Love the people slogan

19 1 1 year, a famous Manchu aristocrat was beheaded, and his head was sent to the Shanghai Museum at that time for exhibition. Every day, he is reviled by countless people. It is said that the sound of "good, good" is everywhere at the exhibition site, and the people clapping are "mostly soldiers". This noble who didn't get a happy ending is called Duan Fang. When he was ordered to put out the railway agitation in Sichuan, he didn't want to be killed by his own uprising soldiers and died by his own hands. In the history books full of jokes, Duan Fang has always been a buffoon. However, what we see is not necessarily the truth of history, or it is not the whole truth of history. Like this end. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zheng commented: "Cen Chunxuan didn't learn (know) without skill (politics), Zhang Zhidong learned without skill, Yuan Shikai learned without skill, and Duan Fang learned with skill." The late Qing government sent five ministers abroad to inspect constitutionalism, and Duan Fang was one of them. Empress Dowager Cixi passed away. At the funeral, Duan Fang went to Dongling Qianwei to take photos for the photo sending team. Such an unruly move really angered Regent Zai Feng, who was dismissed. Duan Fang is also a collector. There is an anecdote that he doesn't know how to collect. At a bureaucratic gathering, when people talked about antiques, he joined in the fun and was ridiculed as "What do you know!" Faced with such a great shame, he studied hard the traditional culture of the Han nationality, especially collecting antiques in Shaanxi, and finally indulged in the past. A few years later, the country really looked at him with new eyes. However, Duan Fang's photo shoot and his achievements in collection are not as impressive as his achievements in modern education in China. During his tenure in Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan and other provinces, he was "keen on the New Deal, and he was eager to promote learning. There are many students in Hunan who have been sent abroad to study. They are hospitable and reconcile the old and new relations, and Hunan people praise it even more. " Duan Fang is really "eager to promote learning." He is the founder of Jinan University. He also knows that education should start with dolls. 1903 Established a kindergarten in Wuchang, Hubei Province in September. 1904 was officially named Wuchang Mengyang Hospital, which is the first kindergarten in China. 1905, when he was the governor of Hunan, he set up a foster family in Hunan. This is the first kindergarten in Hunan. Why run a kindergarten? Of course, running a kindergarten is not like taking pictures of Cixi's funeral. It's a doomsday whim. 1837, Froebel, the "father of preschool education" and a German preschool educator, founded the world's first social preschool education institution named "kindergarten" in Brandenburg, Germany. "Kindergarten" means "children's garden", which embodies human recognition of children's value. The desire for children's happiness has gradually attracted the attention of * * * in the world. German politicians introduced it to Britain, introduced it to the United States through the British Expo, and brought it to Japan by missionaries. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, in order to save the motherland in distress, China students introduced the Japanese-style Flobel Kindergarten to China. In order to implement the contents of the "New Deal" and "promoting learning and educating talents", the Qing government ordered all counties and States to "set up more schools for their children" in August of190/kloc-0. 1903, "Guimao Academic System" was promulgated, and Mongolian nursing home was regarded as a part of national basic education. In the same year, the Qing government promulgated the Constitution of Children's Home and the Constitution of Family Education Law, which made many specific provisions for Children's Home. Since then, Mongolian nursing homes have been established all over the country, first in Hubei and Hunan, and then in Shi Jing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Guangdong. The word "nurturing" is a traditional expression in China. The so-called "education by education" means paying attention to the origin and prudence of life, and advocating that infants should exert positive influence in the enlightenment of wisdom, develop their wisdom and promote children to become better adults. The establishment of foster homes, according to the "Teaching Outline of Hunan Foster Homes" formulated in the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), is to realize that "the children of poor families should be educated with beautiful materials, and the parents of rich families should not care about their children getting into bad habits in the same place; With this feeling, no matter rich or poor, primary schools can be educated together in the future. As one of the five ministers who went abroad to inspect constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty, Duan Fang believed that "the prosperity of eastern and western countries did not come from education", so he became the first person to establish a kindergarten in China. What kind of kindergarten? The Children's Home and Family Education Law promulgated in the 29th year of Guangxu reign (1903) in Qing Dynasty made detailed provisions on the "hardware facilities" in Children's Home: Children's Home's houses should be built on the flat ground, and buildings that may cause danger to children should not be built. Nursing homes should be equipped with nursery rooms, game rooms and other necessary rooms. This nursery is big enough to accommodate five children and covers an area of six square feet. The area of the garden is so large that the smallest garden for a child should be 6 square feet. All the necessary tools are about the "law of conservation", which stipulates that games can be divided into casual games and fan games. Random games enable children to exercise independently, and players of the same person unite children to carry out various sports and make chorus songs to save their progress and retreat; We should make them happy, lively, healthy and safe, and cultivate children's habit of loving many music groups. In addition, plants and flowers are planted on the ground and in the courtyard near the nursing home, and water and fertilizer are infiltrated to observe their spontaneous occurrence and flowering and fruiting. When nursing and teaching young children, it is not allowed to exceed four o'clock every day (including the time for eating and drinking water). Besides, you can listen to yourself, but you must take preventive measures at any time when you are injured. As for the curriculum, according to the Introduction to Teaching of Hunan Mongolian Nursing College, the college has set up seven courses: conversation. There are two kinds of cultivated words and common things words. The former shows "the way to be a man" and must be simple and interesting. "For example, the story of China's twenty-four filial piety is quite interesting"; The latter means "the name of something", and the teacher simply explains its general meaning to the children. " For example, a dog can watch the house and a chicken can watch the morning, which will naturally make children feel something. "Line instrument. Choose appropriate and interesting behaviors for children to imitate, and teachers should guide them in time. Reading club. That is literacy. A few parties. Teach children to learn odd and even numbers, addition and subtraction, etc. Hand skills. In other words, children can grasp the weight, size and length and develop their thinking by inserting "kindness". There are eleven kinds of "gifts", including "woodwork" (the shapes of houses, ships and bridges are piled up with wooden blocks according to the figure, which is a bit like today's building blocks), "plank arrangement" (the shapes of various appliances are arranged with wooden boards, and there are styles to be imitated when they are initially arranged) and "chopsticks arrangement" (the shapes are arranged with bamboo sticks, such as "one" and "two"). Why do these eleven "gifts" best develop children's minds? Their respective functions can answer this question. For example, "wood products" can satisfy children's curiosity to explore things, make children carefully observe the unique shapes of things, inspire their concepts of "whole" and "part", and cultivate their ability to create things. Pai can develop children's imagination, produce various patterns of their own new organization, make children form the outlines of various things, and make them secretly find out the patterns they have built. Wait a minute. Music songs. Accompanied by singing and dancing, it not only cultivates aesthetic feeling, but also cultivates temperament; Through gymnastics, you can strengthen your limbs. For example, we can "make famous scenic spots, rural sages and officials, and various plants in our province, and make them into simple lyrics to make students sing happily." "Music songs" seemed to have the function of "spiritual civilization construction" at that time. Introduction to the Teaching of Mongolian Nursing Home in Hunan pays special attention to "music songs", and thinks that "the cover is related to the people's loyalty to thinkers, so is education", and "any school without music songs is a teaching without education and a teaching without morality", which is very important. Games. Carry out indoor and outdoor games, activate children's interest in life, and nurse their temperament. " Teaching Introduction of Hunan Mengyang University points out that speaking and performance are the starting bases of moral education, reading, counting and hand skills are the starting bases of intellectual education, and music, songs and games are the starting bases of physical education, and emphasizes that all subjects should be organically combined and infiltrated. Related links [the first kindergarten in Hunan] 1905, Duan Fang, the governor of Hunan, founded the Hunan Mongolian nursing home in Hunan. The Mongolian nursing home appointed Feng Kai (Sanfenshui Garui) as the dean, and hired two Japanese ladies, Yukiko Chunshan and Sato, as nannies (i.e. teachers), and enrolled children aged 3 to below school age (4 to 6 years old). [Pre-school education in the past] There were only two early childhood education institutions in Changsha in the late Qing Dynasty. One was the Hunan government-run old-age care center founded by 1905, and the other was the private Zhoujiashu affiliated kindergarten founded by 1907. The two early education institutions closed on 19 1 1 respectively. After the Revolution of 1911, the Guanying Mongolian Nursing Home in Hunan was renamed as the kindergarten affiliated to the Provincial No.1 Women's Normal School, and it was restored in Changsha Ancient Paddy Field on 19 12, and Huang Guohou, a graduate of Japanese Women's Normal School, was hired as the director. Later, the hospital was renamed as the affiliated kindergarten of No.2 Middle School, and merged with No.1 Women's Normal School to become the affiliated kindergarten of Changsha Women's Middle School. In August of the same year, Jiang Baoren (female, Hui nationality) founded a private kindergarten in Shetan Street, Changsha. By 19 15, it was named as a kindergarten affiliated to kindergarten primary school. The kindergarten kept its garden until liberation. This is the longest-running, largest-scale and most influential private kindergarten in Changsha. From 19 13 to 1934, private primary and secondary schools such as Hengcui, Nan Zhou, Chuyi, Xiangya, Yu Ying, Minben, Fuxiang, Yilao, Hanguang, South China, Mingxian and Weinan have successively resumed or established kindergartens (groups). [Teachers] Kindergarten teachers were called nannies in the late Qing Dynasty and teachers in the Republic of China. Although the "Regulations on the Appointment of Teachers" promulgated in the 29th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty did not clearly stipulate the qualifications of teachers in nursing homes, it was generally implemented with reference to the provisions of primary schools. At that time, the nursing home was just established and there was a shortage of teachers, most of whom were hired from Japan. In the spring of the thirty-first year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, Zhu founded the Teacher Department of Zhou's Family School to train preschool teachers for the first time. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu, the first batch of graduates Jiang Baoren (later studying in Japan), Dai Jiang and Yang Qiquan served as nannies. During the Republic of China, the qualifications of kindergarten teachers were stipulated as: graduation from primary school or intermediate normal school. [Miscellaneous Notes on People's Livelihood] As people born in the 1970s, we didn't enjoy the "treatment" of going to kindergarten. The reason is simple: it is not necessary. In those days, housing was free, although it was a little small; Furniture doesn't cost money, just take it from the logistics management department, although the style is a bit poor; Mom and dad entrust people to take care of their children and put them in the nursery run by the unit, although the memories brought by the nursery to the children are a bit gloomy. Our brothers and sisters spent several years in the nursery run by the company. There is no playroom or nursery in that nursery. It seems that there is only one big room, and the space for the younger brothers and sisters who can't walk (he is my brother) is even more pitiful-give you a big wooden bucket, and you can sit in it if you want. I have little impression of playing games. I only remember that the old woman in the nursery told us ghost stories when she was interested, which made us feel inexplicable fear of dark places from now on. There are no nutritious meals. What impressed me most was that once the nursery cooked a small bucket of paste in order to brush some slogans. Finally, the unused bucket of paste became a "dessert" in our stomachs. At that time, what we feared most was being locked in a dark room. Anyone who is disobedient and naughty will be locked up by an old woman. The room was dark and there was nothing. What is "extreme helplessness"? We realized this very early in the dark room. Kindergartens in China are said to have existed since the late Qing Dynasty, and the educational concepts and methods are still very humanized. Why did it replace what it had taken over decades later? Modern kindergartens advocate the so-called "Montessori education law". In fact, the Montessori Education Law was a hundred years ago. Fortunately, this old thing is very lucky. After being replaced for a while, it finally succeeded in fighting back. However, we see that there are still many old things hovering around us, dead and alive, alive and dead, which is really confusing.