What are the customs of the Yi people? Tell me what you know, will you?

Yi taboo

Women over the age of 17 are forbidden to go upstairs in Liangshan Yi area. If they violate the rules, they should hold a "small cloth" magic instrument at home to drive away the dirty gas and bad luck. It is forbidden for outsiders, brothers, fathers, uncles, uncles' brothers and daughters-in-law to "Nimude" at the owner who is bounded by the upper right of Guo Zhuang Stone. In the past, if there was a violation, the daughter-in-law returned to her family, and her family had to refund the employment fee and compensate the disrespectful money; Father, brother, uncle, etc. They had to brew wine as a gift for their owners. When moving in after the completion of the new house, avoid the male host first, otherwise it is not conducive to the development of the family. Whistling, singing folk songs and swearing are forbidden at home in Weishan Yi area of Yunnan. It is forbidden to bring sticks, ropes, knives and guns into the main room and kitchen.

Choosing a place of residence The Yi people's place of residence is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with beautiful soil, fertilizer and grass. After the site selection, the house will be built. The methods of building houses by Yi people in Liangshan are rolling away, cooking rice and burning sheep shoulder bones. Fuck off, that is, take an egg and roll it on the homestead, and then set up three stones to cook the egg in the pot. After cooking, peel off the eggshell and see if the egg nest is right or wrong. With luck, you can build a house and choose another address. Li Mi, hold five grains of rice in your hand, then erect the rice one by one in the middle direction of southeast, northwest and northwest, and buckle it with a bowl. If you find that the rice grains are lost and dumped unlucky the next day, choose another address. To burn a sheep's scapula, you need to ask a wizard to perform this trick, that is, put the fire grass on the sheep's scapula and see if the cracks on the scapula are good or bad. The square pattern is Shangji, the word pattern is Zhong Ping, and the cross pattern is unlucky. These are superstitions and are gradually being eliminated. The back door faces east, facing the slope. Avoid opening the door to the bald mountain; There is water after the house is banned, otherwise it is easy to send flash floods and endanger the house. ?

Liangshan Yi village is characterized by the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. Historically, because the Yi people are often harassed by other ethnic groups and have frequent internal struggles, most of the villages they live in are located in mountainous areas or hillsides with dangerous terrain, or on sunny slopes near river valleys. In this way, they have a preventable danger, a way to go, and a foresight. Terraces in front and pastures in the back are ideal places for Yi people to live. Generally, mountainous areas are scattered, and Pingba Valley is inhabited.

Marriage and love of Yi people

Before 1949, due to the different distribution areas and branches of the Yi people, the differences in social and economic forms in different places were also reflected in the regionality of the marriage system. The specific performance is as follows:

(1) Monogamy.

In Yi society, monogamy adapted to patriarchal clan system is the dominant form of marriage. In Liangshan before, except for some children of Xia Xi and Aga, when men and women were children or young, it was their fathers who chose objects for them, sought matchmakers' words, predicted marriage and engaged them. The wedding will be held after a certain time. After marriage, except for the youngest son, all of them separated from their parents, married separately and formed monogamous families. If the husband is still young after marriage, the bride will go back to her mother's house and wait for her husband to become an adult before starting a family. As for Aga and Xia, they are still monogamous after being married by their owners or with their consent. In the past, some aristocratic rulers and rich people also had polygamy. Generally speaking, their wives live in different places. Although the first wife of all wives has a high position in the family, she has no right to manage and dominate other wives. However, if you remarry, you must obtain the consent of your first wife in advance, and after making the gift, you must hold a banquet for your relatives and friends. Otherwise, it may lead to criticism and fighting between enemies. ?

The Yi people in Liangshan, large and small in Sichuan and Yunnan, practice "intra-ethnic marriage", "hierarchical marriage", "family support marriage", "house transfer system", "menstruation cousins don't get married" and "menstruation cousins get married first". "Intra-ethnic marriage" means that both spouses must be Yi people, and it is forbidden to marry other ethnic groups. If they violate it, according to the common law, they will be executed or expelled from their homes. "Intra-rank marriage" means that the black Yi must marry the black Yi, and it is strictly forbidden for black Yi men and women to marry men and women of other ranks. If a black Yi woman has sex with men of other ranks, both sides will be put to death; If a black Yi man has sexual relations with other women, the man will be expelled from his family or put to death, and all women will be put to death. "Marriage outside the family branch" means that marriage is strictly prohibited within the same family branch, and the spouse must choose outside the family branch. If a sexual relationship occurs within the same family branch, it is regarded as incest and both parties will implement it according to customary law. "Transfer system", that is, after the husband of a married woman dies, she is still in childbearing age and must transfer to another man in her husband's family. The order of transferring houses is: peers first, if there is no suitable candidate among peers, then the younger generation or elders. There are no restrictions except that you can't transfer to your son and your cousin's marriage to your father-in-law. "Auntie doesn't marry" means that it is forbidden to marry aunts and cousins, and aunts and cousins are like brothers and sisters. They can neither get married nor have extramarital sex, otherwise they will be regarded as incest and executed according to customary law. "Cousins have marriage priority", that is, cousins have marriage priority. According to the common law, my aunt's daughter was born my uncle's daughter-in-law. My aunt's daughter must first ask her uncle's family for employment. If she doesn't, she can't get married, and she has to send a dowry to her uncle's family. On the other hand, the aunt's daughter has the above obligations to her uncle's family.

The Yi people in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi practice feudal marriage system. Marriage is arranged by parents, and the eight characters are taken after parents agree. The man's family should send a dowry to the woman's family, and the wedding date should be chosen on an auspicious day. ?

(2) Paired marriage and group marriage of Talu Yi people in Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province. Marriage and divorce are very free. Some women are even unmarried all their lives, and live together with male partners who come to the door from time to time at night, making their children their home. Especially women's freedom to have sex before marriage. Usually, when they grow up, they will live in public houses commonly known as "sheds", and they often live for several years at a time. Therefore, a bride who marries with her children is also allowed by common law. ?

(3) The Yi people in Maitreya, Yunnan Province are free to fall in love. This branch of Yi people has "idle houses" or "public houses" for unmarried young men and women to socialize. Marriage is not arranged by parents, and no dowry is needed. The daughter didn't know who the son-in-law was until she took the man home.

After 1949, the socialist marriage law was widely implemented in Yi areas, and the marriage system that did not conform to socialism was abolished.

Language and writing of Yi people

Yi people's crafts mainly include colored lacquer painting, embroidery, applique and casting. Lacquer painting is mainly used in bowls, plates, pots, cups, armor, wrist guards, shields, rocket launchers, saddles, reins, Qin Yue, oral strings and so on. The main colors are black, red and yellow. Embroidery and applique are the specialty of Yi women. They are often embroidered (or pasted) on shoes, headscarves, sleeves, collars, skirts, trouser legs, suspenders, tobacco bags and belts. Most of them are based on black, with high purity flowers such as red, yellow, green and blue. The patterns of painted lacquerware, embroidery and decals are based on celestial phenomena such as the sun, the moon, rainbows and clouds. Some take the natural geography of mountains and rivers such as water ripples and mountain shapes as the theme; There are pictures of cockscomb, bull's eyes, horns of cattle and sheep, teeth of pigs and other parts of animals; There are some pictures of flowers, leaves, branches and other plants, as well as some pictures of ropes, braids and squares. All kinds of patterns are closely related to real life, rich and colorful, with strong national and local colors.

yi dance

Yi folk songs and dances can be summarized as follows:

Dage: It includes round dances such as "Tiao", "Tiao", "Left-footed Dance", "Tiao" and "Tiao Yue", which are popular in the border area between western Yunnan Province and Liangshan, Sichuan Province. Self-entertainment Dance "Big Brother" and Han Nationality

The ancient "Tage" is very similar. It is now in Wenchang Pavilion in Weibaoshan, Weishan County, Yunnan Province, and the "Ta Ge Tu" drawn during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty records the local dance state. During festivals and celebrations, people hand in hand in a circle, singing and dancing or dancing with music, and the dance always focuses on lower limb movements.

"Jumping strings": also called "cigarette box dance", because the dancer is tap dancing with a cigarette box in his hand. "Smoke Box Dance" is popular in the Nisu inhabited areas of Honghe, Shiping and Jianshui in south-central Yunnan Province. Dance can be divided into "strings" and "miscellaneous strings". Sine is a combination of two-person self-entertainment dance and performance dance. The main traditional passages are Mute Chopping Wood and Pigeons Eating. The dance is graceful, light, lively and funny. On the other hand, "Miscellaneous String" is further developed on the basis of "Sine", which is a kind of song and dance sketch with characters and stories. Among them, there are more than 100 kinds of representative programs, such as "Mute Touch Fish" and "Boy Worship Guanyin". The local mantra "people don't jump the strings, but live in vain for decades" can explain the important position of "jumping the strings" in people's lives and thoughts.

Zorro: Also known as Solo, it is another round dance popular in Nisu nationality, a branch of Yi nationality on the south bank of Honghe River in Yunnan. Melody jumping is cheerful, and the rhythm is clear and powerful, accompanied by dance movements such as quick waving, wrong step and stepping on the foot, which is especially popular among young people.

"Tiaosanxian": also known as "Big Sanxian" and "Tiaoyue", is a self-entertainment dance loved by Axi and Sani people, a branch of Yi people in central Yunnan Province. Dancing three strings, accompanied by three strings of large, medium and small and bamboo flutes with different timbres, is an essential dance for the Torch Festival.

Felt dance is a unique dance form of Yi people in Liangshan, Sichuan. Dancers use blankets as props to imitate the posture of eagles and bears by stretching, folding, swinging and rotating their bodies. This kind of dance has now become a representative performance dance of the Yi people.

The above five kinds of Yi folk dances, if we remove the modifications that people have made to traditional folk dances for nearly half a century and restore their true colors, we can clearly see the modal of simulated animals in ancient Yi people, and see the original ecology and Gu Zhuo dance that reflect people's working life. The first four dances originated from the ancient life of Yi people, and the fifth one imitated the dance of eagle and bear, which may be related to the polytheism and totem of Yi people in ancient times.

Worship is closely related. This animal imitates dance with graceful movements. In the long historical process, it gradually separated from the sacrificial ceremony, and constantly joined the aesthetic consciousness of various times, becoming a performance dance that people appreciate today.

In the Yi people's New Year celebrations, we can also see the dance forms "bamboo horse" and "stilts" from the Central Plains culture. Modern Yi stilts retain and develop their acrobatic features, which are far higher than those of Han stilts, but they fail to accept the dance skills of Han stilts.

When the Yi people hold ceremonies to worship their ancestors and pray for a bumper harvest, we can also see wood drum, bronze drum and sheepskin drum. These dances are performed by the wizards "Bimo" and "Su Ye". They beat drums while swinging their shoulders, chest and hips quickly as the main dance vocabulary. In addition, in the dances such as "Jumping Palace" and "Jumping Armor" performed in the "Jumping Palace Festival", traces of ancient hunting and inter-tribal wars, as well as sacrificial ceremonies and dance scenes of soldiers' expeditions, battles and triumphs, are still preserved to express their nostalgia and praise for ancient heroes. This dance of people holding musical instruments is almost the same as the armor dance of Qiang people.

The famous dances that have been processed and put on the stage include Red Carpet, Xi Tiao Yue, Happy Nosu and so on. It is famous in the art world for its jumping and cheerful melody, which shows the energetic life of the Yi people.

Yi diet

Yi people are widely distributed. Due to the differences in geology, climate and rainfall in different regions, the types and yields of crops are also different. Therefore, it has also formed the characteristics of diversified diet of Yi people around the country.

1. staple food. The main crops are corn, potatoes and bitter buckwheat, as well as oats, barley, wheat and beans. Some dam areas mainly eat rice. The method of eating is generally to cook all kinds of buns and other foods, sometimes cooked or fried. Liangshan Yi people knead buckwheat into cakes and cook them in boiling water. Potatoes like to be boiled or burned; Stir-fried oats are ground into flour to adjust food; The rice is steamed in retort pouch.

2. Non-staple food. Vegetables include radish, root tuber, Chinese cabbage, green vegetables, cauliflower, kale, leek, bracken, onion, ginger and so on. There are different ways to eat, such as boiling, frying, stewing and pickling. Carnivores mainly eat cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens. Boiling and salt are common ways to eat. The meat of Liangshan Yi people and the raw meat of Samei Yi people are the best. The way to take off the meat is to choose 30 Jin of wild pigs, remove the hair and viscera, cut them into fist-sized chunks after washing, remove them after cooking in the pot, and mix with seasonings such as salt and pepper. The method of raw meat and liver is to burn pig's feet and shred them, then chop up pig's liver and add soy sauce, vinegar, chopped green onion and pepper.

3. alcohol. Yi people like to drink white wine, which is generally brewed with sorghum, corn, buckwheat and other miscellaneous grains. Different production methods or drinking methods are called "Tantan wine", "Seal seal wine", soaked wine, millet wine, water wine and porridge wine. Tantan wine is brewed in a jar. When drinking, peel off the sealing mud at the jar mouth, add cold boiled water, and insert it into an arched bamboo tube or wooden tube for drinking after several hours. You can also drink it for several people at the same time. Switching to liquor is a drinking method of Liangshan Yi people. Groups of men and women sit on the floor, bowls of white wine are handed from right to left, and each bite is rubbed with the thumb of the left hand. The soaked wine is brewed in wooden barrels. When drinking, it rushes out of the barrel, and the wine flows out of the small hole at the bottom of the barrel. You can drink it for several days when you drink it.

4. tea. Yi people in Yunnan and Guizhou are used to drinking tea and growing their own tea. The soil around Wuliangshan, Ailaoshan, Lancangjiang and Heihuijiang in Yunnan is sour, moist and foggy, which is beneficial to the growth of tea. The produced green tea is quite beautiful, with tight knots, mellow fragrance and endless aftertaste. Qingmao tea was planted as early as the Tang Dynasty. Schumann recorded: "Tea was collected from Yinsheng Mountain, and Meng people fried it with pepper, ginger and cinnamon."

5. cigarettes. Liangshan Yi people like to smoke orchids. Generally, they are planted in a small piece of fertile land near their home, sown in February, divided into seedlings in May and harvested in July. Then dry the tobacco leaves and pile them up, and tie them into small bundles with mountain grass for later use. When smoking, put the tobacco leaves in the palm of your hand, rub them into fine powder and put them into a pipe. Yi people in Yunnan and Guizhou like to smoke leaf cigarettes.

6. tableware. The tableware of Liangshan Yi people is mostly made of forest lacquer ware, which is unique in shape, beautiful and durable, with black as the background and painted with red and yellow patterns. Commonly used are wooden plates, bowls, spoons, helmets, bowls, leather bowls, meat plates, lunch boxes and so on. Wooden bowls have high feet and low feet. The wooden bowl has a closed mouth, a lid and a bulging belly, and the lid and the body are buckled into a mother and a child. Wooden bowls and bowls are used to hold rice. Wooden spoons are used to scoop soup and rice. The spoon is oval with a slender handle, commonly known as "Ma Shao". Move the handle slightly when eating, so that the spoon won't stick to your lips, so that the soup and rice are in your mouth, which is sanitary and practical. The leather bowl is light and durable, and you can eat cold with buckwheat noodles and Baba.

7. drinking utensils. The wine glasses include eagle claw cup, ox horn cup, ox horn cup, goose claw cup, pig's trotter cup, wooden wine cup, leather wine cup and so on. There are round pots, flat round pots, pigeon-shaped pots and so on. The pot is divided into three parts: abdomen and feet. There is a small bamboo tube in the center of the sole as a wine inlet. When the wine is full, put the pot straight, but the wine can't flow out. A thin bamboo tube is obliquely inserted next to the upper end of the abdomen as a wine suction port. Beautiful and unique appearance, unique. The materials of wine vessels are wood lacquer, silver, keratin, leather and so on. ?

Yi festival

Traditional festivals of Yi people are very rich, which can be divided into five categories according to their nature: productive festivals, social entertainment festivals, commemorative festivals, celebration festivals and sacrificial festivals. And each category contains 5- 10 festivals. For example, productive festivals aimed at developing and promoting production include the wool shearing festival (popular in Daliangshan, usually in the middle of June of the lunar calendar), the herb picking festival (popular in Xiaoliangshan, Yunnan, on the first day of the fifth lunar month, mainly collecting and selling medicinal materials), the Heijing Lantern Festival (popular in Heijing, Mouding County, Yunnan, on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, mainly praying for more salt production), and the Year of the Sheep (in Mouding, Yunnan, on New Year's Eve and every year) Bawu Festival (popular in the eastern and western mountainous areas of Heqing County, Yunnan Province, held on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, mainly to celebrate and pray for a bumper harvest), Niuge Festival (held by the Yi people in the mountainous areas of northwest Yunnan Province in early winter every year), Lama Festival (Lama means to celebrate the traditional festival of Niushen and the slang people of the Yi branch, held on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month every year) and Mountain Protection Festival (popular among the Yi people in Longlin, Guangxi, held in March every year). Another example is the social entertainment festivals with the purpose of communication and entertainment in the form of songs and dances, entertainment and gatherings, such as singing contest (held by Lalu people in Jiujiang County, Yunnan Province in February of the lunar calendar), Valentine's Day (held by people in white in Napo County, Guangxi Province in March of the lunar calendar, and lovers exchange gifts), Daughter's Day (showing their youth and beauty in the street on the first day after the Spring Festival in Jinping, Yunnan Province) and Horse Racing Festival (Weining, Guizhou Province), the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year. Yi girls are all dressed up to see whose clothes look good), Flower Catching Street (Lesu people, a branch of Yi people at the junction of Eshan, Xinping and Shuangbai counties in Yunnan, are held twice every year on June 24th and July15th, which is a good opportunity for young people to fall in love), and String Song Festival (Yangbi Yi people in Yunnan Province celebrate the first day of the third lunar month every year. After dressing up, women gather on the local dense mountain with food, sing songs and taste food until the bright moon is in the sky), open a new festival (Yi people in Eshan, Yunnan Province will go to the market on the first day after the first day of the first lunar month every year, and spring ploughing will be finished after the festival), and worship their children (Yi people in Eshan, Yunnan Province, take the village as the unit on the second day of the first lunar month every year, and invite girls who get married within 3-5 years to come back to the village for collective worship). Another example is a commemorative festival with the main content of remembering national heroes and commemorating a historical event, such as the Flower Arrangement Festival (held by the Yi people in Chuxiong, Yunnan Province on the eighth day of the second lunar month every year to commemorate the legendary heroine Miyi Road who cured women's violence) and the Clothing Festival (held by the Yi people in Santaishan, Dayao County, and commemorated the ingenious tailor Amigues Ni and February 8 in Yunnan Province on March 28 every year (held on the eighth day of the second lunar month every year for three days to commemorate the battle of wits with the enemy). Celebrative festivals with the content of celebrating bumper harvest, congratulating people and animals for prosperity, peace and happiness include Yi Year, Old Age Festival, Year Taste Festival, New Rice Festival, Shahubi Festival and so on. Finally, there are sacrificial festivals to worship gods and pray for evil spirits, such as torch festival, secret festival, sacrificial festival and dance festival. Among them, the Year of the Yi people and the Torch Festival are the most common and grand festivals of the Yi people. ?

(A) Yi Nian

Known as Kush in Yi language, it is a traditional festival of Liangshan Yi people, which is held from October to November in the lunar calendar every year. Before the Li Dynasty, people made firewood for the New Year, prepared food for the New Year, and carefully urged pigs to celebrate the New Year. Three days of Chinese New Year, the first day: "set off fireworks", inform Zuling to go home and spend the holidays with future generations in the morning smoke; "Going door to door to kill Nian pig", the whole village (except the hostess who stayed at home) was surrounded by the pig killing expert "Weng Se Er Gu" who went door to door to kill Nian pig. The order of killing pigs depends on the seniority of the village. "Pine" is a sacrifice. Take some pork liver and pork and cook it, and bring it to the top of the fireplace to worship the ancestors. After that, everyone will have dinner together. When the sun goes down, they will worship their ancestors again with cooked meat and buckwheat Baba, praying for a bumper harvest and peace in the coming year. The next day: The children played the game of "Onsnagug", and young men and women got together in costumes, singing and dancing with kouxian, Qin Yue and Huqin, and engaged in horse racing, swing wrestling and squatting wrestling. Middle-aged men team up for the New Year, and women entertain guests at home. On the third day, people get up early, send their ancestors back to their ancestral home with hot meals, prepare travel expenses and dry food for them, and pour oats into the barn as a symbol of feeding their spiritual horses. When sending away the ancestral spirit, the master prayed for the ancestral spirit to bless the family peace, bumper crops and prosperous livestock in the coming year. ?

(2) Torch Festival

The Yi people in Sichuan and Yunnan are generally held around June 24th of the lunar calendar, while the Yi people in Guizhou are held around June 6th of the lunar calendar. Sacrificing gods and fields, praying for a bumper harvest in the new year and sending worship to ward off evil spirits are important folk contents of Torch Festival. During the festival, in some Yi areas, the village will slaughter pigs and cows to sacrifice to the gods. In some places, every Yi family raises chickens in the fields to offer sacrifices to the mother of the land. On the Torch Festival of Liangshan Yi people, everyone outside will go home to have a reunion dinner, kill chickens to worship their ancestors before meals, and hold a ceremony to light the torch after meals. The head of the family lit a torch made of dried wormwood sticks, which lit up every corner from the top of the room, and read the words: burn all the sources of bad luck, the whole family will be safe, the grain will be abundant, and the six animals will flourish, then pass through the cowshed and sheepfold, and finally join the Torch Festival in the village, lighting torches at the edge of the village and the hillside of the field. Some people say that torches can kill pests, while others say that torches can drive away disasters and evil spirits. Now the Torch Festival is richer in content, including bullfighting, wrestling, horse racing, beauty pageant, duet, dance, archery, grinding children's autumn and other recreational activities, and some places also carry out commercial and trade activities. ?

Yi clothing

Yi costumes are different from place to place, basically the same as dialects, and different dialects have different costumes. There are six types of this:?

(1) Liangshan costumes are mainly popular in Liangshan area of Sichuan and Yunnan. A man wears a lock of hair on his head, which is called "Zi Er" and "Tian Bodhisattva" in Chinese. He wears a black or dark blue cloth handkerchief several feet long, which is wrapped in a slender cone shape on the right or left side of his forehead and protrudes from the handkerchief, which is called "purple iron" and "hero knot" in Chinese. He is wearing black or blue tights, with a big waist and narrow sleeves. The cuffs and lapels are inlaid with several circles of different colors of cloth, or with five-color cotton strips, which are longer than the waist. Pants are made of sea blue cotton cloth, and the legs vary from region to region, with a width of 170 cm. When walking, pants are often hung on the waist. Narrow pedals can only be passed through after straightening. Adult men wear silver earrings or coral amber big ear beads on their left ear, with red silk spikes under the beads. Women wear a right back shirt with edge or embroidery, and the neckline, cuffs, hem and hem are made of blue, red and white cloth strips, or lace with various patterns is woven with colored silk thread. Nail a square silver flower on the button in the middle of the collar, or nail a small silver nail on the collar. The skirt is sewn into three sections with red, yellow, blue, white and other colored cotton or wool fabrics. The upper section is waist, the middle section is tubular, and the lower section is pleated, commonly known as "pleated skirt". Unmarried women wear two small skirts, and when they grow up, they hold a dress-changing ceremony, which is called "Chaalal", and then put on three skirts, and they enter the marriage and love period. Young women or married childless people, use cyan or black cloth to fold into tile-shaped headscarves and press them into braids. Middle-aged and elderly women wrap their heads with black headscarves or wear lotus leaf-shaped hats. Wear a silver bracelet and ring; Wear lotus-shaped and star-shaped silver earrings; Wear a triangular wallet at the waist and a five-color ribbon at the bottom; Thread a string, syringe, teeth, etc. In the chest. Yi men and women wear shawls made of wool all the year round, which are called "ear-wiping tiles". They can keep out the cold when it is cold, cover the sun when it is sunny, make raincoats when it rains, and cover them when they sleep. The decoration process of clothing is called "flower making", which generally includes: picking flowers, applique, wearing flowers, locking flowers, rolling flowers, knurling, mending flowers, embroidery and so on. Patterns include wavy patterns, cockscomb patterns, bull's-eye patterns and star patterns. ?

(2) The costumes in southeastern Yunnan are represented by Sani and Axi Yi costumes. The elderly men of Sani Yi people like to wear wide crotch pants with green cloth. Young people like to wear double-breasted sleeveless jackets sewn with linen, which are embroidered with patterns and edged with blue or other colors. Women like to wear flower heads, old women use red and black, and young women use many colors. The edge of Baotou is inlaid with silver "Cashma", and a pair of "colorful butterflies" are attached to the ears at the top. There is a string of beads hanging from the back, hanging down to the chest, dazzling, and making a crisp and pleasant sound when walking. The coat is knee-length, mostly blue and white, with embroidery on sleeves, neckline and corners. The back is covered with a white fine wool skin and a black cloth substrate. The cloth belt is directly attached to the skirt through the chest, and the waist is tied with waist flowers embroidered with colored patterns on a black background. Wearing blue and black trousers, embroidered cloth shoes and a flower bag on his shoulder. The men's wear of Axi Yi people is similar to that of Sani Yi people. Women wear two braids on their heads and colorful "Ludu" baotou made of printed cloth. "Green Capital" is a kind of grass that grows on the top of mountain rocks. Wear blue and white or cyan cloth to tighten the sleeves. The upper part of the sleeves is mostly green cloth, and the lower part is equipped with another color cloth. The sleeves are embroidered with patterns. Wear colorful cloth on the back and tight pants on the bottom. Wear bracelets and earrings. Homemade grass cut on the back. ?

(3) Men in southern Yunnan-style clothes wear double-breasted jackets, some of which are tightly nailed with long buttons or decorated with silver coins, and a row of canine teeth patterns are embroidered on their collars; Some people like to wear sheepskin collars. Wear wide crotch pants. The woman wore a silver bubble inlaid cockscomb hat and a right-hand blouse with a hem and tail. Put it back and tie it around, and the tail is usually stuffed between belts, which looks like a bag and can hold sewing bags and other things. When dancing, the tail is lowered to help dance. Under the big trousers, there are flowers at the waist. Wear pointed embroidered shoes on your feet. I like to wear silver earrings and bracelets, with silver bells and silver bubbles hanging on my front, waist and ass. ?

(4) Men dressed in western Yunnan are dressed in black or blue collarless double-breasted clothes, and some have suede collars. Wear wide crotch pants, a green handkerchief on your head, or a small hat with melon skin. The woman wears a "fishtail hat" embroidered with small red tassels and small silver beads, leaving a pigtail behind her head. Wearing a round neck tunic with a short front and a long back, a black vest and a green cloth waist. Wearing green or blue trousers and boat-shaped embroidered shoes. I like wearing honeysuckle, hairpins, pins, earrings, rings, bracelets, beards and other decorations. Men, women and children wear buttonless double-breasted sheepskin robes. ?

(5) Yunnan medium clothing men's general shorts. The woman is wearing a light coat and a black vest. Wear pants. Wear a chest and waist. The head is wrapped in a green scarf, and embroidered hats are worn in some areas, such as parrot's beak hat, butterfly hat and cherry blossom hat. ?

(6) Bao Qing and Bai Pa, middle-aged and elderly men in northwest Guizhou, wear long gowns and green belts and wide-leg bloomers, commonly known as "splayed trousers". The young man is wearing a double-breasted coat and a big white belt. The woman is wearing a blue coat, a black head and a white handkerchief. The neckline, cuffs, hem and hem are all embroidered. She wore a long skirt of blue, blue, milk and white, a white cloth belt and "kite shoes" embroidered with high nails.

Population and distribution?

According to 1990 national census, the population of Yi nationality is 6572 133, ranking fifth among the ethnic minorities in China, next only to Zhuang, Man, Hui and Uygur. Mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and the northwest of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. They live in a vast area from the Dadu River Basin in the north to the Yunnan border in the south, Wujiang River in the east and Lancang River in the west. The main inhabited areas are Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, Wei Chu in Yunnan, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Bijie in Guizhou and Liupanshui. ?

Geographical environment?

The Yi people mainly live on the land of about 500,000 square kilometers between 22-29 north latitude and 98-106 east longitude, located on the southeast edge of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Kangzang Plateau.

There are many peaks in this area, with deep canyons, majestic terrain and great momentum. Big Snow Mountain, Big Liangshan Mountain, Wumeng Mountain, Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain cross the territory. Jinsha River, Yuanjiang River, Nanpanjiang River, Yalong River, Pudu River, Xixi River, Meigu River, Anning River and Huitong River hover in the valley; Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake, Caohai Lake, Qionghai Lake and Mahu Lake are scattered on the plateau. The climate is mild and the rainfall is abundant. The annual temperature is between 10℃ and 20℃, and the annual rainfall is between 700- 1000 mm. Many hills, mountains, dams, valleys and lakes contain metal minerals, such as iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, gold, silver, tin, antimony, manganese, nickel, lead and mercury. Rich in corn, rice, wheat, buckwheat, oats, potatoes and other crops; Production of cash crops such as hemp, rape, tobacco, peanuts, cotton and tea; There are Yunnan pine, Huashan pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, birch, camphor, nanmu and other wood; There are tung oil, lacquer tree, camellia oleifera, ramie, chestnut, citrus, peach, pear and other economic tree species; There are Cordyceps sinensis, Fritillaria, Notoginseng Radix, Gastrodia elata, Radix Aucklandiae, Radix Codonopsis, Poria, Saussurea involucrata, etc. There are livestock products such as cattle, horses, sheep and pigs; There are also flying foxes, golden monkeys, pandas, grey bamboo rats, silver pheasants, white-bellied pheasants and other rare animals. The Yi people have worked and lived in this land for generations, creating a splendid Yi culture.

Yi funeral

There are many branches of Yi nationality, which are widely distributed and have different geographical environments. Therefore, the funeral customs and even rituals of various branches of the Yi people are different. From funeral forms to funeral procedures, there are obvious local differences and branch characteristics.

Only in the form of funeral, there was cremation in Yi history, and it was changed to coffin burial in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi after the middle of Ming Dynasty. In addition, Yi people have tree burial, pottery burial, stone burial, water burial and celestial burial.

1. The funeral way of burning the body with fire. It has been circulating in Yi areas for a long time. Jiajing's Guizhou Tongzhi records that the local Yi people "burned in the wild and scattered their bones"; "Yue Ting Ji Folklore Records" also said: "Funeral doesn't need a coffin, but it is burned with fire and covered with earth and stone." "Xichang County Records" and "Yi People Records" also recorded that after the Yi people cremated their bodies, they "collected bones and colonized them in urns, and ordered several honest old wretched to be buried in deep mountain cliffs, which were unknown and prevented the Japanese pirates from stealing them." At present, when cremation is carried out in Yi areas of Yunnan Province, the corpse must be curled up, with the man lying on his back and the woman lying on his side, and a woodshed must be set up and set on fire. Then dig a pit and put the ashes in an altar, wrap them in thatch and bury them in the pit. Some people will build a stone around the pile after burying the grave. The ancestral graves of some Yi people in xuanwei county are cremation tombs. Others, after cremation, put bone embers in jars and send them to caves. Both burial methods belong to compound secondary burial, that is, burial after cremation or rock burial after cremation. The traditional way of cremation has been completely preserved and passed down, initially in Daliangshan and Xiaoliangshan.

2. Bury. After Ming and Qing Dynasties, Yi people in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other places gradually replaced traditional cremation with coffin burial, and the burial custom was similar to that of local Han people. Yi people in Sani, Yunnan, usually stay there for two days after their death, where wizards recite scriptures to send their souls, and villagers and their relatives come to "play lions", "make monkeys" and "run gongs and drums". On the day of the funeral, all the men and women in the village will go to the funeral. The man is in front of the coffin and the woman is behind it. They are sent to the cemetery in line, everyone has their own food and drink, and the family will prepare meals. When a woman dies, her relatives must be invited to the funeral. At the funeral, her mother and uncle want to return the wine, which means breaking off their previous marriage. If no family members attend the funeral, the funeral can't be held. After the death of the Yi people in Axi, they will not attend the funeral until three days later. The whole village brought their own rations and gathered in public houses to eat and drink for three days as sacrifices.

3. Water burial, sky burial and rock burial. It is a unique burial style of Liangshan Yi people in ancient times. Water burial is to throw the body into the river and wash it away. Celestial burial is to carry the body to a nearby mountain and let the birds and animals tear it up. Rock burial, that is, throwing bodies from hanging rocks. These special burial methods were decided by Bimo according to the surname, longevity palace and death date of the deceased, and have now been abolished.

4. Pottery burial. Also known as "direct burial" and "celestial burial". That is, after death, the deceased was placed in a standing position with a six-foot jar and buried in the soil to build a grave. This burial method has been practiced in the history of the Yi nationality of Sani branch in Lunan, Yunnan. The local people believe that this is handed down from ancestors. People walk standing and die standing, with their heads in the sky and their feet on the ground, so they are born and die.