What is the ancient capital Chang 'an?

Although the mountain is difficult to pull up, it will not die when it is unfavorable. What can I do if I don't die? If I worry about it, what can I do? This is the famous Chu overlord Xiang Yu's "Gaixia Song". In 202 BC, the last battle of Chu-Han War-Gaixia War, Xiang Yu was defeated by Wujiang River and committed suicide. The Battle of Gaixia ended the melee at the end of the Qin Dynasty and laid the foundation for 400 years of the Han Dynasty. Liu bang, who won the victory, proclaimed himself emperor in Si Shui. In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (the first 202 years), Chang 'an County was established, and Changle Palace was built on the basis of Xingle Palace in Qin Dynasty. In the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu, Changle Palace was built. Liu Bang moved the capital from Liyang to Chang 'an. Emperor Gaozu also built Weiyang Palace, Arsenal and Gong Bei. Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty began to build Chang 'an city wall and Xicheng. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Shanglin Garden was expanded, Kunming Pool was dug, Zhangjian Palace, Mingguang Palace and Guigong Palace were built, and Gong Bei was also expanded. The construction of Chang 'an reached its peak at this time. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang also built Tang Ming, Biyong, Zongmiao and other ritual buildings in the southern suburbs of Chang 'an.

Chang 'an is the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. As the political ruling center, economic management center, military command center and cultural etiquette activity center of the Western Han Dynasty, it is the historical epitome of the Western Han Dynasty. It used to be a famous international metropolis in ancient times, also known as western Rome. The site of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty is located in the northwest suburb of Xi, Shaanxi Province. The Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences began a systematic and comprehensive archaeological exploration and key excavation of Chang 'an City site in Han Dynasty in 1956. At present, its distribution scope has been clearly defined, such as city walls, city gates, Miyagi, ancestral halls, villages, armories, markets, handicraft workshops and important royal palaces and gardens, and a large number of precious archaeological materials have been excavated.

The plane of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty was almost square, and the direction was basically due south and north. The city walls are all rammed with loess, and the texture is hard. The thickness of rammed layer is generally 7-8 cm. The original height of the city wall was above10m, and the bottom width was about16m. The east wall is about 6000 meters long, the south wall is about 7600 meters long, the west wall is about 4900 meters long, and the north wall is about 7200 meters long. The total area of the city is about 36 square kilometers. The east and west walls are relatively straight; At that time, due to its proximity to the Weihe River, the North City Wall was basically parallel to the river, showing a southwest-northeast trend; Due to accommodation, Changle Palace, Gaomiao and Weiyang Palace were built first. There are many twists and turns in the south wall. There is a moat around the city wall, which is parallel to the city wall. The moat is about 40-45 meters wide and 3 meters deep. The distance between the city wall and the moat is generally 30 meters.

There are 12 gates in Chang' an, Han, with three gates on each side. Each gate has three doorways, and the width of each doorway is 6 meters, which is equivalent to the width of four tracks, that is, the so-called "three paintings open" and "twelve tracks" recorded in the literature. Among the 12 gates, except for Klang Gate, Fu 'anmen Gate, Xi 'anmen Gate and Zhangchengmen, which are not far from the entrance, Changle Palace and Weiyang Palace, all the other eight gates have 1 street leading to the city. These eight streets are wide and straight, or east-west, or north-south, intersecting and connecting with each other, forming some D-shaped intersections and X-shaped intersections. The longest one is Anmen Street, which is about 5400 meters long. The shortest one is Luochengmen Street, which is about 800 meters long. The width of each street is between 45 and 56 meters, and there are two drainage ditches between them, which divide the whole street into three parallel streams. The width of the middle lane is about 20m, and the width of the roads on both sides is about12m. According to records, the middle one is called "Chidao", which is specially used for the emperor to walk.

Eight streets connected with eight gates in Chang 'an city divide the city into 1 1 districts, which have different functions and different architectural contents. In 1 1 area, Weiyang Palace (including armory), Changle Palace (including high temple), Guigong, Gong Bei, Mingguang Palace, Dongshi and Xishi each occupy 1 area, and Curie * * occupies 4 areas.

Changle Palace is located in the southeast of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty, covering an area of about 6 square kilometers. It was the temporary palace of Liu Bang, a great ancestor in the early Western Han Dynasty. After Hui Di proclaimed himself emperor in Weiyang Palace, Changle Palace became the palace of the Empress Dowager of the Western Han Dynasty. There should be 1 palace gate around Miyagi, but the North Palace Gate has not been found so far. There are 1 east-west main roads in the middle of Miyagi, which run through the whole palace, east to Bashengmen and west to Zhishengmen Street. The main palace building of Changle Palace is located in the south of the east-west main road.

Weiyang Palace is located in the southwest corner of Chang 'an, Han Dynasty, with a nearly square Miyagi plane and an area of about 5 square kilometers. The palace wall is rammed, about 7-8 meters wide. There are turrets in every corner of Miyagi. Miyagi is surrounded by 1 palace gates. There are three main roads in Miyagi. There is a main building in the middle of Weiyang Palace-the former European base, and the empresses' palaces are mostly located in the north of Qian Dian. Pepper room temple site, the first temple of the harem, is of great scale. Most other palace buildings are on the east and west sides of the front hall. In the north and northwest of Weiyang Palace, there are sites of royal offices such as Shaofu and Zhongfu. There are royal cultural buildings in the north of Weiyang Palace, such as Tianlu Pavilion and Shiqu Pavilion. More than 50,000 inscriptions unearthed from the former site of the central government office are the most authoritative archives for studying the economy and official system of the Western Han Dynasty.

Gong Bei, Mingguang Palace and Forbidden City are located in the north of Changle Palace and Weiyang Palace. At present, the scope of Gong Bei site has been determined, with a rectangular plane and a circumference of 4,660 meters. The archaeological investigation of Mingguang Palace is under way. The plane of the Gui Palace is rectangular, with a circumference of 5480 meters and an area of about 1.66 square kilometers. 1 south, north and east palace gates have been excavated. Many large-scale palace building bases have been found in the Royal Palace of Guangxi.

The armory, located between Changle Palace and Weiyang Palace, is the royal armory in Chang 'an City. The armory is surrounded by walls, forming a large courtyard with a rectangular plane, with a length of 7 10/0m from east to west and a width of 322m from north to south. * * * * There are 7 warehouses and a large number of iron weapons have been unearthed.

Ritual buildings such as ancestral temple, Biyong and Sheji are located in the southern suburbs of Chang 'an. The site of Zongmiao includes 12 buildings, all of which have the same shape. Traditionally, it is considered as the "nine temples of Wang Mang" recorded in the literature. The plane of Biyong site is outside the circle, the main building is in the middle, and it is built on a circular rammed earth platform.

The East City and the West City are located in the northwest of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty. The eastern cities are centered on commercial activities. Xicheng is centered on handicraft industry, and there are large areas of handicraft workshop sites in Xicheng, and pottery, metallurgy and coin workshop sites have been excavated.

Most ordinary residents of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty lived in the northeast of the city, and a few palaces of royalty and dignitaries were near Weiyang Palace. Since 1980s, nearly 500 Han tombs have been cleared in the southeast corner of Chang 'an site, indicating that the Dragon Head located in the southeast of Chang 'an site was the most important burial area for ordinary residents at that time.

According to archaeological materials, the drainage works in Chang 'an City have been systematized and the facilities are basically complete. The drainage in Chang 'an mainly depends on the drainage ditches on both sides of the street. The drainage facilities of palaces and government offices mainly include floor drains and ceramic drainage pipes.

There were Zhangjian Palace and Shanglin Garden in the west of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. The layout of Zhangjian Palace mainly imitates Weiyang Palace. Its main building is Qiandian, and there is Taiye Pool in the northwest of Qiandian. The base address of Shuangque outside the East Palace still exists.

Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty occupies an important position in the history of China's ancient capital. The layout of Chang 'an City in the Han Dynasty, such as the idea of worshipping the square, the concept of choosing the center, the regular gate configuration system, the chessboard road network, the pattern of "facing the city" and the "left ancestors and right clubs", has typical significance in the layout of ancient Chinese capitals and has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Over the past 50 years, the archaeological work of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty has achieved fruitful results. These archaeological materials have become historical materials to reproduce this famous metropolis in the ancient world, and people have seen a colorful and magnificent historical picture of the Western Han Dynasty.