Briefly describe the evolution of China's national defense, and what enlightenment have you got from it? thesis

Abstract] From the bibliometric point of view, the development of national defense economics in New China can be divided into three stages, namely, discipline creation before 1985, discipline construction from 1986 to the end of the 2th century, and discipline transformation since the 21st century. The evolution of new China's national defense economics is closely related to the evolution of international strategic situation, the change of China's national development strategy, the development of national defense strategy and military strategy, the enhancement of national strength, and the academic progress of economics. The development of war forms also promotes the progress of new China's national defense economics. On the whole, the development of national defense economics in New China is staged, dynamic and unbalanced, which lags behind the development of mainstream economics. Further research shows that the development of national defense economics after the reform and opening up has shown the characteristics of jumping, stability and continuity, and there is a trend of integration with mainstream economics in the future.

[ Keywords] Evolution characteristics of national defense economics in New China

[ Document identification code ]A

[ Article number] 15-4952 (21) 1-8-8

Since the founding of New China, national defense economics has made great progress and has a lot of experiences and lessons, which can undoubtedly be summarized and studied for a long time. National defense economics focuses on the change of military strategy under the guidance of national interests, and studies the ideological change process of national defense economic issues such as military expenditure, military production and management, military human resources, war conflicts and disarmament. As for the study of new China's national defense economics, the fundamental task is to comprehensively review the evolution of national defense economics. On the basis of comprehensively collecting, sorting out and studying documents, according to the discipline system of contemporary national defense economics, we will sort out different clues in stages and topics, such as military expenditure research and military economy research in different stages, establish the basic facts of academic development itself, reveal its development context, and make a simple evaluation in a limited range. The evaluation criteria will adopt the method of restoring history and explaining history. As a scientific formula, Marxist economics reveals that economics itself is a historical science. On the basis of reviewing the basic development of national defense economics in New China, this paper analyzes the various influencing factors of discipline development and the basic characteristics of national defense economics in New China, and provides rich materials for discipline construction and academic basis for national defense strategic decision-making.

first, the development of new China's national defense economics

New China's national defense economics is becoming a subject with both theoretical significance and application value in the field of contemporary economics. From the literature, it is found that the research of China's national defense economics began with the founding of New China. After the first 17 years of concept formation and vision expansion, and the "* * *" decade of combat readiness mobilization research, the truly systematic discipline research began in the mid-198s. After more than 2 years of efforts and development, a relatively complete theoretical system of national defense economy with China characteristics was established, including the basic theory of national defense economics and a number of branches with rich content and strong reality. From the perspective of the evolution of national defense economics, it seems to be divided into three periods, namely, the discipline creation before 1985, the discipline construction from 1986 to the end of the 2th century, and the discipline transformation since the 21st century.

(1) The discipline was initiated before 1985

This period can be divided into three stages: 1949-1966, 1966-1976 and 1976-1985.

1. Research on national defense economics from 1949 to 1966

After the founding of New China, national defense economics comprehensively studied the national defense construction of New China on the basis of the research on war economy, aiming at the new reality and using new means. At this stage, the main research object of defense economics is the experience of foreign defense economic development. From the perspective of literature aggregation, it mainly studies the profound influence of American defense economic policies and problems, and a large number of documents have been translated and introduced. The academic circles have conducted in-depth research on the strategic issues, military expenditure changes, military economy, military acquisition and arms trade, military manpower economics and disarmament issues in the development of American defense economy by using Marxist political economy methods. It is believed that the United States relies on its military strength to establish military alliances and bases extensively through increasing military appropriations, with the aim of dominating the world, and the main ideological support is the "strength theory." At this stage, although the discipline of national defense economics has not been formally established, the research methods, objects and contents, as well as the basic problems to be solved, have been very different from the scope of contemporary economics.

2. Research on national defense economics from 1966 to 1976

At this stage, theoretical research tends to stagnate due to the outbreak of "* * *", and the theme of national defense economic research mainly focuses on the field of war preparedness economy. By sorting out the literature, it is found that the research topics in the past ten years are basically aimed at the war threat of the Soviet Union, focusing on the mobilization of combat readiness and the armament construction of "combining labor with weapons". In the later period of "* * *", the modernization of national defense put forward the requirements of attaching importance to national defense science and technology, reducing the number of military personnel and improving the combat effectiveness of the army, so there are many discussions on this issue. However, there are few academic achievements that have long-term impact at this stage. The main works (translations) are scattered in People's Daily, People's Liberation Army Daily, Red Flag magazine and other local newspapers, such as editorials, articles by special commentators, newsletters and summary manuscripts of Xinhua News Agency, etc. The party's literature also accounts for a certain amount. These materials all represent the voices of the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission at that time, and are highly valued, which also reflects the evolution of academic thoughts on national defense and war preparedness at that time. At this stage, the rise of Soviet sea power was initially concerned; Taiwan Province's academic circles have made some progress in the study of China's * * incident thought and sea power. Representative works include: Essays on National Construction (Taipei National Defense Research Institute, China Grand Ceremony Press in 1966), Essays on Sea Power by Yang Zhen (Taipei National Defense Research Institute in 1968), and History of China's * * incident thought by Wei Rulin and Liu Zhongping (Taipei National Defense Research Institute, China Grand Ceremony Press).

3. The development of national defense economics from 1976 to 1985 promoted the establishment of national defense economics discipline and the emergence of a number of national defense economic research institutions. In 1975, * * * put forward the idea that "the army should be reorganized". After entering the new era, the general goal of national defense and army building centered on modernization has been established. Around these important ideas, academic circles pay more attention to the study of science, technology and economy in national defense construction. Several modern local wars at this stage directly promoted the academic research of national defense modernization. Aiming at the need of war preparation, it has become a bright spot at this stage to seriously study the main economic and technical characteristics of modern local wars and put forward the applied research of countermeasures.

At this stage, the research method of national defense economy is still based on Marxist political economy, but driven by the ideological emancipation movement, some academic achievements using modern viewpoints and methods, such as "system theory", have emerged, and new viewpoints have been put forward on this basis, which has greatly promoted the innovation of contemporary national defense economy; At the same time, the establishment of the discipline provides a scientific platform for various research institutions to scientifically use academic resources and carry out research on problems that need to be solved urgently in modern wars, and promotes the arrival of the next stage of national defense economics prosperity.

(II) Discipline Construction from 1986 to the end of the 2th century

During this period, the national defense economy was officially listed in the discipline catalogue and became an organic component of applied economics. Academic research was unprecedentedly prosperous, and Qian Xuesen and Huan Xiang made great contributions. A number of experts and scholars have emerged one after another, a number of colleges and research institutions have begun to study national defense economics through textbook construction, scientific research and recruiting graduate students, a number of professional journals have been published, and a large number of academic monographs have emerged. The annual academic conference has gradually become a regular activity for academic exchanges and discipline construction. The academic research in this period was promoted in an all-round way on the basis of the realistic problems faced by national defense modernization after several modern local wars, the in-depth development of high-tech wars and the idea of new military revolution around the 198s. There were many works on the relationship between military strategy and economic construction, the allocation of national defense economic resources, the attributes of military products and other theoretical aspects, as well as the theory and practice of military expenditure, military economy and military procurement and military trade, sea power theory, national defense mobilization theory, military manpower economics and so on. At this stage, the research methods of national defense economics are quite different. The theoretical national defense economics based on Marxist political economy and the contemporary national defense economics based on quantitative methods and attaching importance to empirical research have both developed. Moreover, the two theoretical systems have had a multi-disciplinary dialogue, and various schemes have been put forward for the research methods, objects and contents, as well as the construction of academic systems. This period can be divided into two stages: the period of steady development from 1986 to 1993 and the period of academic activity from 1993 to the end of the 2th century, which is marked by the theory of socialist market economy put forward by the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The previous national defense economics followed the framework of Marxist political economy in terms of methods, objects and contents, and then, with the introduction of contemporary economic methods, it showed a trend of development to contemporary national defense economics.

(III) Transformation of national defense economics since the 21st century

Strictly speaking, the transformation of national defense economics took place after the formal start of discipline construction in 1985, but it was clearly put forward at the beginning of the 21st century. The academic circles generally believe that the theory of national defense economy within the framework of Marxist political economy has made great contributions to the development of China's national defense economy. With more and more practical problems in the construction of national defense economy, it is required to use tools such as quantitative analysis to directly promote the development of contemporary national defense economics. In terms of research methods, it is necessary to use more standardized research procedures such as research hypothesis, model construction, scientific calculation and empirical verification, and popularize them to the general public, that is, to change from emphasizing inductive research and deductive research to emphasizing deductive research mode. In the choice of research objects, contemporary national defense economics pays more attention to basic theoretical research and puts forward a new discipline system, such as studying the allocation of resources such as military expenditure and its efficiency. In terms of research content, more attention is paid to the construction of modern national defense economic discipline system, and deterrence, evasion of war, the outbreak and termination of war, strategic influence, arms race and arms control are the main research contents. In this way, the research paradigm of military production and consumption, which was once widely used, began to change to the paradigm of studying strategies, wars, military expenditures, military products and soldiers. In this process, a group of young and middle-aged national defense economists are emerging, such as Jiang Luming, Luo Min, Wu Xizhi, Chen Bingfu and Hao Wanlu. Of course, the transformation of the discipline of national defense economics will not happen overnight, and it may take quite a long time.

II. Factors of the evolution of national defense economics in New China

Since the founding of New China, the development and evolution of national defense economics has been all-round, mainly manifested in the stages of development, including the choice of research methods, objects and basic contents, and the change of research paradigm (that is, a scientific habit and academic tradition of studying national defense economics) is the main clue. Due to the applied nature of the discipline of national defense economics, the development of the discipline is closely related to the reality of national defense economy, including the changes in international strategic situation, the evolution of national defense strategy, the development of military expenditure economy, and the reform of military economy, all of which have a profound impact on the national defense economics of new China and are the main factors that determine the evolution of national defense economics of new China.

After the founding of New China, safeguarding national independence, national sovereignty and territorial integrity is an important task for Chinese people, and at the same time, healing the wounds of war and building their homeland have also become the main tasks of the whole nation. During the 17 years from 1949 to 1966, the relationship between national defense construction and economic construction in China was relatively * * *, and the military expenditure kept increasing in step with the national economic development, and a national defense industrial system adapted to the requirements of national defense strategy and national strength was initially established. The active defense strategy effectively resisted the threat and invasion of foreign enemies, and won the national defense construction. At this stage, because China and the United States are each other's enemies in reality, the academic circles take the change of American strategy, the increase of military expenditure, the related problems of military economy, and the so-called "disarmament" and military manpower problems that occur intermittently as the research objects, and use the methods of political economy and history to make in-depth research. Since the 196s, due to the bad relations between China and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union has deployed millions of troops on the Sino-Soviet border and threatened nuclear war. China has to temporarily slow down the speed of economic construction and actively prepare for war. Under the guidance of the strategy of "fighting early, fighting big and fighting nuclear war", it has adopted the policy of "digging deep holes, accumulating grain extensively and not seeking hegemony", putting more economic resources on national defense construction, and at the same time focusing on "combining labor with arms". At this stage, the academic focus turned to the Soviet Union's war preparation and ocean expansion, and the sea power theory entered the research field of vision; However, the research methods have hardly changed, and the research content is relatively narrow, among which there are more studies on strategic opponents. With the reform and opening up and the relaxation of Sino-Soviet relations in the late Cold War, disarmament and military conversion have become the world trend, and how to use national defense resources for civilian purposes and the economic benefits of national defense resources have become the focus of academic circles. Many scholars have explored economic national defense issues in succession, which directly promoted the birth of the discipline of national defense economics.

there is a view that contemporary national defense economics was born in the 196s, and research on the history of national defense economics theory holds that national defense economics was born in the early 2th century. From the subject point of view, the western defense economics began with the study of war in the economy. Of course, the Soviet Union's national defense economics took a different path, focusing on the economic issues in military products and strategies, and occasionally discussing the economic benefits of national defense, but the Soviet Union's national defense economics emphasized the main responsibilities and obligations of the state in allocating national defense resources. From the translation and research of American and Soviet defense economic theories in various periods, it has had a profound impact on China's defense economics. Before the 199s, it was mainly the Soviet defense economic theory that influenced the academic circles, which was manifested in the aspects of methods, objects and contents. After that, China proposed to build a socialist market economic system. At the same time, due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the academic focus began to turn to the West, and more and more western economic theories were introduced to China, and the number of defense economic papers using contemporary economic paradigms was also increasing. Apart from the translation of academic works and the influence on the study of foreign documents, the international forum on the transfer of Chinese and foreign military forces after the Cold War, as well as the academic exchanges held by western universities and related universities in China, have promoted the internationalization of the discipline of national defense economics, and the research on disarmament issues has also attracted the attention of the United Nations.

after the end of the cold war, national defense strategies have been greatly adjusted, and military and national defense resources have been transferred to civilian use on a large scale. The United States put forward the theory of economic security, and invested national defense resources in safeguarding the hegemonic position of the United States and safeguarding its global economic interests; After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia destroyed the surplus part of its main military and national defense resources and implemented the strategy of converting military to civilian. China was earlier than the transformation of the national defense strategy of the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1975, * * proposed that the army should be reorganized, and in 1985, it decided to disarm by 1 million. After that, the military expenditure was greatly reduced, and the national defense industrial system and mechanism were reformed. In 1992, a strategic decision was made to build a socialist market economic system.