Who can tell me some psychological knowledge?

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A little psychological knowledge

1, birdcage logic

Hang a beautiful birdcage in the most conspicuous place in the room. In a few days, the owner will definitely make one of the following two choices: throw away the birdcage or buy a bird and put it in the birdcage. This is the birdcage logic. The process is simple. Imagine that you are the owner of this room. As long as someone walks into a room and sees a birdcage, they can't help asking you, "Where is the bird? Is it dead? " When you answer, "I've never had a bird." People will ask, "So, what do you need a birdcage for?" Finally, you have to choose between two choices, because it is much easier than endless explanations. The reason for birdcage logic is simple: people think inertia most of the time. So it can be seen how important it is to cultivate logical thinking in life and work.

2. Broken window effect

There is a phenomenon in psychological research called "broken window effect", that is, if the window of a house is broken and no one repairs it, soon, other windows will be broken inexplicably; A wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned up, will soon be covered with messy and unsightly things. In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will not hesitate to throw it and will not feel ashamed. This is really a strange phenomenon.

Psychologists study this "tipping point" How dirty the ground is, people will feel so dirty anyway. No matter how dirty it is. How bad the situation is, people will give up and let it rot.

Anything bad will not change if it is not stopped at first, just like a small gap on the river bank, which can collapse and cause millions of times of losses.

Crime is actually the result of disorder. New york really robbed everywhere in the 1980s, killing people every day, and being afraid to walk in the street in broad daylight. Not to mention the subway, the carriage is a mess, full of dirty words. Sitting in the subway, everyone is in danger. Although I was not robbed, a professor was beaten with a sap in broad daylight and became blind. Since then, his research career has ended, which made me afraid to go to new york for meetings alone for many years. Recently, the appearance and reputation of new york have improved a lot, which surprised me. A city that has declined can come back to life and become better.

So, when I went out for a meeting and met a criminologist, I immediately asked him for advice. It turns out that new york City used the broken window effect theory in the past books, which first improved the criminal environment to make it difficult for people to commit crimes, and then slowly arrested criminals and thieves to restore order.

At that time, although this practice was called "going slow" and "the ship was sinking and the deck was still being washed", new york started from maintaining the cleanliness of subway cars, handcuffed people who didn't buy tickets and took a ride on the platform continuously, and publicly declared the government's determination to rectify it, which proved to be very effective.

The police found that people really don't commit crimes in clean places. They also found that people who evade tickets are very rewarding, because one out of every seven people who evade tickets is wanted, and one out of every 20 people carries weapons. Therefore, the police are willing to seriously grasp the evasion of tickets, so that gangsters dare not evade tickets and dare not go out with weapons, so as not to lose more. In this way, new york will start from the smallest and easiest place, break the criminal chain, and make this vicious circle impossible to continue.

3. Decentralization of responsibilities

1March, 964 13 At 3: 20 pm, in front of an apartment on the outskirts of new york, a young woman named Juno Bibi was assassinated on her way home from work in a bar. When she cried out in despair, "Someone is going to kill someone! Help! Help! " Residents nearby heard the shouts, turned on the lights and opened the window, and the murderer escaped. Everything calmed down and the murderer came back to commit the crime. When she shouted again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again and the murderer ran away again. When she thought she had nothing to do and went back to her home to go upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, although she shouted for help, at least 38 people in her neighbors went to the window to watch, but no one came to save her, or even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in new york society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. People call this phenomenon the responsibility of many bystanders spreading from bankruptcy.

Psychologists have conducted a lot of experiments and investigations on the causes of the spread of responsibility, and the results show that this phenomenon can be said to be not only people's apathy, but also the increasingly decadent morality. Because on different occasions, people's aid behavior is really different. When a person encounters an emergency, if he is the only one who can help, he will clearly realize his responsibility and give help to the victims. If he feels guilty from destruction, it will cost him a high psychological price. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by everyone, resulting in scattered responsibilities. Everyone shares little responsibility, and bystanders may not even realize their own responsibility, thus creating a psychology of "I don't save, others save" and causing a situation of "collective indifference". How to break this situation is an important topic that psychologists are studying.

4. Parkinson's law

Northgood Parkinson, a famous British historian, wrote a book called Parkinson's Law through long-term investigation and research. In his book, he explained the reasons and consequences of the expansion of institutional personnel: an incompetent official may have three ways out. The first is to apply for resignation and give your seat to someone who has the ability; The second is to let a capable person help him with his work; The third is to appoint two people lower than themselves as assistants. This first way is absolutely impossible, because many rights will be lost; You can't go the second way, because that capable person will become your opponent; It seems that only the third way is the most suitable. So, two mediocre assistants share his work, and he gives orders from above. They will not pose a threat to their rights. Since both assistants are incompetent, find yourself two incompetent assistants from top to bottom. By analogy, a leadership system is formed, which is bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other and inefficient.

5. Halo effect

Pushkin, a famous Russian writer, once suffered from the halo effect. He fell madly in love with Natalie, known as "the first beauty in Moscow", and married her. Natalie looks amazing, but she is different from Pushkin. Every time Pushkin reads her a written poem. She always covers her ears and says, "Don't listen! Don't listen! " On the contrary, she always asks Pushkin to play with her and attend some luxurious parties and dances. Pushkin left his creation behind, was heavily in debt, and finally died in a duel with her, which made a literary superstar fall prematurely. In Pushkin's view, a beautiful woman must have extraordinary wisdom and noble character, but this is not the case. This phenomenon is called halo effect.

The so-called halo effect is that in interpersonal communication, one aspect of a person's characteristics masks other characteristics, thus causing obstacles to interpersonal cognition. In daily life, the "halo effect" often quietly affects our cognition and evaluation of others. For example, some old people think that if they don't like the individual shortcomings of young people, or don't like their clothes and living habits, they must be worthless. Because some young people admire the cuteness of their friends, they will look around. It's really called "a handsome man covers all the ugliness". Halo effect is a subjective psychological speculation, and its mistakes lie in: first, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics of things and is used to pushing the individual to the general, just like a blind man touching an elephant, replacing the face with points; Second, it links some unrelated personality or appearance features, and asserts that there must be another feature with this feature; Third, all the good ones are affirmed, and all the bad ones are denied. This is an absolute tendency dominated by subjective prejudice. In a word, halo effect is a cognitive obstacle that has a great influence on people's psychology in interpersonal communication. We should try our best to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect in communication.

6. Hawthorne effect

The experimenter effect in psychology. In the 1920s-1930s, American researchers discovered the experimenter effect, called Hawthorne effect, in the experiment on the relationship among working conditions, social factors and production benefits in Hawthorne factory of Chicago West Electric Power Company.

In the first stage of the experiment, the relationship between working conditions and production benefits was set from 1924 1 1 to the experimental group and the control group. Results The output of the experimental group increased whether the light was increased or controlled, and so did the output of the control group with the same light. In addition, some factors, such as salary, rest time, daily working length and working days per week, have been tested, and it is not clear that these working conditions have any direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the experiment was led by Mayo, a professor at Harvard University in the United States, and mainly studied the relationship between social factors and production efficiency. The results show that the improvement of production efficiency is mainly due to the great changes in the spirit of the subjects. Workers who participated in the experiment were placed in special laboratories, led by researchers. Their social conditions have changed, which attracted the attention of all parties, thus forming the feeling of participating in the experiment and feeling that they are an important part of the company, thus inspiring workers from the social perspective and promoting the increase of output.

This effect tells us that when students or themselves are concerned or watched by the public, the efficiency of learning and communication will be greatly improved. Therefore, we should learn to get along well with others in our daily life and understand what kind of behavior is accepted and appreciated by our classmates and teachers. Only by constantly increasing your good behavior in life and study can you get more people's attention and appreciation, and you can make your study progress and be confident!

7. Learned helplessness experiment

Learned helplessness was first discovered by Auvermeer and Seligman, and then widely discussed in animal and human studies. In short, many experiments show that after training, dogs can jump over obstacles or engage in other behaviors to escape the electric shock applied to them by experimenters. However, if the dog has been subjected to unpredictable (I don't know when it will come) and uncontrollable electric shock before (for example, the interruption of the electric shock does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog has a chance to escape from the electric shock later, it will become impossible to escape. Moreover, dogs will also show other defects, such as feeling depressed and depressed, reducing initiative and so on.

Dogs behave this way because they learned to feel helpless in the early stage of the experiment. In other words, they realize that no matter what they do, they can't control the termination of the electric shock. In each experiment, the termination of electric shock is under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will realize that he has no ability to change this external control, thus learning a sense of helplessness.

If people produce learned helplessness, it will become a deep despair and sorrow. Therefore, we should broaden our horizons in our study and life, see clearly the real decisive factors behind the incident, and don't let ourselves fall into despair.

8, the witness's memory

Witnesses, in our understanding, are usually people who provide some objective evidence, that is, people who truthfully tell what they saw with their own eyes and heard with their own ears. However, psychological research has proved that the testimony provided by many witnesses is inaccurate or personal, with personal views and consciousness.

Surprisingly, the confidence of witnesses in their testimony does not determine the accuracy of their testimony. Psychologists Pfeiffer and Hollins decided to do further research on this conclusion. In order to see if there is anything special in the witness's testimony, they compared the witness's memory with general knowledge.

They showed the participants a short film about a kidnapped girl. The next day, the subjects were asked to answer some questions about the video content, and were asked to express their confidence in their answers, and then they were given a recognition memory test. Next, in the same way, the content is common sense questions selected from encyclopedias and popular books.

As before, Pfeiffer and Hollins also found that those who have confidence in their answers are actually no better than those who have no confidence in their answers, but this is not the case for general knowledge. People with high confidence recall the results much better than people with low confidence.

People are aware of their strengths and weaknesses in common sense. Therefore, they tend to modify their test results on the confidence scale. Common sense is a database shared by individuals. It has a recognized correct answer, and subjects can measure it themselves. For example, people will know whether they are better or worse than others in sports. However, the witnessed events are not affected by this self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are less likely to know that they are better or worse at remembering participants' hair colors than others.

9. Rosenthal effect

American psychologist Rosenthal and others did a famous experiment in 1968. They went to a primary school, and selected three classes of children from grade one to grade six for a serious "test to predict future development". Then the experimenter informed the teacher of the list of students who thought they had "excellent development possibilities". In fact, this list is not determined according to the test results, but is randomly selected. It hints at teachers with "authoritative lies", thus arousing teachers' expectations of the students on the list. Eight months later, the results of the intelligence test found that the students on the list generally improved their grades, and the teachers also gave them good moral evaluation. This experiment has achieved miraculous results. People call this phenomenon that students can make the progress expected by teachers through the subtle influence on students' psychology "Rosenthal effect", which is also commonly known as pygmalion effect (Pygmalion is the king of Cyprus in ancient Greek mythology, and he has a good impression on a girl's statue, and his desire finally turns this statue into a real person, and the two love and combine).

Educational practice also shows that if teachers love some students, they will have high expectations. After a period of time, students will feel the care, love and encouragement of teachers. Often treat teachers, study and their own behavior with a positive attitude, students will be more self-respecting, confident, self-loving and self-reliant, thus inducing positive passion. These students tend to make progress that teachers expect. On the contrary, those students who are ignored and discriminated by teachers will feel the teacher's "eccentricity" from the teacher's words, behaviors and expressions over time, and will also treat the teacher and their own learning with a negative attitude, ignoring or refusing to listen to the teacher's requirements; These students tend to get worse every day, and finally become social undesirable elements. Although there are exceptions, this is the general trend, and it also sounded the alarm for teachers.

10, false consensus deviation.

We usually think that our hobbies are the same as those of most people. If you like playing computer games, you may overestimate the number of people who like computer games. You usually overestimate the number of people who vote for your favorite classmates, overestimate your prestige and leadership in the group, and so on. Your tendency to overestimate the number of people with the same characteristics as your behavior and attitude is called "false empathy bias". Some factors will affect the intensity of your false empathy bias:

(1) When external attribution is stronger than internal attribution;

(2) When the current behavior or event is very important to someone;

(3) When you are very sure or firmly believe in your point of view;

(4) When your status or normal life and study are threatened.