How to appreciate the expression of novels?

1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.

Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).

Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.

Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.

5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.

Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.

Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.

Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste and touch.

Methods of describing scenery: the combination of dynamic and static (writing static by moving), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far).

X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).

XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.

Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.

Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.

Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.

Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.

17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.

Nineteen. Demonstration method: demonstrate, reason, quote, contrast (or positive and negative contrast) and analogy with examples (or facts).

20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)

Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.

Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony

Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection.

Twenty-four, others:

(A) the role of sentences in the text:

1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;

2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;

3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)

(2) The function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.

1, figuratively personified: vivid;

Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;

Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.

3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;

Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics

Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.

4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …

5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.

(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:

In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering the question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.

(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?

Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...

Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...

Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.

(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?

I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence) (2) this word corresponds to the above one by one (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be exchanged.

(6) Summary of paragraph meaning

1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.

Format: (time+place)+people+things.

2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.

Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)

3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.

Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?

(B) Modern reading skills

Some students answer reading questions according to their own feelings. In fact, there is skill in answering reading questions. The following are several answering skills of the Examination Instructions:

Look at the fractional answer method first:

You can infer the main points of the answer from the score of the question. If you give a question a score of 3, the answer may have three points, and one point is one point, so you can infer the main points of the answer and the required number of words from the score given in the question.

For example, the senior high school entrance examination in Shaanxi Province: What methods are there to eliminate warm fog? What kind of defogging operation in Shaanxi mentioned in this paper belongs to? (3 points)

The answer is: three kinds. "heating method", "moisture absorption method" and "artificial mixing method". What is mentioned in the article belongs to the second kind.

Second, use the original answer method:

When doing the problem, remember firmly: "The answer is not in your mind, only in the original text." In any case, you should not only reflect your personality and unique viewpoint, but also be faithful to the author's viewpoint.

The specific way is to restore the key words and expressions in the question to the original text, and then get out of trouble by boat. Generally speaking, the answers are above and below the key words.

For example: 2 "New Concentrated Learning" 2007 Chinese mock exam questions: What exactly does the author mean by "thinking about one or two things often"?

Paragraph 10 of the original text, the sentence immediately after the keyword "I often think about one or two things" is the answer to this question.

Three, two-step method

Reading questions are often asked: the role of a sentence (a paragraph) in the text. Do this kind of problem:

Step 1: Let's look at where this sentence (paragraph) is at the beginning of the article. Middle or last? If it is the beginning, there are the following possibilities: pointing out the center, setting suspense, guiding the full text, causing the following, paving the way for the following and promoting the development of the story; If it is in the middle, it plays a connecting role (transition); If it is at the end, it will make the finishing point, point out the center, deepen the theme, summarize the full text, echo from beginning to end, and take care of the overall structure ...

Step 2: The answer format can be fixed as follows: As far as content is concerned, it works in ……; Structurally, it plays a role in the following aspects ...

For example, question 13 of junior high school graduation examination in Shaanxi Province: "The beginning and end of the article all involve' I' helping Cheng Hai to revise his composition. From the structure of the full text, what is the role of this writing? "

(Note that this question only asks about the structure. The answer is that the revision of the composition is not only the origin of the article, but also the foreshadowing and foil of the meal card exchange, which echoes from beginning to end and has a complete structure.

Four or three steps

This kind of problem often appears in expository texts, that is, an adverb (all, part, all, probably, possibly, it is said …) can be deleted? Answering such questions can be divided into three steps: ① No; ② Explain the meaning of adverbs in this article; (3) If the sentence is removed, it will be too absolute, and it will not reflect the scientific nature (vividness, accuracy and rigor) of the interpretation language.

For example, question 13 of the academic examination for junior high school graduates in Shanxi experimental area: "Can the word' Shuo' be removed from the underlined text and make a brief analysis according to the language characteristics of the explanatory text?"

Answer: No, "it is said" means that there is no exact historical proof, and the quoted materials are heard. If it is removed, it will become affirmative, which is inconsistent with the facts and does not meet the requirements of the accuracy of the interpretation language.

Five or three analytical methods

Students think that the most difficult question to answer is "understanding the meaning and function of sentences".

In fact, this kind of topic is not necessarily the answering skill:

We can first analyze the characteristics and position of sentences; Then analyze its ideographic function and structural function; Finally, combining with the context, this paper analyzes which is the most critical word in sentence expression, and points out its contextual meaning.

For example, how to understand the bubble of expectation and pride in the middle school entrance examination question 12 (1 1) in Henan province? (3 points)

Firstly, it is analyzed that this is a figurative sentence; Secondly, the analysis shows that all expectations and pride are like bubbles; Finally, the key words are expectation, pride and bubble. Combined with the context, the answers are as follows: ① Old people look forward to being with their relatives and talking about their offspring with others;

Proud of having so many children and grandchildren; Her expectations for her children and grandchildren are as unattainable as bubbles.

Sixth, the way to enter the role

"Guidance Notes for Review Examination of Lianyungang College Entrance Examination in 2007" points out that students "appreciate the image and language in literary works"; "Evaluating the ideological content of the article and the author's viewpoint and attitude" examines students' outlook on life, values, ability to analyze and summarize, and ability to appreciate and evaluate.

To do such a problem, we'd better get into the role and put ourselves in the article. It's like letting you be in a movie. Only by putting your feelings into it, understanding it with your heart and grasping the angle of the article will it be more accurate. For example, the 22nd question in the Graduation Examination of Hebei Curriculum Reform Experimental Zone asks: "What has happened to Sylvia's feelings for young people?" Question 23: "What kind of little girl is Sylvia?"

This is the most appropriate way to answer such questions. If we enter the article as a little girl, it is not difficult to find that the little girl "I" was very scared when she first met the young people. After I met young people, I felt love in my heart; Sylvia has been missing the young man since he left; We can easily find that Sylvia is a naive, opinionated little girl who loves nature.

Seven. Other methods:

(1) refers to a demonstrative pronoun, which usually precedes it. When you find it, read it in the sentence where the demonstrative pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.

(2) What explanation method (demonstration method) is used in a sentence (paragraph) and what is its function?

It is not difficult to find a way. The key is the latter question. We can follow the following pattern: explain (demonstrate) this sentence (this passage) accurately (vividly, vividly and scientifically), and explain the center (central argument, sub-argument) ...);

(3) To evaluate and appreciate a sentence, we should first evaluate its writing characteristics and language characteristics, such as what rhetorical devices and expressions are used, and then evaluate its ideological connotation, that is, to clarify what views this sentence expresses and what feelings, enlightenment and education it gives you. ...

(4) To summarize a paragraph case, there must be two elements: who did it and what did it; Other elements, such as time, place, environment, etc., should also be summarized if they have specific significance.

Of course, modern Chinese reading is all-encompassing, with endless types of questions and ever-changing forms, but when answering questions, we only need to pay attention to: (1) carefully examine the questions, understand the meaning of the questions, and then answer them, instead of looking at the meaning of the text and answering them easily; (2) Memorize reading knowledge of various styles to avoid knowledge errors; (3) Master some common problem-solving skills.

Grasping the above points, I believe we will all achieve satisfactory results.

Narrative reading and answering skills

1. Six narrative elements?

The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.

2. Find a topic sentence?

Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph. Look for argumentative and lyrical sentences in this section, especially at the end.

3. What is the content of the article?

Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction.

This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and shows (praises and reveals) ...

4. What are the characteristics of material organization?

Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.

5. Hierarchical?

(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)

(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)

(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)

(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)

6. What are the narrative clues and functions?

Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.

Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.

7. Write a title for the article.

Find the clue or center of the article

(1) core figures (2) core things (3) core events (6) the author's emotions

8. Fill in the reading card.

Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).

9. What is the narrative order and function?

(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)

Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.

(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )

Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.

(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )

Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.

(4) Plain narration (omitted)

10. Language features?

Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods:

Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm.

Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.

1 1. Writing skills and functions? (including rhetoric)

(1) anthropomorphic technology

Give things people's character, thoughts, feelings and actions, make things personalized, and thus achieve vivid images.

(2) Metaphorical skills

Describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

(3) exaggeration

Highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) Symbolic techniques

Giving specific meanings to the things described expresses the feelings of … and enhances the expressive force of the article.

(5) Contrast technology

Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.

(6) technology of setting off (side contrast)

Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.

(7) Irony

Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.

(8) Want to promote first and then inhibit

First belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected touching effects.

(9) Care before and after (echoing from beginning to end)

Make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.

12. Rhetoric methods and functions

(1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images.

(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric.

(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other.

(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal.

(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.

(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism.

Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.

13. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?

Methods: Contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text and find out the specific content it refers to.

A: The word "××" originally means …, and here it means …, playing the role of ….

14. What does this sentence mean?

Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and then explain them in context.

15. What is the function of sentences in the structure?

(1) Continue the above.

(2) Open the bottom (lead to the bottom)

(3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition)

(4) Pave the way for the following.

16. Expression?

Narration, discussion, lyricism, description and explanation

17. What is the role of argument in narrative?

Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point.

18. What is the role of lyricism in narrative?

Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal.

19. Types and functions described?

Category: (1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Attitude Description (4) Action Description.

(5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychological Description (8) Scenery Description

(9) Description of scene (10) Description of environment (1 1) Description of details.

Function: to create characters, promote plot development and reveal the theme of the article.

20. What are the characteristics of prose? The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.

2 1. What kind of prose? (1) Narrative Prose (2) Lyric Prose

22. What kind of novel? Novel, novella, short story, short story

23. What are the three elements of a novel? People, environment, plot

24. What are the types and functions of the environment?

(1) Natural environment:

Explain the time and place of the story and the space of the characters' activities to set off the emotions of the characters.

(2) Social environment

Explain the social background and characteristics of the times, contrast the characters' personalities and promote the development of the plot.

Reveal the theme of the article.

25. What are the parts of the plot?

Start, development, climax, end

26. Continue to write the ending of the novel.

Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.