsula. With the development of transportation, it will promote the economic development of Laos, Myanmar and Thailand and improve the living standards of local people. The drug economy hidden in the dark is gradually being replaced by the legal economy.