Social work theory

First, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, also known as "basic hierarchy of needs theory", is one of the theories of behavioral science. Maslow put it forward in the paper "Theory of Human Motivation" 1943. There are five types of demands, which are stepped up from low to high, namely, physiological demands, safety demands, emotional and belonging demands, respect demands and self-realization demands. There are two other needs: the demand for knowledge and the demand for aesthetics. These two needs are not included in his hierarchy of needs, and he thinks they should be between respecting needs and self-realization needs. This paper also discusses the value and application of the hierarchy of needs theory.

Second, social learning theory

Bandura believes that it is to explore the influence of individual cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors and their interaction on human behavior. According to Bandura, previous learning theorists generally ignored the restrictive effect of social variables on human behavior. They usually use physical methods to experiment with animals and use them to construct their theoretical system, which seems to be not scientifically convincing for studying the behavior of people living in society. Because people always live in certain social conditions, Bandura advocates studying people's behavior in natural social situations rather than in the laboratory.

Third, Shu Ci's interpersonal needs theory

Social psychologist Shu Ci put forward the three-dimensional theory of interpersonal needs. Shu Ci believes that every individual has three basic needs in the process of interpersonal communication, namely, tolerance needs, dominance needs and emotional needs. These three basic interpersonal needs determine the behavior that individuals take in interpersonal communication, and how to describe, explain and predict the behavior of others. The formation of the three basic needs is closely related to the individual's early growth experience. Inclusive needs mean that individuals want to contact, associate and belong to a certain group. The need to establish and maintain a satisfactory relationship with others.

Fourth, the self-theory in the mirror.

By American sociologist Charles? Horton? Cooley put forward in his book Social Organization published in 1909. He believes that people's behavior depends largely on their self-awareness, which is mainly formed through social interaction with others. The evaluation and attitude of others to themselves is a "mirror" to reflect themselves, and individuals can know and grasp themselves through this mirror. Therefore, people's self is formed through interaction with others, which includes three aspects: 1, how others "know" their own imagination; 2. About how others "evaluate" their imagination; 3. My feelings about "knowing" or "evaluating" others.

V Bertrand's general system theory

Berta Langfield (190 1~ 1972), an Austrian-born American biologist, is the founder of general system theory and theoretical biology. In 1950s, he put forward antibody system theory and system theory in biology and physics, advocated systematic, holistic and computer mathematical modeling methods, and regarded biology as the concept of open system research, which laid the foundation for system biology research at the level of ecosystem and organ system.

Six, Eriksson's theory of eight stages of personality development.

Erickson (1902) is a famous American psychiatrist and a representative of the new psychoanalysis school. He believes that the development of human self-consciousness lasts for a lifetime, and he divides the formation and development of self-consciousness into eight stages. The order of these eight stages is determined by heredity, but whether each stage can pass smoothly is determined by the environment, so this theory can be called "psychological-social" stage theory. Every stage can not be ignored. Eriksson's theory of lifelong personality development provides theoretical basis and educational content for education at different ages. Educational mistakes at any age will hinder a person's lifelong development. It also tells everyone why you have become like this, which are positive and which are negative, and at which age, it gives you a basis for reflection. 1. Infants (0~ 15 years old): the conflict between basic trust and distrust II. Childhood (1.5~3 years old): the conflict between autonomy and shyness and doubt 3. Early school age (3~5 years old): initiative and guilt conflict 4. The conflict between diligence and inferiority of school-age (6 ~ 65438+) 5. Puberty (12~ 18 years old): the conflict between self-identity and role confusion 6. Early adulthood (18~25 years old): the conflict between intimacy and loneliness 7. Adulthood (25~65 years old): conflict between fertility and self-concentration. Maturity (over 65 years old) He put forward eight stages, which everyone will go through, and each stage is very important for personality development. (1) Basic trust and distrust (2) Autonomy and shame and doubt (3) Initiative and guilt (4) Diligence and inferiority (5) Self-identity and role confusion (6) Intimacy and loneliness (7) Reproduction and stagnation (8) Self-integration and disappointment (7: 9) Enneagram regularity; Initiative; Adaptability; Scope of interest; The intensity of the reaction; Psychological quality; Degree of distraction; Concentration range/persistence. In recent years, it has been highly praised by MBA students from Stanford University and other internationally renowned universities, and has become one of the most popular courses today. In recent ten years, it has become popular in European and American academic and business circles. The management of the world's top 500 enterprises all learn nine personality types to train employees, build teams and improve their execution. Activity level; Regularity; Initiative; Adaptability; Scope of interest; The intensity of the reaction; Psychological quality; Degree of distraction; Concentration range/persistence. David? David Daniels found that these nine different temperaments just matched the nine types of personality. Nine-type personality is not only a subtle personality analysis tool, but also provides in-depth insights for personal cultivation, self-improvement and experience. Different from other methods of personality classification today, type nine personality reveals people's deepest values and attention focus, which is not affected by superficial external behavior changes. It can make people really understand themselves and help people understand their own personality, so as to fully accept their own shortcomings and advantages; It can make people understand different personality types, so as to know how to communicate and get along with different people and establish a more sincere and harmonious partnership with others.

7. Cognitive behavioral therapy uses cognitive behavioral theory, and ABC theory is the core theory in this theory.

Cognitive behavior theory aims to alleviate bad emotions and behaviors by changing cognitive patterns and behavior patterns. It uses cognition to correct behavior and emphasizes the importance of cognition in the process of solving problems. It is a combination of cognitive theory and behavioral theory. Because emotional problems often end up as behavioral problems, such as truancy, fighting, exposure, compulsive behavior, etc., these two parts are solved at the same time in practical work.

Cognitive behavior theory explains that cognition plays the most important role in cognition, emotion and behavior. Cognition leads to emotion, emotion leads to behavior, and behavior continues to affect cognition, thus forming a triangular cycle. Psychological problems such as depression, anxiety and compulsion are distorted and brought into such a vicious circle, leading to more and more serious emotional and behavioral problems. ABC theory was first put forward by albert ellis. A- refers to the events, scenes and people that happened. B- refers to people's ideas about A, or some deep-rooted beliefs and cognition. C- refers to the result, including: emotion, behavior, physical reaction, etc. People often ignore B and think that their negative emotions and bad behaviors are caused by A. In fact, what we think about people or things is the real reason for negative emotions. In clinic, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used non-drug therapy to treat psychological problems. For mild to moderate depression and anxiety compulsion, CBT can be the first choice. For serious patients in time, psychotherapy is also a necessary auxiliary treatment after the symptoms are stabilized by drugs, which even prevents recurrence better than drug treatment.

Eight, social destruction theory and social reconstruction theory

Social damage theory is concerned that sometimes some normal emotional reactions of the elderly will be regarded as symptoms by others and overreact, thus damaging their self-cognition. For example, an old man whose health was damaged by senile diseases asked whether his children should live with him. This kind of inquiry is likely to be seen by children as a sign that the elderly can no longer make any decisions, and they will make decisions for the elderly anywhere from now on. Over time, this kind of worry will have a negative impact on the elderly, making them feel that they really lack the ability and leave all the decision-making power to their children. In other words, the elderly who accept negative signs will then enter a passive and dependent position and lose their original independent ability. There are too many cases in real life, which show that excessive concern for the elderly leads to the wrong cognition that the elderly think they are useless, thus causing harm to their body and mind. This theory has a far-reaching impact on the elderly social workers. It at least tells us that most of the so-called problems of the elderly are the result of calibration and the chain reaction caused by the negative hints of the elderly themselves. Therefore, in the process of helping the elderly, we should not only help them solve practical problems, but also help them enhance their confidence and ability.

The theory of social reconstruction aims to change the objective environment of the elderly and help them rebuild their self-confidence. The basic model of social reconstruction theory is: the first stage: let the elderly know about the prejudice and misunderstanding of the elderly in society. The second stage: improve the objective environment of the elderly and solve the housing, medical care and poverty problems of the elderly by advocating government-funded services. The third stage: encourage the elderly to plan and decide for themselves and enhance their ability to solve problems by themselves.

Nine. Social support network

Social support network refers to the connection between a group of individuals, through which individuals can maintain their social identity and obtain emotional support, material help and services, information and new social connections.

According to the theory of social support, the stronger a person's social support network, the better he can cope with various challenges from the environment. Resources owned by individuals can be divided into personal resources and social resources. Personal resources include personal self-function and coping ability, the latter refers to the breadth of personal social network and the degree of social support function that people in the network can provide. Social work oriented by social support theory emphasizes changing the role of individuals in their personal lives by interfering with their social networks. Especially for those individuals who lack social network resources or the ability to use social networks, social workers are committed to giving them necessary help, helping them expand social network resources and improve their ability to use social networks.

X. theory of dominant perspective

"Advantage perspective" is a basic category and principle in the field of social work, which means that "all social workers should base themselves on discovering, seeking, exploring and utilizing the advantages and resources of the case owner to help them realize their goals and dreams, and resist the control of the mainstream society in the face of setbacks and misfortunes in life. This perspective emphasizes the inner wisdom of the human spirit and emphasizes that even the poorest people abandoned by society have inner transformation ability. " Generally speaking, "advantage perspective" is a way of thinking and working that focuses on personal advantages, uses and develops people's potential as a starting point, helps them get rid of setbacks and unfortunate adversity, and finally realizes their goals and ideals.

The advantage perspective transcends the traditional theoretical model of social work and pays attention to the advantages, potential and achievements of individual cases. This breakthrough has the significance of paradigm revolution in the field of social work. It was first put forward by DennisSaleebey, a professor at the School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas in the United States, in the book "Superiority Perspective: A New Model of Social Work Practice". The mainstream view of social work opposes the problem of the parties and thinks that the label of the problem has a nibbling effect on the parties. After repeated many times, it changed the owner's view of himself and the people around him. In the long run, these changes include personal self-identity (less and less confident). Celeber clearly put forward: "The dominant perspective is a dramatic leap to the traditional social work practice. The practice of leading perspective orientation means that all social workers should, to some extent, be based on discovering and seeking, exploring and utilizing the advantages and resources of the case owner, helping them achieve their goals and dreams, and facing the setbacks and misfortunes in life, resisting the control of the mainstream society. "Celeber believes that for some time, we have not done enough to give full play to the advantages of the case owner." The practice of advantage perspective requires us to look at it from a completely different angle.

Looking at the case owners, their environment and their current situation is no longer encouraging or focused on the problem, but on the possibility. In the thorns of trauma, pain and suffering, you can see the seeds of hope and change. In fact, this formula is very simple: mobilize the strength of the case owner (genius, knowledge, ability and resources) to achieve their goals and wishes, so that the case owner will have a better quality of life. "