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The 1949 Program Table for Celebrating the Founding Ceremony of the People's Republic of China and the Central People's Government recorded three major projects of founding ceremony:

1. The Founding Ceremony of the People's Republic of China and the Central People's Government;

Second, the China People's Liberation Army military parade;

Third, people's processions and fireworks parties.

The venue for the celebration is Tiananmen Square.

however, before that, there were two schemes for choosing the venue for the celebration.

The first plan is to arrange the celebration in Tiananmen Square. Another plan is at Xiyuan Airport. The reason is that on March 25th, Mao Zedong and the central leaders successfully held a military parade in Xiyuan. The more important reason is that it is located in the suburbs and the terrain is open, so it is easy to evacuate and hide in case of being attacked by the Kuomintang air force.

After careful consideration, Zhou Enlai, who is also the director of the founding ceremony Preparatory Committee, decided to set the venue for the celebration in Tiananmen Square.

In response to the possible air raid by the Kuomintang air force in founding ceremony that day, Zhou Enlai instructed that the first fighter group of the People's Liberation Army with the ability to take off should be concentrated at Nanyuan Airport in Peiping, and anti-aircraft artillery groups for air defense should be arranged around Peiping.

Clean up the sewage pit

After obtaining the consent of the central authorities, Zhou Enlai immediately notified the relevant departments to quickly repair the Tiananmen Gate and Tiananmen Square.

From the photos of that year, we can see that the walls of Tiananmen Gate Tower are mottled, the towers are littered with broken bricks and tiles, and the beams and columns are covered with the feces of wild pigeons. In addition to these patches of weeds, there were piles of garbage and flies and mice accompanied by garbage in the square.

on August 9, 1949, the first congress of all walks of life was held in Beiping. Peng Zhen, then secretary of the municipal party Committee, announced the resolution to renovate Tiananmen Square and the gate tower, the main venue in founding ceremony.

On September 1th, 1949, it was Saturday. Before dawn, people who participated in voluntary labor gathered in Tiananmen Square from all directions. By 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the number of people who participated in voluntary labor reached more than 6,. A few days later, the garbage and weeds in the square disappeared, and the rotten smell dissipated. What was displayed in front of people was a big square that could accommodate 16, people.

After the garbage in Tiananmen Gate and Square is cleaned up, the next step is to decorate Tiananmen Gate. This includes hanging red lanterns on Tiananmen Square, writing huge slogans on both sides of the city wall, and hanging a huge portrait of Mao Zedong above the city gate.

Beiping, which has just been liberated, is a shabby city, and the city is full of rubbish. After the liberation of Beiping, the Beiping Municipal People's Government declared war on the garbage in the ancient city. At that time, there was a hard and fast rule in Beiping Military Management Committee: no matter whether the bus is private or private, when the car leaves the city, it must take garbage with it. According to statistics, before founding ceremony, Beiping City cleared more than 2, tons of garbage. This work lasted until the end of 1949.

The troops under study

When the people of Beiping declared war on garbage, preparations for the military parade in founding ceremony were also in full swing.

One day in early July, 1949, the central leaders listened to the reports of Parade Leader Nie Rongzhen and Yang Chengwu, deputy commander-in-chief, in Huairentang, Zhongnanhai. At the end of the report, Mao Zedong said in a solemn and humorous tone: "We have always advocated a cautious first battle. For the first time since the founding of the People's Republic of China, we must do a good job."

In the history of the People's Liberation Army, the military parade in founding ceremony was the largest in terms of services, arms and scale, with a total investment of 16, troops.

The naval team participating in the reading consists of the Naval School and the East China Fleet; The army team consists of infantry division, artillery division, chariot division and cavalry division; Among them, the chariot division includes motorized infantry regiment, armored vehicle regiment and tank regiment.

The infantry team that participated in the reading was the 199th Division of the 67th Army of the 2th Corps.

Li Shuiqing was then the teacher of the 199th Division.

Li Shuiqing: "After we received this task, all officers and men were very happy and honored, especially when we mentioned that we were going to be inspected by Chairman Mao on behalf of the People's Liberation Army, so we were very happy."

The military parade in founding ceremony is grand and unprecedented. Yang Chengwu, who is in charge of military parade training, not only consulted the materials about military parade at home and abroad, but also consulted other PLA generals with an open mind.

Nanyuan Airport

In July, it was the midsummer in Beiping, and more than 1, troops of the 199th Division all gathered in the suburbs of Beiping. According to the requirements of the military parade headquarters, the infantry division produced 12 square teams during the military parade, each consisting of 144 officers and men.

Li Shuiqing: "More than 1, people only need more than 2, people, so everyone works hard, writes resolutions, and wants to take part in reading. Therefore, in addition to this more than 2, people, we have organized and selected more than 2 people to make preparations."

The preparations before the training are basically ready, but new problems are coming one after another: the People's Liberation Army, which has a 22-year war history, actually doesn't have a provision on queue training and guidelines for regulating actions. What do they take for reference?

Li Wanheng: "This regulation first belonged to the Kuomintang, then to the Soviet Union, and finally, the queue training was conducted according to Liu Bocheng's code of conduct. During the queue training, this thing is that you take a step of 7 cm and the height is 15 cm. This is a step of 3 cm."

In the dog days, the scorching sun shines on the Temple of Heaven Park. Outside the park wall, there is a prepared training ground, and their camping tents are set up on the edge of the field. The officers and men of the 199 Division began strict determinant training here.

In a blink of an eye, it was August 1st, 1949. On this day, Parade Leader Nie Rongzhen awarded the flag to the newly established special forces on behalf of the Central Military Commission. Special forces belong to the army sequence, mainly including salute troops, mule and horse artillery and armored forces.

Yang Chengwu

Li Jian, a former artillery commander of the Beijing Military Region, was then the chief of staff of the Special Forces Command.

Li Jian: "The selection criteria are basically party member, and most of them, more than 4%, are heroic companies, all of which have made great contributions. The young men are relatively tall, usually 1.78 meters or 1.8 meters, which is really standard."

I heard that the training of the troops under study was very hard, and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, who loves soldiers like children, couldn't sit still any longer. He personally rushed to the station of the troops under study to visit the officers and men being trained. Back in Zhongnanhai, he ordered the relevant departments to add an egg to each of the officers and men who participated in the reading every day.

founding ceremony's first procedure is to raise the national flag, salute and play the national anthem. The special forces command department handed over the task of salute to Han Huaizhi, chief of staff of the chariot regiment.

With all the people and guns assembled, Han Huaizhi devoted himself to training. But I left my newly married wife behind.

The cavalry team is composed of the 3rd cavalry division of North China Military Region, and most of the commanders and fighters are from Inner Mongolia prairie.

the chariot regiment put the training ground in the wasteland in the western suburbs of Beiping.

While the Chariot Regiment is stepping up its training, the military orchestra living in Xizongbu Hutong, Dongdan Street in the east of Beiping is also taking the time to rehearse.

Soldiers participating in the military parade

The military orchestra, which plays an important role in founding ceremony and the CPPCC meetings, is called "the God of Rites and Music".

The military parade headquarters instructed that the wind band of the North China People's Art Troupe and the military band of the military divisions of the troops under study should be merged to form a joint military band, so a joint military band of more than 2 people was born, with Luo Lang as the general commander.

Luo Lang, who returned from Malaysia in p>1937, was a student of the famous musician Xian Xinghai. In 1939, he arrived in the Jinchaji Military Region, an anti-Japanese base behind enemy lines. Later, he became the first head of the China People's Liberation Army Military Orchestra.

One day, the military parade headquarters held a meeting of the heads of troops with the participation of Soviet experts in Laijin Yuxuan, Zhongshan Park. At the meeting, there were differences on what kind of music to use as the music of the military parade: the first opinion was that just find a nice military parade; The second opinion is to use the Soviet military parade.

Luo Lang: "I said, can we use some military music tunes adapted from revolutionary songs that we have used now as the ceremony songs for our military parade?"

There was a heated debate on this matter at the meeting. In view of the difficulty in unifying opinions at the moment, Yang Chengwu, deputy commander-in-chief of the military parade, instructed Luo Lang to write a music track of the military parade and mass parade and report it to the Central Committee.

Tanks participating in the military parade

Soon, Mao Zedong gave the instruction of "Give priority to me and give priority to our country". It is decided to adopt five tracks, such as Dongfanghong, Three Disciplines and Eight Notices, and March of the Army, reported by Luo Lang as founding ceremony's music.

after the military parade was decided, Luo Lang burned the midnight oil to modify the melody and orchestration of the music in order to make it suitable for the ceremony.

Time soon arrived on September 1, 1949. On this day, Parade Leader Nie Rongzhen said when conveying the instructions of the Central Committee on the military parade in founding ceremony: "The Central Committee decided that on the day when the new China was founded, in addition to the ground troops, the air force should also be dispatched."

One day in early September, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai and other central leaders came to Nanyuan Airport. With the huge roar, nine fighter planes took off from the runway one after another, and soon adjusted the formation of finished products in the air and passed over the airport twice.

Zhu De, Zhou Enlai and other central leaders who watched the flight show on the ground applauded and cheered for the pilots. When the flight show was over, Zhu De said in an expectant tone, "Can we have a few more planes, any plane will do?".

Lin Hu: "Later, after they left, we studied and added two" Mosquito "fighters. This plane was made in Britain, and its fuselage was made of wood. Actually, the engine was made of metal, and some equipment was made of metal. But this plane can be used as both a light bomber and a fighter."

The band in the military parade

A few days later, three repaired transport planes, a communicator and two trainers were added to the reading flight team.

The Aviation Bureau of the Military Commission has finally decided that 17 planes will pass over Tiananmen Square on October 1st.

Beiping in September has entered the early autumn, and the training of the troops under study has also entered the "countdown".

One night in September, the troops under study received a notice to rehearse in Tiananmen Square.

Li Shuiqing, the confident commander of the 199th Division, led the troops who had been training for more than two months to Tiananmen Square. When they were marching through Tiananmen Square, something unexpected happened: the troops who walked decent on the training ground lost their minds; when it was time to take their left foot, someone kicked their right leg.

Luo Lang, the general conductor of the band, found that the soldiers couldn't keep up with the drums of the band, so he immediately adjusted the beat of the military band.

After the news that founding ceremony was held came out, the units and people who signed up for it were particularly enthusiastic.

changxindian railway workers have a glorious revolutionary tradition. As early as the May 4th Movement, China's early * * * industrialist intellectuals came here to carry out the workers' movement. Mao Zedong has also been to this factory twice.

The Beiping Municipal Federation of Trade Unions granted 2, places to railway workers in Changxindian to attend the ceremony.

Xixinfang Village in Mentougou Town is located in the mountainous area in the outer suburbs of Beiping, more than 3 kilometers away from Tiananmen Square.

In September, 1949, more than 1 villagers were notified to participate in founding ceremony. Jiao Tong Lan and several 15-and 16-year-old girls were also approved to participate in founding ceremony. In order to get to Tiananmen earlier and meet Chairman Mao earlier, Jiao Tong Lan discussed with his friends and pooled their money to buy an old bicycle with no brakes and no bells.

September 3th, 1949, is the ninth day of August in the China lunar calendar. On this night, many people spent the eve of the birth of New China in excitement and waiting.

Li Shuiqing: "Everyone doesn't sleep there. Wipe the helmet clean and shiny. It looks good."

Peking Xiyuan

Jiao Tong Lan: "I didn't sleep all night. After I didn't sleep, I just wanted to go to Chairman Mao's place. How can I express my feelings when I meet Chairman Mao? What is it like to meet Chairman Mao and what does it look like?"

At 1 o'clock this evening, Zhou Enlai arrived at Tiananmen Square to make a final inspection of the layout of the tower. When he saw the words "Comrade Mao Zedong" written under the portrait of Mao Zedong hanging on the Tiananmen Gate, he immediately sent for Zhong Ling, director of Zhongnanhai Club.

Zhong Ling: "He said he couldn't take it, because founding ceremony should be very serious."

This portrait of Mao Zedong was written by Zhou Lingzhao. According to Zhou Enlai's instructions, he carefully covered the words below the portrait with paint. When Zhou Lingzhao finished all this, it was already the early morning of October 1.

The newly renovated Tiananmen Gate Tower and the square in front of it are welcoming the birth of the Chinese people and the Central People's Government.