When I go to the construction site for the first time, I need to look at the drawings to guide the construction personnel. How to carry out this strange work?

At least three attendance are required: hand attendance, leg attendance and mouth attendance.

Diligence is to form the habit of writing and remembering frequently.

Leg care means running more roads, on the spot, supervising and leading there. Do the microphone first, then talk about work.

Mouth-to-mouth means talking more, getting to the bottom, and reporting to the leaders.

Some time ago, two college students majoring in industry, civil engineering and civil engineering, were looking for jobs (at that time, we were assigned by the state, so you had no choice. Now you have to find your own unit, but it has advantages and disadvantages). Their confidence is very similar, and they are all practical. They told me a lot of lofty ideals and ambitions, and also euphemistically expressed some dissatisfaction with wages. I told them: if you want to do your job well and eat this bowl of rice, you must calm down, read more books, ask more questions and learn more. You are allowed not to understand, but you are not allowed to make your own decisions without asking when you don't understand.

When I asked the technician what to do at the construction site, I told him: pay-off, material planning, technical disclosure, sampling and inspection of raw materials, on-site quality inspection, filling in hidden information, checking the steel bar blanking sheet, checking the template size and elevation, etc. But at first, I just followed the foreman to complete the task assigned by the foreman.

Let's go first. It is impossible and unrealistic for technicians to master the basic skills of messenger wire after full-time surveyors set the main axis and complete the elevation control points, instead of always relying on theodolite. The positioning and lofting of a residence and office building is much simpler, and the industrial workshop is much more complicated.

Pay-off measurement size must put an end to the use of small feet a foot (commonly used in the construction site 3 meters feet, 5 meters feet) to avoid error accumulation. In addition, when the height difference between two points is large, the error is much smaller when the Pythagorean theorem is used to calculate the general deviation and the height difference between two points. Remember the main points that the teacher said when studying measurement: first the whole, then the broken part; Always review, the previous work is not reviewed, and the next work cannot be carried out; The measuring steps should be checked.

Measuring and setting out is particularly important in construction, and your negligence may cause great economic losses. At present, the survey and setting-out in the construction site is not as formal as the survey practice in the school. The distance is measured with a front ruler, a back ruler, readings and records. It is often the foreman and technician who pay off the line and then ask a worker to help at the scene. This is really inappropriate. You can't ask the project manager to have enough professionals to accompany you in positioning, but you must be careful and run back and forth.

Generally speaking, it is also a technician's business to give elevation on the construction site. Look at the level, look at the ruler, but not necessarily who it is. Note that the pitch of the front and rear tower rulers has a great influence on the observation results. Another point is that when the tower ruler is pointing, it is not easy for non-professionals to master it. If you don't remind me repeatedly, it's not surprising that it's 3~5 mm short.

There is also a saying that is circulated on the construction site. Although it is not completely correct, it can be regarded as a magic weapon for surveyors to protect themselves: "The triangle should be small, and the lines should be thick", which means that when drawing the red triangle as the elevation, don't draw it too big, and the ink lines should be thick when playing ink lines. Hehe, what do you mean? Think it over for yourself.

As on-site technicians, the use and operation of level, theodolite, Mo Dou and line pendant must be skilled.

Besides, the material plan, whether the budgeter mentioned it or not, as a technician, must be done again by himself. You calculate the actual consumption, don't look at the content of the budget quota. The quota is composed of various engineering categories. Some quotas are not used in actual construction, and some are not enough, such as tile marble. The design has given the size specifications. You can actually arrange the number of half bricks that need to be cut. As long as you put your heart into it, you can mention the number. In this way, when you go to the site, you will have a well-thought-out plan and find the problem at once.

At present, 03G 10 1 atlas is generally used for reinforcement design. Just learning reinforced concrete, you should be familiar with it faster than others. Pay attention to the number of rebar joints when lifting rebar materials.

If you set up your own concrete mixer, cement is generally accrued according to the budget. After the concrete mixture ratio list comes out, it will be adjusted according to the actual dosage per cubic meter. Sand is generally 0.5 cubic meters per cubic meter, and stone can be raised according to the plan of per cubic meter 1 cubic meter.

Talking about writing technical disclosure, generally speaking, the common fault of technical disclosure is that there are many books and specifications, which can guide construction. My experience is that in the case of unclear construction technology and steps, it is best to copy more specifications. You can let others say that your publicity is rote learning and can't guide specific construction, but it's better than letting others read it and say that you don't understand and speak layman's words. Another reason is that the technical disclosure is to enter the completion data, so there is absolutely no violation of the specification. After all, some things can be done but not written. If we want to improve, we should look at the workers' operations more and see what is not done according to the book and what is the bad influence on the quality. You must write it down and make a summary.

In some formal units, the sampling inspection of raw materials is jointly completed by sampling witnesses and material engineers and supervisors. As a technician, you should also participate. What you learned in school and your knowledge of reading norms and procedures by rote are far less memorable than your actual experience. For example, the selection of mechanical properties test specimens of steel bars can not be simply intercepted from the end of steel bars, and it is generally necessary to intercept about 1 m to take samples, because the influence on the end of steel bars should be eliminated during hot rolling. If the steel supply channel is reliable and the long-term cooperation credibility is high, the steel bar specimen of this specification can also be taken out at one time on 1 steel bar, which, after all, saves the artificially increased number of joints when the steel bar is mixed, resulting in the waste of materials. But please remember what the standard practice should be. No matter how harmonious you feel in front of the owners and supervisors, you can never tell the truth when you don't obey the rules. Of course, for new technicians, it is best to do it in strict accordance with the requirements of the specification. The first advantage is that you feel safe in your heart, and the second advantage is that it is always good to give others an impression of doing things seriously.

Cement sampling must be carried out according to the specification requirements, and a small amount of each bag of 10 is mixed for inspection. The advantage is that it provides the data closest to the real situation for the laboratory, making the mix list more economical and scientific.

On-site quality inspection, template size and elevation inspection and so on seem simple, but in fact, the accumulation of experience is also very important. If you stay at the scene for a long time, you will know where the key lies. Pre-control is very important. It is the most disgusting thing for project managers and operators to find fault with instruments after a fait accompli. You have worked hard for a long time, and when you report the inspection results to the competent leader and project manager, you often look very pale. Politely say you know, you are welcome to strangle you immediately: "What did you do?"

It is your job as a scholar to fill in hidden information, including writing and underlining in the construction diary. Don't tell someone who should do it, and it shouldn't be the job of technicians. Think of it as a free learning opportunity for you to write about the progress, mechanical operation and personnel arrangement of the day when others are resting and drinking every day. Look at how others arrange it, think about how so-and-so handles it, express less opinions, try to figure out the skills of deploying personnel and deal with the results of supervision. We should set an ambition and lay the foundation for our independent project. Complaining won't help, your efforts and efforts will be seen by others, and getting the recognition of leaders and the respect of workers is the first step for you to be a good technician.

There is a saying that I often tell the following people: don't rush to make achievements, and bury yourself in your work.

You must participate in the review of the list of reinforcement materials. If your company's practice is that the rebar foreman is responsible for the rebar bill, you can check it yourself, mainly to see if the location of rebar joints is reasonable. Sort out the steel bars on his bill of materials in your mind and compare them with the design drawings to see if there are any omissions. If you don't understand, ask him. There is nothing to lose.

If you want to do technical work well, you must first create a good working atmosphere. Let the people around you agree with you, and you can rely on small sales if necessary.

The stage of being a technician is the stage of laying the foundation. The acquisition and accumulation of practical experience in the construction site and the formation of the basic framework of interpersonal relationship, including the establishment of one's own style of doing things, are all at this stage.

Drinking at the construction site is inevitable. Internal communication requires drinking, and Party A's supervisor should also be invited to drink. If you can drink 1 kg, just say drink half a catty. If you can't drink half a catty, simply say that you don't touch alcohol, regardless of leading colleagues and don't drink smallpox. That's right. My experience is that drinking can't solve the problem at all, but because drinking is often a bad thing. You can think about it. After drinking, if you don't say something excessive (actually nonsense), you will blush and have a thick neck. Even if you are right, people will call you an alcoholic.

Anyway, let's talk about some specific things at the scene.

Industrial plants are usually frames and curved structures. For curved plants, you should pay attention (what I said is the general situation, please correct me if there is anything wrong):

1. Precast columns should be considered in the construction of cup foundation.

2, the side column is not on the axis, it is 500, because the wind-resistant column is not directly below the roof truss.

3. Prefabricated columns are usually stacked three times, because the cost of basement membrane is saved. Is it okay to use it four times? Isn't the expenditure of fetal membranes amortized less? The answer is: if four columns are stacked, the facet size of precast columns is generally 400~500. How high are the four columns stacked? It's nearly 2 meters, so it's inconvenient to pour concrete, so it's necessary to put up a shelf.

4. Pay attention to the embedded parts of the column. The embedded parts for columns in general factory buildings include: embedded parts for supporting between columns, embedded parts for bracket surface, embedded parts for connecting cutter plates of crane beams, embedded parts for walkway plates of crane beams, and so on.

Precast column hoisting matters needing attention and operation points:

Generally, a little hole is used to hoist the column. The hoisting method adopts rotation method. After rotating in place, lift it vertically. When the foot surface of the column is about 200 mm higher than the top of the cup, the hanger rod rotates to the top of the cup. The operator holds the post well at the top of the cup, and then slowly releases the rope. When the column foot is close to the bottom of the cup (about 3~5cm), stop, aim at the bottom shaft, and insert eight wedges on four sides, two on each side. Drop to the bottom of the cup and hammer hard. Block the column foot with hard stones at any time, and block two points on each side to the bottom of the cup to ensure the accuracy of the plane position. Then tap with a sledgehammer, adjust the verticality on the large and small surfaces with latitude and longitude, and gradually hammer it.

After the column plane position and verticality are corrected, C25 fine stone concrete shall be poured in time. Before pouring, the sundries in the joint should be cleaned and watered. When there is a big gap at the bottom of the cup, dilute cement slurry should be poured first, and then fine stone concrete should be poured.

Joint filling is carried out in two times, the first time is poured to the bottom of the wedge, and it is compacted by vibrating with steel bars. After the concrete strength reaches 25% of the design strength, knock off the steel wedge, and then pour the fine stone concrete.

Note that when vibrating concrete for the first time, don't touch the wedge, so as not to affect the verticality of the column.

The installation quality of the column directly affects the connection of other components such as roof truss, so the column must be basically corrected. If the corrected verticality affects the plane position, the "back calculation method" should be adopted for correction. Assuming that the column is left and needs to be moved to the right, first put a sledgehammer in the gap between the left cup mouth and the column. If the stone gets stuck at the foot of the column, the stone on the right must be pulled out, and then the hard stone is stuck at the right cup mouth, and a wedge is struck at the cup mouth to make a column.

Attention should be paid to the connection between processes in the frame structure of factory buildings.

The difficulty of industrial workshop construction lies in the construction of equipment foundation. Due to the requirements of installation equipment, the requirements of relative size and elevation are very strict. The general control principle is:

The size of the protruding part should be small but not large, the concave part should be large and not small, and the plane elevation, especially the top elevation of embedded parts, should be low and not high.

The following is a technical disclosure I wrote in 1999 for your reference. It's all true, but for the operation team, it's compiled separately in the handover data.

Disclosure content: fabrication and installation of H-beam.

1, according to the drawing 1: 1, carry out lofting and blanking, and straighten the profiles before and after blanking. If problems are found during lofting, contact the project department in time and solve them before blanking.

2, node size and weld size must conform to the requirements of the drawings.

3, metal components before assembly rust brush antirust paint again.

4. When members (members) are connected by extension, the connection mode of nodes shall meet the requirements of the building construction manual.

5. The supports in the 26.0m platform of this project (i.e. HJ- 1 and 2) are divided into two supports, that is, the upper and lower chord connecting plates are not welded (mainly considering the bearing capacity of the tower crane), and then assembled and formed after being installed in place.

6. When each HJ- 1 2 tire turns (or is hoisted in place), two 100× 100 wood squares shall be bound on its web, and four lifting points must be guaranteed.

7. The production platform shall be leveled with sleepers and section steel, and shall be firm. The platform should be grounded to zero and leveled before each use.

8. Before installation, the elevation lines and centerlines of supports, columns and brackets must be marked at the installation position, and the elevation (centerlines) given by civil engineering specialty should be checked for correctness.

9. The entrusted processing contents are "electrolytic flue gas purification and recovery" 1 1.2 M, 14.467 M, roof truss "H" shaped steel and wall frame columns; "Ultra-dense phase transportation of alumina" 10.7 M steel platform steel beam (H500× 2001×16).

10 and SG 0316-4t1-17 require that some frame beams be disconnected at a distance of one meter from the end. However, according to the requirement of convenient hoisting and installation on site, the "H" beam is only disconnected at one end, and the whole beam is continuously discharged, so it is also convenient not to weld where it needs to be disconnected. Others shall be constructed according to the drawings.

1 1. Because the position and length of civil embedded bolts may deviate from the design, the foundation of each column must be cut and drilled according to the actual situation on site.

12. the "h" beam of the column has been processed in the factory, but the angle steel and connecting plate on it have not been welded yet. These components shall be welded on site. When welding these members, they should be aligned according to the elevation of each foundation. If the foundation is higher than the design, the "H" beam should be cut; if the foundation is lower than the design, a pad should be added to the bottom plate.

13. Before hoisting the column, the vertical and horizontal central axes of the foundation should be played well, and the four sides of the column will also pop up the central axes and be numbered. When hoisting, sit in the corresponding seat. At the same time, use two theodolite to check the verticality of foundation, and use inclined iron and wind rope to align.

14. Before installing the frame beam, install the support between columns first, and then install the frame beam from bottom to top in turn.

15, the secondary beam blanking should be combined with the actual size of the site, and the installation position should be marked first.

16. After the frame and platform are installed, weld the wall frame. Install the spring plate at the joint between the wall frame and the roof beam, and the beam reinforcement plate at the foundation must be constructed in place according to the drawings.

17, the key to the installation of this project is to align the center line of the column and recheck the verticality.

This is the contradiction at the scene: the construction disclosure written according to the rules is actually a flower shelf and useless; The actual disclosure cannot pass the handover. So you should be prepared: in fact, making a disclosure is to test your own level, and writing a construction disclosure according to the rules is equivalent to reviewing the normative knowledge.

(To be continued)

Design change and engineering visa work are very important in construction management, because it involves a wide range of contents, complicated reasons and poor regularity, and it takes a long time to determine its cost. Generally, the project cost adjusted due to design change and project visa accounts for nearly 20% of the total settlement of unit project completion, ranging from 6%, especially in technical transformation and technical measures, accounting for more than 20%, and sometimes even reaching 40%. Therefore, it is a great event for the construction unit to attach importance to and do this work well. I think it is the first important thing to know and understand the meaning and content of design change and engineering visa, so as not to help.

The meaning and content of design change

Design change is in the process of engineering construction, in order to ensure the quality of design and construction and improve the engineering design. Correct design errors and design modifications to adapt to changes in site conditions. Generally, there are two kinds of design change notice issued by the original design unit and design change contact form approved by the original design unit with the consent of the construction unit.