Famous Graceful Poets in Song Dynasty and Their Works

As far as the format of Song Ci is concerned, it is nothing more than graceful and unconstrained. Nowadays, the research field of Ci poetry thinks that it should be bold and unconstrained, but graceful and restrained. Because the bold school basically focuses on patriotism, protecting the family, protecting the nation and protecting the atmosphere, and its content is healthy, while the graceful school takes debauchery and romance as the description object, ignoring the thought and content. However, when Ci was popular in Song Dynasty, graceful school was the mainstream. From the beginning of the popularity of Huajian Ci in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the graceful school has always been represented by Su Shi's unrestrained school in the Song Dynasty. In addition, graceful words also have an absolute advantage in quantity, and there are many excellent works, even Su Dongpo and Xin Jiaxuan, the representatives of the unrestrained school, have many excellent works of graceful words. Now let's talk about Su Shi's graceful and restrained representative works.

For a long time, people have always thought that Su Shi is a representative writer of the bold school. However, Su Shi's graceful poems are also very rare. According to Mr. wu shichang, a great poet, Su Shi did say that there were only a dozen works of the uninhibited school, and the rest did not get rid of the "charming and fragrant state". Su Shi's graceful and restrained words are the first to promote Shui Longyin.

Much like a flower, it seems that it is not a flower, and no one falls to the ground. Throwing it on the side of the road seems heartless, but it is full of affection. It was she who was injured, euphemistically confused, trying to open her mouth but closing it tightly. To go with the wind, to find a loved one, but also by the relentless call of the oriole. I don't hate this kind of flowers falling completely, but I hate the West Garden, which is full of withered flowers. Where are the traces when it rains? A pool of ping is broken. If the spring scenery is divided into three parts, two of them become dust, and the other part disappears when it falls into the water. In detail, it seems that it is not a little flower, but a tear.

This word describes the shape and charm of Huayang, which is a lingering bitterness. Although it belongs to chanting things, it is really lyrical. "In detail, it's not Huayang's tears." This just illustrates this point. "The dream went to Wan Li with the wind, looking for a place, and was called by the warbler." In the Tang Dynasty, Jin Changxu's poem "Spring Boudoir" said, "Drive away the orioles, don't cry on the branches. When she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp, they woke her up. " , the image describes the feelings of the boudoir.

"Thinking is ruthless and thoughtful." Du Gongbu's sentence "The gossamer is also affectionate, and the wind shines on the sun." However, when it comes to sentimentality, Han Wengong's "Huayang Jade Pod has no talent, but only knows that snow is flying all over the sky" is said to be thoughtless. This sentence can be used simultaneously. It's a wonderful sentence, and there's a "glad eye", which refers to delicate willow leaves with beautiful eyes, and quotes Li Shangyin's sentence that "flowers must be rogue, and purple butterflies and wasps have feelings". Therefore, Zhang Yanzan, a poet of Song Dynasty, said that Su Shi's "hidden water dragon" was "truth overwhelming the present", not empty.

Su Shi is a famous writer, and he is also called "Three Sus" with his father and brother, and he is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Above, I have explained Su Shi's graceful words. Now let's talk about other aspects of Su Shi.

Su Shi not only wrote lyrics to create a bold school, but also wrote his poems well. Su Shi's poems are all of different styles, including 4567 poems. Su Shi's modern and ancient poems are well written. Su Shi's best poems, especially the seven-character poems. However, the achievement of Su Shi's poetry is related to. In other ways, it is the worst.

Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci is a school of ci. Among Su Shi's former pronouns, Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, great writers and politicians who are slightly older than Su Shi, can write some bold words. After Su Shi entered the ci world, he founded bold and unconstrained ci when Liu Yong was famous in the ci world and graceful ci was popular. As soon as Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci came out, it brought a fresh wind to the ci world at that time. His bold and unconstrained writing matured in Jiangchengzi and was written in Mizhou. Hunting in Michigan, its peak work is the famous Nian Nujiao's "Red Cliff Nostalgia". Although Su Shi's poems are somewhat bold, they are not a type. His poems, such as "Man Jianghong sends Zhu Zhijun to Ezhou for his birthday" and "Ba Sheng sends several sons to visit Ganzhou", are gloomy and full of generosity. This kind of bold and unconstrained ci was later inherited by Xin Qiji, which opened a vein of bold and unconstrained ci in the Southern Song Dynasty. Su Shi once asked his guest how he compared with Liu Qi's ci, and his guest's answer became the difference between graceful words and bold words. "Liu Langzhong's words are suitable for girls of seventeen or eighteen to hold the song" Yang Liuan Xiaofeng Canyue ". Bachelor degree, must sing Kansai Khan's River of No Return, copper pipa, iron burning board. Su Shi's graceful words and fresh and natural rural theme words are also very distinctive. Su Shi has always advocated that literature is precious and natural, and he doesn't want to harm others with his temperament, which is also related to his bold and unconstrained personality. It is also Su Shi who turned Ci, the original musical accessory, into an independent lyric style. Later, Chao, one of the four bachelor's degree students in Sumen, once commented on his teacher: "Vulgar words are outstanding. Naturally, those in the song can't be tied up. "

Su Shi can be listed as one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, which shows how well his articles are written. In fact, Su Shi's prose is second to none in both quantity and quality. Personally, I think Su Shi's red wall poems can be compared with Zhu Gekongming's red wall poems. On a par, Su Shi's two essays are both beautifully written, describing two completely different realms. The previous article wrote about an autumn tour in Chibi, "The breeze is Xu Lai, and the water waves are quiet." "The white dew crosses the river, the water meets the sky", and another article describing a trip to Chibi in winter, "Frost dew falls, leaves fall" and "The river flows, breaking the dike of thousands of feet", the former one describes the scenery in autumn night, and the latter one describes the characteristics in winter night, all of which give people a good feeling. Su Shi spent 40 years in his official career and 30 years in the local area, which can be said to be "a half-day trip to Wan Li". Successively in Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Huangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Dingzhou, Yingzhou, Huizhou and other places, and finally died in Changzhou. His life footprint covers Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, Anhui and other provinces. I have written a lot of travel notes everywhere. Other people's travel is lyrical by scenery, but he really talks by scenery. What I remember most is the Collection of Shi Zhongshan he learned in high school, which is a refutation of Li Bo's travel notes about the origin of the mountain name of Shi Zhongshan. Su Shi always wanted to be loyal to his country all his life. Coupled with his concern for the country and the people, his political views are different from those of Wang Anshi in power and later Sima Guang, so he wrote a lot of political comments, historical comments and memorial speeches. For example, his famous works, The Supreme Theory of Rewarding Loyalty with Trial Punishment in Province, The Policy of Making Servants, The Theory of Thought, The Book of God Sect, and so on. Although these articles are not essays, they are the articles that can best represent Su Shi's style of writing, which are vigorous and unrestrained. It is the wind of Mencius.

Su Shi is a versatile writer and a generalist. His poems, words and essays are all masters. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ou Su, his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called Su Huang, and his ci and Xin Qiji are called Su Xin. And Su Shi is also a pioneer of calligraphy and painting. He is good at running script and regular script, and creates Soviet-style brushwork. He is also called calligraphy Song Sijia with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He is also good at literati freehand brushwork, good at painting bitter bamboo, and created Huzhou painting school.

Li Bai is a romantic poet, while Su Shi is an uninhibited poet. According to the meaning, "romantic" and "bold" are by no means synonyms, but I always feel that Li Bai's poetic style is very similar to Su Shi's, and it is also magnificent and full of heroism.

In fact, it is not accurate to say that Li Bai's poetic style is similar to Su Shi's. It can be said that Su Shi's poems are close to Du Li, which means that Su Shi is both a master of Du Li and Du Fu. Su Shi's poems have realistic content, but they are different from Du Fu's gloomy and frustrated artistic style, because most of Su Shi's poems are characterized by liveliness and frankness. Judging from the artistic style of Su Shi's poems, Su Shi is indeed closer to Li Bai, as Jade Bird said.

First of all, the realism of Su Shi's poems is similar to that of Du Fu. Su Shi has never been in contact with military horses in his life, but he advocated fighting against the intrusion of Liao and Xixia from his youth. In Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi", he went hunting in Mizhou, "looking northwest, shooting Sirius." In fact, it is to express his heart of serving the country. Even if I am demoted, I will never forget, "When will I bring my bow and sword and go straight to Yinshan to get Khan?" And Su Shi, Fu, who never forgets the sufferings of the people. His famous Litchi Tan reveals that in order to win "the beauty in the palace broke her face", the ruler's brushwork is as good as Xiao Du's "Riding a princess in the red dust and laughing, no one knows it is litchi." It is precisely because of this that Su Shi was repeatedly relegated in his life and wrote a lot of poems expressing his personal feelings. These poems are very negative, and these works also reflect Su Shi's incompetent mental depression.

In addition, Su Shi's artistic style is close to that of Li Bai. Needless to say, the representative noun of Su Shi's unrestrained school once said in the poem "Watching the Tide on August 15th" that "an Anfu tea rhinoceros hand, three thousand strong crossbows shoot the tide low." There are also poems such as "Many peaks come from Tianmu Mountain, and the momentum is like a fine horse rushing to Pingchuan" in Su Shi's "You Jing Shan". The imagination is very rich and magnificent. I remember that Mr. Qian Zhongshu once wrote in the Notes on Song Poetry that "after Li Bai, no one in ancient times could match Su Shi's boldness of vision".

In Su Shi's Dingfengbo, "If you don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest, why don't you sing slowly?" Straw sandals are lighter than horses, who is afraid that a misty rain will last a lifetime. "Walking in the rain is romantic, but it is very heroic."

Later, in the Wutai poetry case, Su Shi was relegated, and there was a feeling of seeing through the world in his poems. He realized that "everything has a destiny, who is weak and who is strong", and still refused to change his madness, preferring "Jiangnan is good, a thousand points of wine, and a song" Man Ting Square ".

So what if Su Shi was demoted? Even if you are demoted to Huangzhou, you can't change the pride of "picking up all the cold branches and refusing to live". Being demoted to Lingnan, after 300 lychees a day, I became a Lingnan native. How can you do this unless you have a broad mind?

Although Su Shi was relegated, his poems are still heroic and Wutai poetry case. Su Shi was relegated, and his words gradually became a sense of seeing through the world, realizing that "everything is decided before, whoever is weak is strong", but I think Su Shi's poems are more and more like Tao Yuanming, and his poems such as Mid-Autumn Festival in Niannujiao are written by him.

Since it is a ranking, there should be certain standards. Different standards will lead to different results. The easiest thing to operate is undoubtedly quantitative ranking. For example, according to the number of words handed down from generation to generation, according to this method, Xin Qiji will be the boss, while some famous poets, such as Fan Zhongyan and Yue Fei, will rank behind the hundred. But literature is not mathematics after all, otherwise Qianlong would be the first poet in history. There are also some compromise methods, such as the frequency of choosing word versions, the number of times mentioned by famous artists, and the number of harmony works. As far as I know, the ranking obtained in this way is not far from the popular view. There is only a third way, that is, by measuring the number of works of harmony, the result may surprise modern people, because Zhou Bangyan is not a household name after all, although he was once all-powerful, claiming that,

But these numerical methods are not authentic after all, and the real ranking should have relatively systematic theoretical support. Zhang Yan's theory of "emptiness", Chen Tingzhuo's theory of "depression" and Wang Guowei's theory of "realm" all gathered different elites under their respective big flags. I don't know if I was influenced by them. Some things are so subtle that I can't trace them back to the source. All I know is that I'm trying to rank the poets I know according to my own perception. This ranking may be boring, but I can't deny my sincerity.

I think the essence of literature is neither a theme nor a method, but an experience of life. Different people have different experiences, but it is entirely possible to achieve the same goal through different routes and reach the same depth in the experience of life. Maybe not everyone has Cao Xueqin's experience, and not everyone can lose everything like Li Yu, but you see, Lu Xun and Duras have also become first-class literary masters. I call this experience "texture", which is the only criterion for my ranking, but I don't want to explain it, because I may not be clear, and China people believe that "words can only be expressed".

Elegant school

Liu Yong (? -about 1053), a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, was originally named Sanbian, whose word was Jingzhuang, and later renamed Yong, whose word was Yi Qing, ranking seventh. He was born in Chong 'an (now Fujian). In the first year of Jing Yao (1034), he was a scholar, an official and foreign minister. He is known as Liu Qi and Liu Tuntian in the world. He is particularly good at expressing feelings of imprisonment and slavery. He wrote many slow words, which were detailed in description, mixed with scenes, popular in language and harmonious in melody, and spread widely at that time, which had a certain influence on the development of Song Ci. Ling, Klang Ganzhou and Wang are all famous, but there are also many decadent ideas and low tastes in his works. There are only a few poems left, Boiling Haiqu.

Li Qingzhao (1084—— about 1 15 1) was a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty. No. Yi 'an Jushi was born in Zhangqiu, qi zhou (now a mountain).

East) people. Father Li was a famous scholar at that time, and husband Zhao Mingcheng was a textual research scholar. Early life is rich and colorful.

Sincerely committed to the collection and arrangement of calligraphy and painting stones. Nomads from the central plains, flowing in the south, Ming became a pawn, and the situation was lonely.

Bitter. In his lyrics, he wrote more about his leisure life in the early stage and lamented his life experience in the later stage, feeling sentimental, and some of them revealed his right.

Nostalgia for the Central Plains. In form, it makes good use of line drawing, forms its own school and has beautiful language. On Ci's Emphasis on Harmony and Classics

Elegant and affectionate, he put forward the theory of "don't be a family" and opposed the method of writing poetry. He can write poetry, but there are not many.

Some chapters have a sense of the times, praise history and use generous words, which is different from their style of words. There are Collected Works of Yi 'an Jushi and Yi 'an Ci.

",has lost. Later generations have a collection of Yu Shu's ci. There is a collection of Li Qingzhao's school notes today.

Zhou Bangyan (1056 ~1121) was a native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), with a beautiful word, a Muslim layman. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), Zong Shen presented "Biandu Fu" and served as an official scholar for seven years (Long Edition of Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 344). He is a professor in Luzhou. In the eighth year (1093), Zhezong Yuanyou learned about Lishui County (Ding Jing Jiankangzhi, Volume Erqi). It is also the main book of imperial academy. Fu Yuanyuan years (1098), except for orthography (Long Bian Zi Zhi Tong Jian, volume 499). After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he served as a school bookkeeper, moved to Yuan Wailang, Wei Wei and other posts, and also discussed the review bureau of does. In the first year of Zheng He (111year), he went to the house in Gezhihe, Longtu (selected as 3326 in the Song Dynasty draft), but did not go. In two years, I changed my understanding of Lund House, moved to Mingzhou, entered the minister's prison, entered the Yi Hui Pavilion to be built, and raised Sheng Da House. A few days later, I learned about Shunchang House and moved to Guangzhou. Provide it to Nanjing Hongqing Palace. Xuanhe died three years ago, aged 66. Zhou Bangyan was a famous poet in Song Dynasty, and he wrote 24 volumes of Halal Collection. In addition, there are three volumes of Muslim Miscellaneous Works (Volume 17 of Zhi Zhai Shu Jie Qing Problem), which have been lost. For details, please refer to The Heritage of Mr. Muslim-The Complete Works of Mr. Wang Guantang. There are a brief account of the east capital (volume 1 16), a record of Lin' an in the spring (volume 66) and the history of the Song Dynasty (volume 444).

Jiang Kui (about1155-1221), whose name is Yao Zhang, is also called Baishi Taoist. Poyang (now Poyang County) people. Famous poet and musician in Southern Song Dynasty. His talents and achievements in literature and art are manifold. He not only had high attainments in literature, but also became a great lyricist and poet at that time. He is proficient in melody, good at playing flute and piano, and has written works on music theory. He was able to compose his own music score with lyrics and became the only outstanding musician handed down from generation to generation in the Southern Song Dynasty. His calligraphy was also praised by people at that time, and the book Continued Book Spectrum about calligraphy was handed down from generation to generation.

Yan Shu, a native of Linchuan, Fuzhou, was a famous graceful and restrained poet in Song Dynasty. He won a scholarship in Jingdezhen. In Li Qing, the official went to Jixian University Hall. The official was a secret envoy in the same book. Sacrifice yuan. His words are good at writing poems, expressing poems, wine, life and leisure, and his language is beautiful, which is greatly influenced by Yan Feng in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The language of Yan Ci is ingenious and rich, with harmonious phonology, romantic implication, gentle and clean. The original collection has been lost, and only Zhu Yu's Ci and Yan Yi, which were compiled in Qing Dynasty, exist.

(usually poetry) a free and powerful style

Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi Zizhan, a famous Dongpo layman, was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan). Su Xun. When Jia You Jinshi Zongshen was in power, he was the foreign minister of Zubu. Because of opposing Wang Anshi's new law and seeking a foreign post, he served as a judge in Hangzhou, knowing Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. Later, he was demoted to Huangzhou for writing a poem "slandering the imperial court". At that time, Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin, and once knew Hangzhou, Yingzhou and other places. , a former does history. Later, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou. He died in Changzhou in the second year after returning to the North. Chasing Wen Zhong in Southern Song Dynasty. Being of the same clan as my father and brother, they are collectively called "Three Sows". Politically, it belongs to the old party, but it also has the requirements of reform shortcomings. Su Shi was the most outstanding litterateur in the Song Dynasty, with unique achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy, painting and literary theory. Wang Yang is one of the "Eight Masters" in Tang and Song Dynasties. His articles are bold and fluent. His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors and unique in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of extravagance and arrogance. His ci is innovative in style and system, especially his bold and unconstrained works, which have a great influence on later generations. There is Dongpo Yuefu.

Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word euan, no. Jia Xuan was born in Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). At birth, Shandong was occupied by nomadic people. At the age of 21, he joined the anti-Jin army and soon returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. He has been to Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and eastern Zhejiang. During his tenure, he took active measures to recruit exiles, train the army, reward farming, fight corruption, and attach importance to stability and people's livelihood. He persisted in resisting gold all his life. In the notes of Ten Comments on Meiqin and Nine Comments, the political and military situation at that time was analyzed in detail, which strongly refuted the fallacy of exaggerating the strength of nomadic people and advocating compromise and surrender. It is required to strengthen operational preparations and boost morale in order to restore the Central Plains. His anti-gold suggestion was not adopted and was hit by the peace faction. I have left my post for a long time and lived in Shangrao and Lead Mountain in Jiangxi. I used it in my later years and soon died of illness. His ci tries to restore the patriotic enthusiasm of national reunification, pour out the grief and indignation of hard-to-pay ambition, and expose and criticize the humiliating surrender of the upper ruling group in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are also many works that praise the rivers and mountains of the motherland. The artistic style is diverse, mainly bold. Passionate, generous and tragic, vigorous brushwork, and Su Shi are also called "Su Xin". Famous for his broken array, Chen Tongfu gave Zhuang words to recall the past, Yong Yule, Jingkou, Gu Beiting, Shuilongyin, Deng Jiankang, Shangxin Pavilion and Bodhisattva Man, and wrote books to build Jiangxi Wall. However, some works also reveal negative emotions caused by unfulfilled ambitions. And "Jia He's Short Sentence". Zhang Xiaoxiang (1132-1169), whose real name is Hu Jushi, is from Jianzhou (now Sichuan) and Buju Lijiang (now Anhui). In the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing (1 154), he was a scholar and won the first place in the imperial examination. He was imprisoned for violating Qin Gui. Filial piety, Ren Zhongshu scheeren, straight bachelor's college. In the first year of Longxing, he stayed in Jiankang (now Nanjing) and was dismissed for sponsoring Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition. Later, he served as the envoy of jingnan lake north road, and made meritorious contributions to water control. Enter the immortal ink pavilion and be the next official. In the early days, his poems were beautiful and graceful, and after crossing the south of the Yangtze River, they turned to be generous and sad, expressing patriotic thoughts, passionate and unrestrained, and the style was close to that of Su Shi; But some words are not fresh and vivid enough to stay away from life. Among them, the representative works are Xijiang Moon (I), Nian Nujiao, Huanxisha (I) and (II), Shuidiao Song Tou (XI) and so on. Their works, together with Zhang's patriotic lyrics, had a great influence on the creation of later new poets. His works include "The Story of Fishing Tiger" and his ci collection includes "The Words of Fishing Tiger".

Xin jiaxuan's poems and notes.