What is the unique culture in Kunming?

In the long history of more than 2,000 years before Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ancient city of Kunming left five different types of local ethnic cultures and a large number of ancient cultural relics. ...

Kunming, as one of the first batch of 24 famous historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council in 1982, not only has a very long history, but also has a rich cultural background. Because it is located in a multi-ethnic mixed area, it also shows the distinctive characteristics of multiculturalism. Heavy accumulation and rich connotation are important manifestations of the multiculturalism of Kunming ancient city. According to the records of relevant historical documents and the analysis of archaeological data, by the time the ancient city of Kunming in Ming and Qing Dynasties was built in Hongwu period, at least five different types of local ethnic cultural stacks had been deposited on the north bank of Dianchi Lake, leaving a large number of materialized or non-materialized ancient cultural remains. Now I want to briefly describe it according to its level: First, the ancient Dian culture. Ancient Yunnan bronze culture is the first peak in the history of Yunnan national culture, which represents the highest development level of many local national cultures in Yunnan during the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. According to research, the ancient Dian culture is a highly developed ancient local national culture based on the settled agriculture of "farming and gathering cities" and represented by bronze culture. Although there are still great differences on the national attribute of ancient Dian culture in academic circles, judging from its cultural genes, it should be most closely related to the main ethnic group "Dian Bo" of ancient Dian, which was active in the central and eastern Yunnan at that time, and has many cultural ties with the ancient Kunming ethnic group and the Baiyue ethnic group in the south, which were active in the same historical period. In addition, with the entry of a large number of Han immigrants at the beginning of the third century BC and after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, some ancient Jingchu culture and mainland Han culture infiltrated into ancient Yunnan culture. In the past, it was thought that the center of ancient Dian culture was Shizhai Mountain in Jinning, the southeast coast of Dianchi Lake, which extended to Lijiashan in Jiangchuan on the west bank of Fuxian Lake and Chenggong Tian Zi Temple on the east bank of Dianchi Lake, and then radiated to the Eight Pagodas of Qujing Zhujie in the upper reaches of Nanpanjiang River in eastern Yunnan, Dabona in Xiangyun and Wanjiaba in Chuxiong on the east bank of Erhai Lake in western Yunnan. However, in the past two years, with the excavation of a large number of tombs and bronzes at the yangfu Tou ancient site in Guandu, the eastern suburb of Kunming, it shows that the northern shore of Dianchi Lake is also the hinterland of ancient Dian culture. The ancient Dian culture is the deepest accumulation in the cultural heritage of Kunming ancient city. Second, the early culture of China. The early Han culture was mainly carried by Han immigrants who moved to the north bank of Dianchi Lake when Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty set up a county in the southwest and moved to the real border in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. According to relevant historical documents, from the Han Dynasty to the end of Jin Dynasty, the whole area along Dianchi Lake, including Guchang County, the predecessor of Kunming ancient city, was once one of the main distribution areas of Han immigrants, leaving a large number of Han cultural relics. Among them, there are two representative ones: First, according to the Records of Geography of Hanshu, Yizhou County ruled Dianchi County in the Han Dynasty, and there were "Northern and Southern Blackwater Temples". Later, the same records can be found in historical documents such as the History of the Later Han Dynasty, the Records of Counties, the Records of Huayang Country, and the Records of Nanzhong. In this regard, Qing Daoguang's "Yunnan Tongzhi Draft" textual research said: Heishui River is the later Panlong River, with Black Dragon Pool on it, more than 20 miles northeast of Kunming City, next to the Black Dragon Temple, which is the Han Heishui Temple. Accordingly, the Black Dragon Palace in the Black Dragon Pool Park in the northern suburb of Kunming today is one of the cultural relics left by early Han immigrants on the north bank of Dianchi Lake. Secondly, according to "The Biography of the Southwest of Han Dynasty", "Su Zongyuan and Zhong (84-87 AD) were made the satrap, and their political opinions were different ... Schools began to rise and gradually moved towards their customs." Wang Zhui Shixing School pioneered the spread of Chinese culture by Confucianism, which was not only the pioneer of Yunnan government-run schools recorded in the History of Letters, but also widely spread Chinese culture among local non-Han nationalities through running schools, and received the effect of "gradually shifting its customs". Therefore, although the school run by Wang Zhui Shixing School has long been submerged in the flowing water of time, it is still a typical early cultural relic of China. In addition, Huayang Guozhi Nanzhongzhi said: Guchang County was originally called "Guo Chang" in the Han and Jin Dynasties, but it was renamed "Guchang" after the name of Guo Chang, the general of the unified army when the Han Dynasty opened southwest. Accordingly, the name of Guchang County should also be a historical relic of Han culture. The early Han culture in the Han and Jin Dynasties was the second deep accumulation in the cultural heritage of the ancient city of Kunming. Third, the western white culture. Guanbaiyi culture is the second peak in Yunnan's cultural history, which represents the highest development level of Yunnan's local national culture from the early Eastern Jin Dynasty to the early rise of Nanzhao in the middle Tang Dynasty. According to research, "Xi Guan Bai Ren" was formed by early Han immigrants who moved to Yunnan since the Han Dynasty. Under certain social and historical conditions, it gradually merged with Bai Man, the direct descendant of Yunnan Bo in central and eastern Yunnan. Therefore, the white culture in the west is a complex ancient culture mixed by Han culture and Yunnan local culture. It is generally believed that the western Cuan culture, centered on wei county in the east of Yunnan, was the capital of South China at that time and the hometown of cuan clan family, the upper ruling group, represented by Cuan Baozi Monument in the East Jin Dynasty and Cuan Longyan Monument in luliang county, which were unearthed in the south of Qujing County respectively. For the report of western white culture, the fourth volume of Schumann said: "The West is also white; Dong Yao, Wu Man, too. On that day, Baozhong, from Qujing Prefecture in the northeast to Xuancheng in the southwest, faced the city, with cattle and horses. In Shicheng, Kunchuan, QuYork, Jinning, Yuxian, Anning to Longhe City, it is called Xiyou. In Qujing area, the cloth head of Cimicifuga foetida in the south of Sichuan is called the East Cuo. This custom is also very famous. " It can be seen that the northern shore of Dianchi Lake, the hometown of Zhou Kun in the Tang Dynasty, is the second largest city in the westward journey area after Shicheng (namely Sanchawei County, Qilin District, Qujing). At the same time, according to records, it is also the hereditary territory of the branch of cuan clan family, that is, "General Zhou Kun's secretariat is a rare event" and "Zhou Kun's secretariat is developing day by day", so it should be the secondary ruling center of cuan clan family in South China. However, during the Tianbao period in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the ancient city of Zhou Kun was also destroyed. "Since then, from Qujing Prefecture, Shicheng, Shengmachuan, Kunchuan, and Longhe City in the south, there have been insufficient soldiers." Therefore, there are few cultural relics handed down from ancient times, which are more reflected in historical documents. Fourthly, Nanzhao and Dali culture. Nanzhao culture and Dali culture come down in one continuous line, which is the third peak and the most brilliant page in the history of Yunnan national culture. Nanzhao and Dali cultures are mainly carried by the ancestors of Yi and Bai, namely "Wuman" and "Bai" in Tang and Song Dynasties, and Buddhist culture is its typical representative, with its center in the coastal area of Erhai Lake in western Yunnan. As the "Shangdu" of Nanzhao and "Tokyo" of Dali, Tuodong and Shanshan on the north bank of Dianchi Lake left a large number of Buddhist cultural relics during this period. Among them, the East and West Temple Pagodas, which were built in the late Nanzhao period, still stand in the south of Kunming. There is Butuo Temple (now Yuantong Temple), which was also built in the late Nanzhao period. And the ancient buildings of Dizang Temple, which was built in Dali period and was originally located in Shanshan City, etc. On the periphery of the ancient city of Kunming, the Buddhist cultural relics left by Nanzhao and Dali include Zhu Qian Temple at the foot of Yu 'an Mountain in western Kunming, Caoxi Temple in anning hot spring, Huokeji Grottoes in Anning, the second largest cave group in Yunnan after Jianchuan and Shi Baoshan, and the statues of "Big Black God" in Jinning and Luquan. A large number of Buddhist cultural relics handed down from generation to generation in Nanzhao and Dali, together with the two ancient cities of Tuodong and Zhuo Yan, undoubtedly added a lot of color to the cultural heritage of the ancient cities of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Fifth, the multi-ethnic culture in Yuan Dynasty. The demise of Dali in Yuan Dynasty and the establishment of Yunnan Province established Kunming's position as a central city in the province. At the same time, under the political background of "great unification", with the gradual implantation of a large number of foreign ethnic households and the increasingly frequent economic and cultural exchanges at home and abroad, Chi Cheng, a Yunnan Huiya located on the north bank of Dianchi Lake, has gradually presented an unprecedented multi-ethnic and multi-cultural coexistence since the Han and Tang Dynasties. Among them, as far as religious culture is concerned, not only the Ali religion inherited from Nanzhao and Dali, that is, southern Buddhism and Zen Buddhism introduced from the Central Plains, but also Tibetan Buddhism brought by the Mongols to the south was introduced to Kunming, leaving the names of Dade Temple in Zupanshan, Huating Temple in Xishan, Taihua Temple, Panlong Temple in Jinning and Jingang Pagoda in Guandu in the eastern suburbs and cities of Kunming. At the same time, with a large number of Muslims from Central Asia and the Western Regions entering the Mongolian army, Islam and Islamic culture have also been introduced into Kunming, Yunnan Province and major towns along the transportation lines in the province, such as Qujing, Zhaotong, Dali and Baoshan. In addition, it was introduced into central Yunnan as early as the Han Dynasty, but the Han culture, which had been dormant for a long time since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was revived in the Yuan Dynasty with a large number of Han immigrants. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Shi Zai built a Confucian temple in Yachi, "north of the city", to "persuade scholars' children to study". This is another measure for Daxing Confucianism to spread Chinese culture with the support of feudal government, following the pursuit of "Shixing School" by Taishou Wang of Yizhou in the Records of Letters and History in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the examination, the Confucian Temple School Palace, which was built in the early Yuan Dynasty, was passed down in the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. To sum up, more than 2,000 years before the construction of the ancient city of Kunming in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the northern shore of Dianchi Lake accumulated a very heavy cultural heritage, especially after the long-term accumulation of the four ancient cities of Zhou Kun, Tuodong, Shanshan and Yachi, especially the rapid development of the Yuan Dynasty, which not only laid a solid material foundation for the rise of the ancient city of Kunming in later generations, but also laid a multi-ethnic and multicultural basic pattern. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the distinctive features of Kunming's multiculturalism have not changed and have been greatly developed.