Natural disaster relief category

China is one of the few countries with the most serious natural disasters in the world, which causes nearly 20,000 deaths every year on average, and the direct economic loss is as high as 1/4 to 1/6 of the national fiscal revenue. Moreover, with the development of social economy and the intensification of human activities, the loss of natural disasters is still increasing at a faster speed, reaching the level of hundreds of billions of yuan per year in the 1990s, which has brought huge losses to people's lives and property and seriously affected the sustainable development of China. In view of the current disaster situation, after analyzing the current disaster reduction work in China, some Chinese scholars put forward the idea of establishing a natural disaster mitigation system engineering (Zongjin Ma et al., 1990, 1992), analyzed the necessity and feasibility of establishing such a system, and discussed the main contents of the natural disaster mitigation system engineering in detail (Zongjin Ma et al., 199655). Zongjin Ma et al., 1998), pointed out that the disaster reduction system project in China should include ten aspects: monitoring, forecasting, evaluation, disaster prevention, disaster relief, post-disaster resettlement and reconstruction, education and legislation, insurance and fund, planning and command, and analyzed the relationship between these ten aspects. However, at present, there are still some problems worth studying in the establishment of disaster reduction system engineering in China: 1) What are the characteristics of the existing disaster reduction system engineering in the world, and what enlightenment can we get from it? 2) What is the most urgent problem to be solved during the establishment of disaster reduction system engineering? This paper will take the United States and Japan as examples to discuss these two issues. First, the current situation of disaster reduction system engineering in China

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of China disaster reduction system engineering Since the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the China government has attached great importance to disaster reduction and set up seven categories of disaster reduction management departments. In addition, the national flood control and drought relief work is under the responsibility of the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters. Through more than 40 years' efforts, China has made great progress in disaster reduction. Although remarkable achievements have been made in disaster reduction in the first 40 years, the annual disaster losses in China are still rising year by year, reaching more than 280 billion yuan in 1996 and expected to exceed 300 billion yuan in 1998. This shows that natural disasters have become one of the biggest constraints to social and economic development, and disaster reduction has become a major social problem. At present, there are a series of problems in China's disaster reduction work, such as: imperfect disaster reduction legislation, lack of a comprehensive law to regulate national disaster reduction work; There is no long-term disaster reduction organization and disaster reduction material reserve; The construction of disaster reduction communication lags behind; The disaster reduction and relief system is not perfect; Shortage of disaster relief funds; The aging problem of various disaster-resistant projects is serious; Disaster reduction has not been included in the economic development plans of governments at all levels; Various disaster reduction monitoring and forecasting systems are scattered and redundant, with low efficiency; No social and economic development policies that meet the requirements of disaster reduction have been formulated in various regions. The final solution of these problems must rely on the establishment of disaster reduction system engineering, which is led by the state on the basis of legislation. All kinds of natural disasters are not isolated, and it is impossible to solve the increasingly serious disaster problem in China, especially the catastrophe, only by one kind of disaster reduction measures. To do a good job in disaster reduction, we must emphasize the transformation from single disaster reduction to comprehensive disaster reduction and establish a unified national disaster reduction system project. Various measures to mitigate natural disasters, including monitoring, forecasting, evaluation, disaster prevention, disaster relief, resettlement and new construction, education and legislation, insurance and funds, planning and command, can be considered as part of the disaster reduction system project and implemented comprehensively (Zongjin Ma, 19 1,1993,65433). Figure 1 is the basic framework of disaster reduction system engineering in China. The following briefly introduces the meaning of each part of disaster prevention and mitigation system engineering:

1. 1 Monitoring is to monitor disaster precursors, measure variation parameters, and monitor and evaluate the disaster situation after the disaster. The monitoring of natural disasters is the main measure to reduce disasters. By monitoring natural disasters to provide data and information, early warning and forecasting can be carried out. Therefore, the role and task of disaster monitoring is very clear, and it is also an indispensable part of disaster prevention and mitigation. In recent 40 years, China has established a single monitoring network for seven kinds of natural disasters, which generally consists of national comprehensive stations, regional monitoring stations and local stations. At present, the monitoring system network is mainly in the status quo of single development and communication means. The development of various monitoring systems is extremely unbalanced, which undoubtedly affects the further development of disaster monitoring in China. Because of the organic connection between various natural disasters, the construction of disaster monitoring system in the future should be based on the continuous improvement of various single types of monitoring systems and gradually develop in the direction of national comprehensive monitoring network. First, carry out cross-use of disaster information and establish a unified national disaster database. Then, based on remote sensing, telemetry numerical recording and automatic transmission, a three-dimensional monitoring network and an integrated information processing system for air, ground and people are established.

1.2 forecasting can be divided into long-term, medium-term and short-term forecasting, as well as impending disaster forecasting, which is the scientific basis for disaster reduction preparations at all levels. At present, the prediction work mainly emphasizes the group and chain of disasters and highlights the comprehensive characteristics of disasters. On the basis of in-depth study on the variation of integrated natural system, it is a new research direction in disaster prediction science to strengthen the prediction of various single natural disasters and gradually move towards systematic integrated prediction. In China, although each individual disaster prediction has certain experience and theoretical basis, the overall prediction level is extremely unbalanced. For example, the success rate of earthquake disaster prediction is only 20%, while short-term weather prediction can reach more than 70%. If there is no significant improvement in the monitoring and forecasting ability and data analysis method of natural disasters, it is difficult to improve the comprehensive forecasting level in the short term. In this regard, it is our future direction to introduce advanced monitoring and forecasting systems, expand international exchanges and speed up information exchange and digestion.

1.3 evaluation disaster evaluation refers to the estimation and judgment of the natural characteristics of disasters and their harm to society in the whole process of disasters. Specifically, assessment can be divided into: pre-assessment, post-assessment and post-disaster assessment. Disaster assessment is the main means to measure the benefit of disaster reduction, and the correctness of pre-disaster assessment is very important for studying the preventive measures and disaster relief countermeasures when disasters occur. Timely and accurate assessment when a disaster occurs is one of the main bases for on-site leaders to make disaster relief decisions, such as dam blasting, resettlement and evacuation. ), and post-disaster disaster assessment is also essential for the development of disaster relief work and the mobilization and mobilization of disaster relief manpower and material resources. The importance of disaster assessment makes us have to study its working methods and various practical and theoretical problems. As far as China's specific situation is concerned, there is still a lack of a scientific data system, especially a lack of national unified evaluation standards and methods. We try to divide natural disasters into five grades according to the degree of disasters, and on this basis, we study the evaluation method of disasters and the responsibility of disaster relief and prevention.

1.4 disaster prevention The disaster prevention mentioned here refers to non-engineering measures for disaster reduction, such as disaster reduction measures for people and movable property and action plans when disasters occur. Specifically, the disaster prevention measures of computer systems such as large factories, automobile production lines and national cultural relics all belong to the category of disaster prevention. Under the premise of disaster prediction and early warning, it is also an important subject of disaster prevention to effectively transfer and protect all kinds of movable property and personnel before disasters occur. China is a country with serious disasters, which causes huge economic losses every year and affects the sustained and high-speed economic development. Therefore, make governments at all levels and the people of the whole country realize this, mobilize the whole society to care about and participate in disaster reduction activities, take active actions, and make all preparations for disaster prevention in peacetime, so that once disasters come, they will plan ahead and reduce property losses, which will undoubtedly greatly promote economic development.

1.5 Compared with disaster prevention, disaster prevention mainly refers to permanent and temporary engineering measures, such as buildings, dams, factories and other engineering measures. In this regard, through the efforts of China Municipal Government, great progress has been made in the past 40 years, and it has a good foundation for disaster-resistant engineering, which has played an important role in flood-resistant, wind-resistant, tidal-resistant, earthquake-resistant and other disaster-resistant work. As a disaster-resistant engineering measure, we advocate that every link from project site selection to construction should have disaster prevention and relief measures. When making land planning, urban construction and project site selection, high-risk areas should be avoided. In the near future, according to the experience of disaster prevention and relief in the past 40 years, we believe that disaster relief projects should include the following items: ① flood control and drought relief projects for major rivers; (2) Flood control and earthquake-resistant projects in major cities; (three) the reinforcement project of dangerous dams and warehouses; ④ Prevention measures of land subsidence in coastal areas; ⑤ Anti-collapse and anti-skid engineering in mountainous areas; ⑥ National Green Chemical Project.

1.6 disaster relief refers to the first aid to people's lives and property and the emergency rescue to secondary disasters when disasters occur. Disaster relief is an extremely complex, social and semi-military emergency. From rescue to medicine, from life order to social hierarchy order, from technology to engineering, from decision-making to command, a complete disaster relief system is formed. According to the opinions of disaster prediction and disaster zoning, it is beneficial to the smooth development of post-disaster reconstruction to take targeted comprehensive measures to minimize disaster losses. At present, we should mainly strengthen the research on disaster relief technology, increase disaster relief equipment, and establish emergency communication network system and transportation system.

1.7 Post-disaster Resettlement and Reconstruction Whenever a major disaster occurs, it becomes the most urgent problem for society to resettle the victims as soon as possible and solve their living difficulties. Because China's economic development is still relatively backward and various medical and housing systems are not perfect, it lacks a comprehensive management system in this respect. In order to prevent all kinds of disasters in the future, China is currently organizing forces to conduct disaster reduction drills for various cities, industrial and mining enterprises, with the aim of properly doing all kinds of disaster relief work, especially the resettlement of victims when disasters come. Post-disaster reconstruction, including the rapid recovery of social life order and economic production, the alternation of old and new, and the reconstruction of homes, is the most concrete manifestation of disaster reduction. After the disaster, the destruction of various building facilities, the shutdown of industrial and mining enterprises, the stagnation of financial trade and the destruction of family structure will all cause huge derivative losses. Therefore, in order to resettle the victims and resume production as soon as possible, it is necessary to emphasize the extreme importance of post-disaster reconstruction. On average, the China Municipal Government spends more than 654.38 billion yuan every year on reconstruction after natural disasters. At the same time, after catastrophic disasters (such as the flood of 654.38+09965.438+0), there are also relief and some international assistance for people in non-disaster areas. However, this is not enough. Our goal is to establish a complete post-disaster reconstruction system in China to adapt to the frequent disasters in China. International cooperation and financial assistance in this regard are very necessary.

1.8 education and legislative education are the foundation of a country, the basis of all work, and an important means to alleviate natural disasters and raise people's awareness of disaster prevention and reduction. Education on national conditions should also include disaster education and common sense education on disaster prevention and reduction. Starting from children and students, it is the most urgent task for disaster prevention in China at present. In this respect, we are still weak and almost in a blank state. A considerable part of the natural disasters mentioned now are caused by people's panic when the disaster comes or by not paying attention to the perfection of disaster prevention measures before the disaster occurs. In the past few years, relevant departments in China have carried out a lot of publicity and education on disaster knowledge. Although people's awareness of disasters has improved, the phenomena of lack of disaster knowledge, low disaster bearing capacity and neglect of disaster reduction still exist. Therefore, it is still a very urgent task to continue to strengthen disaster education and raise people's awareness of disaster reduction. Only in this way can people stay calm and devote themselves to disaster relief activities when disasters come. Disaster legislation is the fundamental way to ensure the smooth establishment and development of disaster prevention and mitigation system. In order to ensure the implementation of various disaster reduction measures, control the blind development and non-scientific activities of human beings, and punish the destructive behavior of disaster reduction projects and work, it is necessary to formulate laws and regulations to reduce disasters according to law. It is urgent to establish laws and regulations on all aspects of disaster reduction, educate the whole people on laws and regulations on disaster reduction, and establish institutions for implementing and supervising disaster reduction legislation. First of all, we should formulate China's Disaster Reduction Law and disaster assessment norms. Only through the promulgation of relevant laws and regulations can we fundamentally establish a unified national disaster prevention system, clarify the responsibilities of governments at all levels, and enable people to act according to law in disaster reduction activities. It is suggested that the National Disaster Reduction Committee and the National Disaster Reduction Center be established to comprehensively lead, organize and coordinate disaster reduction actions and scientific research in various departments and regions, so as to accelerate the realization of the goal of reducing natural disasters.

1.9 insurance and funds need a lot of money, manpower and material resources to fight disasters, provide disaster relief, resettle victims and rebuild production. At present, China's economy is not rich, so it is undoubtedly a feasible way to properly use the strategy of insurance and fund. In this way, all social forces can be mobilized, and all human and material resources that can be concentrated can be put into disaster prevention and relief work. Practice in recent years has proved that insurance has played a great role in rebuilding disaster areas and resettling the lives of victims. The investment of a large amount of insurance funds has greatly accelerated the economic reconstruction of the disaster area. In the wave of economic system reform in China, disaster insurance is the best way to promote the socialization and marketization of insurance work. At present, China's disaster insurance business is still in the exploratory stage, but the facts at home and abroad show that it is an important measure to alleviate natural disasters. At present, it is necessary to expand the scope of insurance business and divide insurance disasters, so that the whole society can assist in disaster reduction and relief. Fund refers to the funds raised by the government and society for disaster relief. At present, this work has not been carried out in China, but international experience shows that the distribution of special disaster relief funds is as important as insurance for the reconstruction of disaster areas and people's living arrangements. Therefore, with the development of China's economy and the increase of the income of the state, social groups and individuals, it is very necessary to replenish disaster relief funds in time.

1. 10 planning and directing disaster reduction should be included in the overall plan of national economic and social development as an important measure of economic construction. Maintaining the positive development of the economy and reducing the negative impact is an important aspect of national economic construction and indispensable. The occurrence of natural disasters is caused by both natural factors and human factors. The mitigation of natural disasters is mainly through technical, economic, legal, administrative, educational and other means to give full play to the role of people and weaken, eliminate or avoid the source of disasters. Weaken, limit or transfer the disaster body; Protect or transfer the affected carrier. The realization of these goals requires the coordinated action of the whole society and the management of some administrative departments. For a long time, the disaster reduction system has been scattered in many aspects and in a state of decentralized management, which not only easily leads to the waste of reconstruction in different professional departments, but also does not meet the requirements of understanding the comprehensive role of disaster reduction and comprehensive disaster reduction. Therefore, in order to effectively mobilize the whole society to carry out disaster reduction activities, the central government and provincial and municipal governments should establish and improve disaster reduction organizations, establish a command and decision-making system to reduce natural disasters, and strengthen joint defense and disaster relief work. To clarify the focus of national disaster reduction work, the focus of China's disaster reduction work should be multiple and sudden catastrophes that have a significant impact on the national economy and people's livelihood, and focus on strengthening the organization of disaster-prone areas with dense population, developed economy and important influence on China's politics, economy and culture. Establish a comprehensive disaster reduction demonstration zone, strengthen legislative work, and promote international disaster reduction exchanges and cooperation, especially in the Pacific Rim region. Increase investment in disaster reduction projects, especially major scientific research projects related to disaster reduction.

A unified, coordinated and powerful command system is necessary to prevent major disasters and enter the stage of disaster relief. It is also the implementation system of individual and comprehensive disaster reduction plans in peacetime and during disasters, and its key significance is obvious. However, due to some weaknesses in the current disaster reduction management system, the organizational model and work intensity of the disaster reduction command system still need to be studied and strengthened.

2. Comparison of disaster reduction systems between the United States and Japan. The United States and Japan are countries that have done a good job in disaster prevention and control in the world. As early as the last century, the United States and Japan began to legislate for their own disasters, and at the same time, they constantly introduced new disaster prevention technologies, built disaster prevention projects, and studied disaster mechanisms. On this basis, the disaster reduction system engineering suitable for their respective national conditions was established and developed, which greatly improved the ability of the United States and Japan to resist natural disasters and reduced the negative impact of disasters on economic construction. In many ways, their experience is worth learning from. Figs. 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams of disaster reduction system projects in the United States and Japan respectively. The United States has a vast territory, and its land area is similar to that of China. The main disasters are hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and droughts. The United States' strategy for disasters mainly lies in prevention, and focuses on a series of basic theoretical problems and social behaviors related to disasters, such as disaster prediction, environmental control, disaster treatment and post-disaster epidemic prevention. As can be seen from Figure 2, the disaster reduction system engineering in the United States has the following important features:

1), pay attention to the scientific research of disasters, especially the research of disaster dynamic mechanism;

2) Attach great importance to the impact of disasters on the natural environment and combine disaster reduction with environmental protection;

3) Put the relationship between man and natural disasters in a prominent position and attach great importance to the value of human life;

4) Institutionally, the law regards disaster prevention and mitigation as the daily work of the federal government and state governments, with a very clear division of responsibilities;

5) Establish a nationwide disaster network, including monitoring, forecasting, disaster relief and communication. When a disaster occurs, various service systems will automatically enter the state of disaster relief;

6) The federal and state governments have special budget allocations for disaster relief and disaster relief. Japan's disaster reduction system has its own unique characteristics. Because of Japan's small territory and developed economy, the impact of disasters on Japan's economy is far greater than that of disasters of the same degree on the United States, China and other big countries. Therefore, successive Japanese governments have attached great importance to disaster prevention and mitigation. The main disasters in Japan are earthquakes, snowstorms, floods and typhoons, followed by volcanic disasters and landslides. These factors fundamentally determine that Japanese disaster reduction system engineering is different from that of the United States, China and other countries with vast territory and diverse disasters. Generally speaking, Japan's disaster reduction system engineering has the following characteristics: 1) attaches great importance to the legal management of disasters; 2) Pay attention to the prevention and control of major disasters, formulate special laws and regulations for the prevention and control of individual disasters, and guide the national disaster relief work, such as: earthquake countermeasures and special measures law, river law, etc. (Cheng Xiaotao,1992); 3) Establish a Central Disaster Prevention Committee chaired by the Prime Minister of the Government to guide and deploy disaster reduction work throughout the country; 4) There is a special national budget to give special support to various plans related to disaster reduction activities, such as disaster scientific research, disaster prevention facilities, disaster relief operations and disaster monitoring; 5) Pay special attention to the construction of disaster prevention communication system as a separate disaster reduction project. Its communication network extends from the central disaster prevention organization to residential areas, forming a modern disaster prevention communication system that can inform the disaster situation in time and carry out disaster relief work in time. From the disaster reduction system projects in the United States and Japan, there are some similarities: 1) the country has sufficient special funds for disaster reduction; 2) Pay attention to the basic theoretical research of disasters; 3) Vigorously develop disaster prevention communication network; 4) Use laws and regulations to manage disaster reduction and build disaster reduction management departments suitable for their respective countries; 5) Adequate reserves of disaster relief materials and perfect emergency action plan for disaster relief; 6) Linking disaster reduction activities with economic development and social progress; 7) Emphasis on raising people's awareness of disaster prevention. Three. Engineering analysis and suggestions on disaster reduction system in China 1. Dynamic Operation and Analysis of Disaster Reduction System Engineering As can be seen from Figure 1, in the whole disaster reduction system engineering, disaster legislation and strong unified guidance of the state are the leading factors of the system. Without this leadership, a huge system engineering cannot be managed. In addition, whether it is the establishment of central and local disaster reduction management institutions, the formulation of national disaster reduction budgets, the centralization of all scattered disaster reduction departments, and the promotion of disaster insurance and urban planning. To raise people's awareness of disasters needs to be based on legislation. According to our analysis of the existing disaster reduction system, it is considered that several key issues affecting the smooth establishment and development of disaster reduction system engineering in China are: 1) disaster legislation; 2) Capital investment; 3) communication; 4) Central management mechanism; 5) Disaster scientific research. 2. Some important suggestions (1) are to establish China's own disaster reduction laws and regulations system and establish disaster prevention and reduction organizations according to law. From the perspective of other countries in the world, disaster legislation is the basis for promoting the smooth development of disaster reduction. For frequent major disasters that cause serious damage to people's lives and property, it is even more necessary to formulate special legal documents to guide various groups and individuals in disaster reduction and prevention measures. As far as China is concerned, from 1949 to 199 1, China has enacted nearly 100 laws and decrees related to disaster prevention and reduction. Especially since 1978, China's disaster legislation has been carried out smoothly, and many laws related to disasters have been promulgated, such as the Law on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation, and nearly 70 laws, but there is no comprehensive law to regulate disaster prevention and mitigation. The author believes that due to the complexity of disasters in China, it is urgent to formulate comprehensive national laws on disaster reduction, such as the Basic Law on Disasters and the Disaster Relief Law, etc., and improve the existing laws and regulations so that the legislative work can meet the current and future needs of disaster prevention and reduction in China. The Basic Law on Disasters is a law that stipulates the responsibilities and obligations of governments, organizations, groups and individuals at all levels in disaster reduction. In principle, it stipulates the basic contents, principles, management system, management institutions and major policies of disaster management, the most important of which is the contents of disaster management institutions and disaster prevention budget. In the long run, a national fund for disaster prevention and reduction should be established, which is managed by the corresponding specialized agencies of the central government, so as to solve the problem of serious shortage of disaster reduction funds in China. The Disaster Relief Law is a disaster relief bill used to regulate disaster relief work in post-disaster areas. The responsibilities and obligations of the central, local, social organizations and individuals in disaster relief work should be clearly defined in accordance with the principle of graded burden, the sources of disaster relief funds should be determined, and the disaster relief expenses that governments at all levels should bear should be determined according to the severity and different proportions of disasters. This can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of local governments for disaster reduction and relief, enhance the disaster awareness of governments at all levels, reduce the losses caused by disasters and promote economic development. (2) Strengthen the government's investment and management of disaster reduction. Due to the level of economic development, the problem of disaster reduction investment in China has not been well solved so far. On the one hand, the state has financial difficulties and cannot spend more money on disaster prevention and mitigation. On the other hand, due to insufficient investment, the losses caused by disasters are getting bigger and bigger every year, which affects the national fiscal revenue; In addition, local governments have strict thoughts on equality, dependence and importance, and their willingness to invest in disaster reduction is weak. This situation makes the losses caused by disasters increase year by year, which has become a social instability factor in some places. Therefore, it is necessary to change the current disaster reduction investment policy to meet the needs of modern disaster management. Disaster prevention and mitigation is fundamentally a public welfare undertaking that benefits the country and the people. Governments at all levels should be duty-bound to undertake this task, and all kinds of capital investment in disaster relief should be carried out under the unified leadership of the government. Disaster reduction investment can be divided into two parts: first, proactive pre-disaster investment for disaster prevention and research, as well as the construction of various disaster-resistant facilities; The second is passive investment in disaster reduction, which is mainly used for post-disaster relief and disaster relief and reconstruction of disaster areas (Sun et al., 1992). In view of the increasing disaster losses, especially the flood in 1998, we suggest increasing the proportion of active investment before the disaster, including the maintenance and improvement of various existing projects. In the policy of disaster reduction investment, the principles of graded management, graded responsibility and graded burden are implemented, and the principle that minor disasters are borne by local governments at all levels and major disasters are shared by the central government and local governments (the central government bears the vast majority) is adopted. The investment in disaster reduction is included in the financial budgets of governments at all levels, and its proportion is gradually increasing with economic development. (3) Establish a modern communication system for disaster reduction. Judging from the operation of disaster reduction systems in various countries, the communication problem is in a very prominent position. In China, too. In figure 1, we can see that communication is related to almost all measures. From the experience of disaster relief work in China, communication is the key link to inform the disaster situation, evacuate the masses and ask for support. Without a sound communication information guarantee, disaster reduction can not be carried out smoothly. Due to historical reasons, China's disaster reduction communication system has always been a weak link, especially at the county and township levels. In Lijiang 1996 earthquake in Yunnan, due to the interruption of communication, the disaster information in the disaster area was reported to Beijing 48 hours later, which greatly delayed the rescue work and caused great losses to some disaster areas. If there is a perfect and smooth disaster early warning and disaster communication system at the village level, the disaster relief will be timely and the loss will be much smaller. At present, China's public communication network is underdeveloped, and the wired telephone network is vulnerable to natural disasters, which requires governments at all levels to make great efforts to increase investment in communication construction, especially mobile communication system construction, to ensure the smooth communication network when disasters come. After long-term construction, some disaster-related departments and industries in China have established or are building information and communication management systems, such as earthquake information systems and meteorological information systems. What we need now is to connect all communication networks on the basis of existing communication networks. On the one hand, we can make full use of existing facilities and capabilities. On the other hand, the establishment of a national disaster information and communication network is a shortcut, which will greatly improve China's disaster emergency response capability. Brief reference

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