Some life stories of Liang Shiqiu.

Liang Shiqiu (1903— 1987) is from Beijing. China is a famous scholar, professor, writer and translator. Since the 1920s, he has been active in the literary and educational circles in China. He has taught in Peking University, Beijing Normal University and Qingdao University, and edited Free Review Weekly, Current Affairs News Supplement and Central Daily Supplement. Together with Wen Yiduo and Xu Zhimo, he founded Crescent Bookstore and Crescent Monthly. From 65438 to 0949, he went to Taiwan Province Province, and served as director of the English Department of Taipei Normal University, dean of the College of Literature, and director of the National Compilation Hall. There are many works, including four episodes of Essays of Elegant Rooms and the translation of The Complete Works of Shakespeare. He is good at literary criticism and has many theoretical articles, and has made important achievements in the field of book review.

Liang Shiqiu's earliest book review was On Grass written by 1922, and Grass was a collection of poems written by 19 19. It had a great influence at that time. Hu Shi called it "the most important creation" and thought that his "creation has no intention of creation and liberation has no intention of liberation, but liberation has achieved the greatest success". Grass is an example of Kang's creation and liberation. People think that Grass is a work of the era of creating new poetry. "The greatest contribution of Bai Qing's Cao E Yuan in the history of China literature lies in his travel poems", which can be said to be a great achievement. But Liang Shiqiu's comments are almost completely opposite, almost tit for tat. He quoted a large number of poems in Grass and made a comparative analysis. The conclusion is that Caoer is a failed work, which had a bad influence on China's new poetry in the early 1920s. He wants to eliminate this influence through comments, so as to sweep away the vulgarity of poetry. He said "Half of the Grass" is not a poem. There are only speeches, which are divided into poems. "There are too many chronicles in the grass, accounting for more than half of the complete works" and "it is impossible to admit that chronicles are poems". "Grass is hasty, hasty and half-baked", "Emotion is not rich, and imagination certainly has no room to exert its greatest value." His and Hu Shi's comments were written in the autumn of 1922, only 19 days away. Hu Shi affirmed Cao Er from the perspective of the new cultural movement. Liang Shiqiu denied it from an artistic point of view. Liang Shiqiu 19 years old, quite like a newborn calf, and there is a tendency for a tiger to go down the mountain. He commented mercilessly. From here, we can see the personality and comment characteristics of Liang Shiqiu's book review. This feature and momentum, in the later book reviews, seems to have disappeared except for the argument with Lu Xun.

After commenting on Grass, Liang Shiqiu also published two kinds of book reviews in 1928, commenting on Pan Guangdan's Xiaoqing Analysis, Mary Mary and seven book reviews published in 1980. These seven book reviews are: Reading Horses and Interpreting the World to Tell a New Story, Western Classics (by Hu Qin), The Painted Clown in Tsing Yi (by Ding Bingjun), Reading the Principles of Cooking (by Zhang Qijun), Reading the Leap of Civilization (by Bronaugh) and Making a Wish. He only took these seven articles and two ***9 articles about Pan Guangdan as book reviews. In fact, there are many of his book reviews, such as Trial Collection, Westward Camp Gossip, Pledge to Return Essays, Lonely Collection, cookbooks in distant mountains, Eating in China, Notes of Modern Scholars and so on.

In the later comments on these works, there was no spirit of the original "Wild Grass", but more insipid, soft, casual and scattered. Only pay attention to readability, artistry and interest, which is not systematic and lacks systematicness. But no matter what kind of book he reviews, he analyzes the author and the content of his works from different angles. With his own reading experience and thoughts, he can not only clarify the background of the original author, but also evaluate the characteristics of the original book, which fully reflects his wide knowledge and sharp and active thoughts.

Here are some examples of his book reviews to illustrate the characteristics of his book reviews. Reading Ma's translation of Shi Shuo Xin Yu not only briefly comments on the content value of Shi Shuo Xin Yu; "There are 26 articles in 3 volumes, 1 134 articles." "When the style of writing in the Southern Dynasties was fierce, the writing was very beautiful, concise and meaningful. The deeds involved began in the Western Han Dynasty and ended in the Eastern Jin Dynasty about 300 years ago, with 600 people and rich content." He also emphatically commented on the kung fu of "translation". He defended and affirmed the argument that others denied Ma's translation. He attributed the difficulty in translating Shi Shuo Xin Yu to his own failure in translation. He translated "twenty or thirty paragraphs before quitting". He praised Ma Jun's 20 years of hard work, 20 years of hard work, single-mindedness and perseverance, and his translation of the full text was commendable and admirable. He fully affirmed the translation achievements of this book and its contribution to spreading China's traditional culture abroad.

Reading the principles of cooking is very interesting. This is a book reflecting food culture. He believes that diet is an important part of the art of life, and recipes should be more important than taste. This book "has a comprehensive understanding of cooking and a theoretical explanation step by step." It is really close to the Tao to solve the problem. " After a simple theoretical summary, he artistically introduced the cooking techniques of famous time-honored restaurants and famous dishes in Beijing with his own practical experience, which not only made the comments interesting, but also made people salivate. His diet books also include Yuan Shan's Recipes, Eating in China and Eating. In addition to artistic and cultural diet, his comments on eating also deeply reveal his deep nostalgia for Beijing and his hometown.

Xiao Jizong's Solitary Collection is an essay, and Liang Shiqiu made in-depth comments at different levels with the help of the essay. The article takes "lions and tigers are lonely when hunting;" Foxes and dogs often flock together. "It reminds people of the characteristics of people and works, and Xiao Jun's is different. Then, in the preface, the author uses the words of "being alone" and "talking to himself" to explain that his works are "not following fashion, not being led by others, and not telling lies". This deepened the author's personality. Then sum up all the works: "every article has its own opinions, and people don't follow suit." "The author has a good sense of humor and justice, and his article is full of laughter and abuse. Then grasp the article "Trembling", give full play to it, and prove your conclusion with examples. Finally, with a sentence from Li Yan, the full text came to an abrupt end: seeking a way out from science in learning. Although the comment is not long, it is very deep, philosophical and intriguing.

Some people commented that Liang Shiqiu "stepped on Chinese and Western cultures, and one was between the old and the new". This means that he has studied Chinese and western cultures, old and new cultures. Indeed, his research on western literature and art is relatively in-depth. Compared with domestic works, Liang Shiqiu's comments on western works have made greater achievements. Especially compared with his contemporaries, he is a leader in introducing and introducing western literary criticism theory. His comments include Aristotle's Poetics, Horace's The Art of Poetry, Comments on Meditations, Han Lie's Thoughts, How to Read the History of English Literature, Sinclair's The Art of Money Worship, Mary Mary and Reading Civilization. Aristotle is the originator of western literary criticism, and his Poetics is regarded as a classic of critical theory by the west. Horace is the biggest critic in Rome, and his The Art of Poetry is a critical masterpiece equivalent to Poetics. In his comments, Liang Shiqiu not only introduced the contents and characteristics of the two books, but also expounded the development process of critical theory with the background of the times, affirmed their achievements and historical status, and said that the main purpose of Poetics was to state a universal artistic principle, not to criticize those writers in the heyday of Greece. Therefore, we should regard Poetics as the first masterpiece of artistic principles, not just the product of a certain place. It is considered that the elaboration of poetics has universal significance and is regarded as a universal principle. Horace's criticism of literature in "The Art of Poetry" is reasonable, and all his critical theories, "Too Half Refuting Aristotle", are two excellent academic comments. The rest are comments on philosophy, literary history, history and novels, each with its own characteristics. While commenting on western works, Liang Shiqiu also commented on many critical theoretical works. His Literary Criticism published in 1934 is a monograph on European literary criticism. The content is divided into introduction, classical criticism-Greek era, classical criticism-Roman era, medieval and Renaissance, neoclassical criticism, romantic criticism, modern criticism and conclusion. He contacted the authors and works of different times and expounded the development of western literary criticism in historical order, which was both objective description and his own thoughts and comments, both systematic and profound. He also wrote Karel's Literary Criticism, Cicero's Literary Criticism, Literary Criticism Debate, Wilde's Aestheticism and so on. These comments cover all aspects of critical field theory. Even today, reading these comments is of great significance for us to understand the development of western literary criticism.

Re-discussion on "Nothing to do with the Anti-Japanese War" —— Debate between True Gentleman and True Villain

More than half a century ago, a man suddenly found himself on the blacklist of Japanese detective teams, so he immediately wrote down his will and fled Beiping for Sichuan overnight. Since then, he has been wandering for several years, and his wife has been separated from each other, which is miserable. For a long time, this man has been called a running dog, a running dog and even a traitor by many people. This is a wonderful thing.

A discerning person will know at a glance that I am talking about Mr. Liang Shiqiu.

When he was young, Liang Shiqiu was a passionate person. When the Japanese invaders threatened to drink Ma Zhongyuan, he wrote a lot of impassioned political comments and attacked the facts. Before the fall of Beiping, he said to his eldest daughter, Liang, at the dinner table, "Son, the baked wheat cake you will eat tomorrow is the baked wheat cake in conquered people." Childlike heart is still alive. Because of this, the Japanese intend to take some action against him. He mentioned in the article "Remembering the War of Resistance": "On July 28, 26, the Japanese invaders captured Beiping. A few days later, Mr. Zhong Zhang, the inspector of Peking University, hurriedly reported:' There are acquaintances in the investigation team. It is said that you and I are both on the blacklist, so this is the best policy. "At that time, the situation was very tense, accompanied by Ye Gongchao and others, but for the sake of safety, several people pretended not to know each other on the train and never said a word.

Objectively speaking, during the war, the direct use of literati was not great, but everyone was still doing their own things conscientiously. Shen Congwen, Jin and others taught at the conference. Lao She was the head of the Anti-Enemy Association in China's literary and art circles, and of course Zhou Zuoren did not listen to the advice of his friends and righteously chose another road. At this time, Liang Shiqiu didn't want to teach. Compared with Shen Congwen, who was born as a martial man, Liang Shiqiu has a more complicated complex of joining the WTO. Many literati, out of the psychology of sour grapes, often belittle politics to set off their lofty. But Liang Shiqiu is not. In an interview with Qiu Yanming in his later years, he said: "Private affairs are ethics, and business is politics. How can you not ask politics in a crowd? Old friends are political animals, but politics is different from being an official. Politics is learning, and being an official is a profession. " He tried to take care of politics from the perspective of scholars, which doomed him to hit a wall many times in his life. Li Ao once criticized Liang Shiqiu for being too timid in his later years, but this was actually his helplessness after many vicissitudes. As he said in his later years: "After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was chaotic again, and all thoughts were chaotic. It doesn't help the overall situation, I would rather keep my mouth shut. "

There are three things that make Liang Shiqiu famous: first, of course, the debate with Mr. Lu Xun; Second, the "unrelated war of resistance" referred to by thousands of people; Third, the popular Essays of Elegant Rooms. As for Shakespeare's translation, I personally think I have to lean back. The dispute between Lu and Liang suddenly made Liang Shiqiu the sworn enemy of the left-wing literati. When he lived in a tube-shaped apartment, he was called an apple polisher and a running dog. Once people catch something that can be misinterpreted, the storm of criticism that turns black and white will naturally follow.

This is the editor's note that made him take the blame for half his life: "Now China's war of resistance is above everything else, so some people can't forget the war of resistance once they write it. My opinion is slightly different. We welcome the materials related to the war of resistance, but the materials unrelated to the war of resistance are good as long as they are true and smooth, and there is no need to force the war of resistance. As for the empty' anti-Japanese stereotyped writing', it is not good for anyone. " This passage is literally correct and reasonable. In fact, there is nothing wrong with it literally, but in that special era, it is obviously a bit too bookish to say these words. People with ulterior motives will certainly not miss this opportunity. As Liang Shiqiu later said, "I have never said that literature and art have nothing to do with the war of resistance." This is the hat that leftists are good at wearing ... During the five or six years before the Anti-Japanese War, leftists kept attacking me, because a handful of people tried to create a momentum to dominate the so-called' literary world' and' serve politics' under the guise of forces unrelated to literature. Of course, they can't tolerate anyone's dissent. I criticized the Literary Policy translated by Lu Xun, and I also exposed the sudden rise and fall of "general literature". I have always advocated freedom of thought, which was taboo for some people at that time. In the war of resistance and military prosperity, I advocated unity with the outside world. I can't sympathize with all acts against the government. This is another reason for resentment. So, someone made me a hat that had nothing to do with the war of resistance. Its climax was Yan 'an's refusal to visit me as a member of the observer group of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference North China Comfort Station. In fact, I hope to go to the field with great enthusiasm. "Obviously, the so-called" unrelated to the Anti-Japanese War "does not come from Liang's writing itself, but from other people's reasoning, which has been planned for a long time and is not the first time. In 1930s, when Liang testified for others in Shanghai, he was arrested by Tian Han (who was eavesdropping at that time). After his arrest, he also asked Hu Shi to ask Huang and rogue Du for help. This kind of reasoning is even more ridiculous than the theory of irrelevance in the war of resistance against Japan, but this issue is not as sensitive as ethnic issues, and it is just a note of "running dogs", so it has no such great influence as the theory of irrelevance in the war of resistance against Japan.

After Liang Shiqiu's remarks were misinterpreted, he was immediately besieged by all sides. Let's take a look at different attack methods used by different people:

Luo Sun said in Chongqing193865438+February 5th Ta Kung Pao that Liang Shiqiu was deliberately "unconventional" and he was "unpopular" in the gambling industry. "Do something unconventional" is like this. The word "doing what others like" was really dangerous at that time. Imagine that everyone is writing about the war of resistance, and suddenly Mr. Liang said not to write about the war of resistance (in fact, what Mr. Liang said was that there was no need to write about the war of resistance, so let's reason according to Luo Sun's understanding first). So who is Mr. Liang stealing at this moment? * * * Producer? Of course not. Chiang Kai-shek really won't. That is, of course, the Great Japanese Empire and their Mr. Wang, so that's what Mr. Liang bet on. Liang Shiqiu's original intention was actually to improve the quality of newspaper supplements, but from the beginning of Luo Sun's rendering, it became a political issue. Both Liang's former opponents and potential opponents realize that this is a godsend opportunity to criticize Liang Shiqiu.

Interestingly, in order to prove that Liang Shiqiu is "divorced from reality" and "fantasizing in his living room", Luo Sun said that Liang "used to live in a German-style building" and now he is "locked in an ancient building in China, Chongqing". In this regard, Liang Shiqiu solemnly retorted: "I want to be clear: Mr. Luo insisted that I used to live in a German-style building, and now I have to sit down and really belong to the class that should be overthrown. I have learned this technique many times. Ten years ago, a self-proclaimed left-wing writer said in Germination Monthly that Liang Shiqiu went to school to teach in a black car with velvet cushions for his own use. Actually, damn it! Mr. Luo's strokes are not brilliant. " Arguing is not a bad thing, but fabricating arguments is a bad argument. In order to prove Liang Shiqiu's traitorous thought, Luo Sun quoted Liang Shiqiu's statement that "China is a weak country" in Free Review a long time ago in the article "Re-discussion on" Nothing to do with the Anti-Japanese War "below (I really don't understand why the words" Nothing to do with the Anti-Japanese War "were put in double quotation marks, but Luo Sun made them up by himself), but he didn't seem to read it clearly. In this regard, Liang Shiqiu did not refute, because not looking at the context is a problem that only primary school students will make, and Mr. Luo's pen is even less clever.

Ba Ren, a famous left-wing critic, also said in his "Struggle against Individualism in the Field of Literature and Art" that Liang Shiqiu's "demand for words unrelated to the war of resistance" is "to live in the era of the war of resistance, and to ask people to write words unrelated to the war of resistance, unless he is not from China." When I read these words of Ba people, I couldn't help laughing. It turns out that during the Anti-Japanese War, it was not allowed to write words unrelated to the Anti-Japanese War, so the pupils who wrote "upper and lower population" unrelated to the Anti-Japanese War were not from China; Therefore, Mr. Accountant's bookkeeping has nothing to do with the Anti-Japanese War, and he is not from China. Therefore, during the Anti-Japanese War, only the denomination and the words "XX Bank" were printed on the banknotes, and there was no slogan of the Anti-Japanese War, so the people who spent the money were not from China. I estimate that no matter what Comrade Ba wrote at that time, he would write two anti-Japanese words first. Even if he goes to the toilet, he will write down in print on cursive paper: Down with Japanese imperialism. I also think of the previous marriage certificate. Before the text, there are always a few quotations from Chairman Mao, such as "prepare for war, prepare for famine and serve the people", which is probably the reason.

Pakistanis also said that the root of Liang Shiqiu's "denouncing anti-Japanese literature and art as anti-Japanese stereotyped writing" was "trying to realize the growth of his national defense literature that suppressed anti-Japanese writing", saying that what Liang Shiqiu wanted to destroy was not anti-Japanese stereotyped writing, but War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression itself. God, a scholar like Liang Shiqiu wants to "suppress the war of resistance" and "sabotage the war of resistance". He has great courage and ability. Mr. Ma Ji once said a cross talk: Some people say that Ma Ji laid an egg, which is a myth, but it spread more and more. Some people say that he laid a salted duck egg, others say it was a goose egg, and finally it turned into a dinosaur egg and hatched a pig. I think the Ba people are really good at incubating pigs. Several technical opinions in the supplement were carried forward, which became a reactionary declaration to stifle the war of resistance and a powerful evidence for Liang Shiqiu to collaborate with the enemy and betray the country. It's a pity that Comrade Ba's imagination is so good that he didn't write novels and became a critic. I really sympathize with people like Ba people. He himself did not make any glorious contribution in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. From beginning to end, he is a role of hiding and boasting. What qualifications does he have to comment on Liang Shiqiu who was blacklisted by the Japanese detective team, and what qualifications do he have to comment on Liang Shiqiu who risked his life to inspect the front line of North China as a national political commissar!

At that time, there were many people who criticized Liang Shiqiu, but the comments of Guo Moruo, Zhang Tianyi and Mao Dun. I didn't show the stereotype of Luo Sun and Ba people, so I won't mention it here. Two others have to be mentioned: Zhu Guangqian and Shen Congwen. These are also two bookish gentlemen. When others hit Reservoir Dogs (even if they don't hit him, they will stay away), but they each said a few words of fairness, and they were involved for no reason. Those red-eyed literati, part-time literati and pseudo-literati are worried that they can't find Liang Shiqiu's companion, so unfortunately they have become the target of public criticism and vicious language is everywhere at once. There is a saying in China that "a gentleman keeps pace with the times", yes, because a gentleman is flexible. Therefore, Mr. Zhu and Mr. Shen are not "brave men", they are true gentlemen, but on the secular level, true gentlemen are no match for true villains.