Answering skills in junior high school Chinese reading

First, the overall perception, fast reading skills: (1) browse the title and understand the basic content: the title sometimes implies the main idea, which can inspire the thinking of the article and provide directions for answering questions. (2) Determine the style (narrative, argumentative, expository and prose) and analyze the key meaning. (3) Read the beginning and the end carefully and try to figure out the theme: the beginning and the end can often find the center expressed by the author. Second, the source of the answer: a select the keywords or sentences in the original text and materials (such as grasping argumentative sentences, lyric sentences and special rhetorical sentences, key adjectives and verbs in paragraphs). B. select the main and eliminate the secondary. In other words, summarize the sentences in your own words or materials first, and then merge and condense them, leaving key sentences. Third, friendly reminder: 1 Pay attention to the examination of questions, understand the intention of the questioner, and answer questions around the requirements of the questions to prevent irrelevant answers. (2) Identify the style and answer according to the style knowledge; Answers should be organized and standardized. 3 When opening a topic or talking about opinions and feelings, we must combine the central intention (central argument) of the article to diverge. We can appropriately extract the key sentences in the article to answer, and try our best to sum up the actual feelings and quote relevant famous sayings and aphorisms or American prose. Fourth, please refer to the special training of modern reading problem-solving guidance. V. Memorandum of Stylistic Knowledge: Explain the text reading 1, and clearly explain the object: analyze and explain the object can be: a. Look at the title of the article; B. Analyze and summarize according to the contents of explanatory paragraphs. 2. General description content: The description content of the description text can generally be summarized as follows: This paper mainly explains the structure, shape, nature, characteristics, changes, reasons, working principles and functions of the description object. (It depends on what the specific audience is) 3. Clearly explain the order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The common logical sequences are: a. From generalization to concreteness; B. from the whole to the part; C. from primary school to secondary school; D. from phenomenon to essence; E. from cause to effect; From characteristics to uses. Generally speaking, the explanation of things adopts the logical order of explanation. 4. Clearly explain the method (1). Explanation method: a. Definition (mode: what is what); B. examples; C. comparison; D. column number; E. analogy; F. classification; G. List the chart (2) The function of analysis and interpretation methods: a. First indicate the interpretation methods used; B, then contact the description content analysis. What characteristics does this description show? 5. Accuracy of the explanatory language answer specification: A: It can't be deleted. "xx" means …, and after it is removed, it becomes …, which affects the accuracy of the explanatory language. (unrealistic or too absolute) 6. Clearly explain the structure of the text (as the basis for dividing the hierarchy): common structural modes: total-subtotal, subtotal, total-subtotal, etc. The description of things is mostly general, and its "sub" parts are often arranged side by side. Read the argumentative essay 1 and find the right argument: title, beginning, end of the article, and the obvious need to be concise and summarized. You can also find an argument by analyzing it. Because an argument proves an argument, analyze this argument and see what it proves. This question is an argument. Or analysis of topics, some topics are not arguments, but argumentative topics, and the author's view on the topic is the central argument. 2. Analysis of argument types: factual argument and rational argument. Test center: add an independent variable; (Stick to the argument and choose real typical cases) 3. Clear demonstration methods: for example, reasoning, metaphor and comparison. The general principle of argument is to use famous sayings as arguments. Metaphorical argumentation refers to the metaphorical rhetorical devices used in argumentation statements. Comparative argument generally needs to find out both positive and negative arguments. Test center: the role of analysis and argumentation: 1. Point out the demonstration methods used; 2. Analyze which viewpoint of the author is proved by this argument method. (generally, it is the central sentence of this paragraph (the beginning of the paragraph) or the previous sentence of the argument method adopted. 4. Argumentation structure: general structure: asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems (that is, introduction-theory-conclusion). 5. Analyze the linguistic features (accuracy and generality) of argumentative writing. 6. An argumentative essay usually begins with something, a famous saying, a fable, etc. So their role is: as an introduction, lead to the topic. 7. In argumentative writing, rhetorical questions are often used as transitions and rhetorical questions are used to express emphasis. (1) The function of rhetorical questions is to attract readers' attention, inspire readers to think and make them think. (2) The function of rhetorical questions (rhetorical sentences): strengthen the tone, emphasize the author's point of view and make people think. Narrative reading 1. Problem-solving skills: For details, please refer to the special training of Modern Chinese Reading Problem-solving Guide 2. Stylistic knowledge: 1 Narrative order: direct narration, flashback and interpolation. Flashback: Write down the ending or the most prominent segment of an event first, and then write down what happened and what happened. Flashback function: Flashback is generally to highlight the center, make the content centralized and sharp contrast, or make the narrative vacillate, or cause structural suspense and myth. 2. Narrative clues: Generally speaking, there are: time as the clue, events (something, changes in place, changes in feelings, feelings of "me") as the clue. 3. Narrator: (1) The role of the first person (narrated in the tone of' I') Writing method: Narrating as the party makes the story appear true (as a witness of the story), natural and intimate. (2) Third-person writing is open and full without any restrictions. (3) The second person narration is closest to the reader and makes people feel particularly cordial. Expression: narration, lyricism, description, explanation and discussion. Description: There are two kinds: character description and environment description. (1) Character description: portrait (appearance), language (dialogue), action (action), expression, psychology, front, side and details. What is detail description: a detailed description of the nuances of a person's portrait, movements and demeanor. (2) The function of environmental description: explaining the background of the story; Show the identity, status and activity place of the characters; Set off the emotions of the characters; Render the atmosphere. (3) Profile: Use other people's reactions to express the contrast between characters and other characters. 6. Narrative mainly based on lyrical scenery writing, it is necessary to clarify the order of scenery writing, and identify the observation point (fixed-point observation or moving for scenery change). (1) Observation angle: look up (hyperopia), look up, look down. (2) Means of observation: sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. (3) the form of feeling: shape, color, sound, fragrance, taste, light and feeling. 7. Lyric way: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Indirect lyricism generally refers to borrowing scenery to express emotion, embodying feelings in scenery and blending scenes. 8. Artistic features of sex appeal: generally refers to the conception, layout, expression and language features of sex appeal articles (including sex appeal novels). When answering, see if its idea is novel and ingenious; Whether the plot is ups and downs; Whether to use contrast, irony, exaggeration, contrast, seeing the big from the small, etc. ; 9. Prose features: scattered in form but not scattered in spirit. Form refers to the structure, god refers to the central means of writing: borrowing scenery to express feelings, embodying feelings in the scenery, and supporting objects to express their aspirations as symbolic means. 10, when answering what is the function of something in the article, you can consider it from three aspects. (1) content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; (2) Structure, such as transition and echo; (3) Language, if fascinating and lively. 1 1, the function of punctuation marks: quotation marks: (1) table quotation (2) irony, irony, negation (3) table emphasis (4) dash-only: (1) table explanation (2) table meaning progressive or turning (3) Ellipsis: (1) omission of table contents (2) silence or reflection (3) interruption of table language (4) intermittent table language (5) unfinished table words, unfinished semantics (12), three elements of novel: plot, characters and environment, and novel structure: beginning, development, climax and end. Introduction, bedding, transition (connecting the preceding with the following), before coordination 15, the role of sentences in expressing feelings: rendering atmosphere, setting off the mood (image) of characters, pointing out the center (revealing the theme), highlighting the theme (subliming the theme and deepening the center) 16 language characteristics evaluation words: accurate, vivid, image. 17. Talk about your opinions or feelings around the article: Answer mode: summarize your opinions or feelings in 1 sentence first, and then talk about the reasons in 2-3 sentences. You can put facts and reason. If the topic has relevant requirements, it should also be combined with personal experience.

The summary of literary works' expression techniques on April 23rd, 2008 refers to the writing principles, laws and methods used by writers to shape literary images and express the contents of their works. Specifically, the analysis of the expression skills of the article mainly refers to: first, the writer's skills in the use of expression and stylistic knowledge, and second, the use of rhetorical devices and other related writing skills. Judging from the types of college entrance examination questions, the examination of expression ability requires students not only to judge what an expression ability is, but also to appreciate its expression function. First, the narrator's name is 1. The first person: the narration is kind and natural, and it can freely express thoughts and feelings, giving readers a real and vivid feeling. 2. The second person said: enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate emotional communication. 3. The third person: can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and reflect reality more flexibly and freely. Second, the narrative method 1. Sequential narration: It can be clearly stated in a certain order (time or space). 2. Flashback: causing suspense and fascinating. 3. Interpolation: Make necessary preparations and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial. 4. Supplementary narration: Supplementary explanation of the above contents and explanation of the following parts. 5. Plain description: commonly known as "two flowers bloom, one for each table", (referring to describing two or more things that happen at the same time) makes the clues clear and handled properly. Third, description Generally speaking, description has the following functions: ① Reproduction of natural scenery. ② Describe the appearance and inner world of the characters. ③ Explain the natural and social environment of the characters' activities. 1. Portrait, action description and psychological description: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters. 2. Description of scenery: Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters. 3. Description of environment and scene: Explain the background of the characters' activities, specify the time and place of the event, and render the atmosphere to better represent the characters. 4. Characters' dialogue description, psychological description and detail description: portray characters' personalities, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of stories. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects. 5. Positive description and profile description: the positive directly shows people and things; Highlight people and things from the side. Fourth, rhetoric 1. Metaphor: turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete. 2. Metaphor: giving things an emotional form (personification), vivid description and rich expression. Metonymy: replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, and everything with strangeness. 4. Exaggeration: contrast the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people. 5. Duality: easy to recite, easy to remember, so that words have a sense of music; Concise ideographic and lyrical. 6. Parallelism: the rhythm is distinct, the content is concentrated, and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; Good at lyric. 7. Repetition: the lyrical writing of the scenery is strong; Connecting the preceding with the following, distinguishing levels; It has been emphasized many times, which is impressive. 8. Contrast: Make the characteristics of things expressed or the rational viewpoints expounded more distinct and prominent. 9. Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, ask questions, and arouse readers' thinking. 10. rhetorical question: emphasize tone, strong tone and strengthen emotion. Fifth, the skills of structural arrangement and layout: cut to the chase, echo from beginning to end, show great plans, pave the way, deepen layer by layer, spread too much, and set clues; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns. Whether the relationship between materials and the center is properly handled and whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; Whether the materials are typical, authentic, novel and powerful. Narrative texts are often arranged according to the passage of time, the transformation of space, the change of scenes and the logical order of thinking. The clues of prose conception generally include: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Take spatial location as a clue. Structurally, the function of sentences in different positions in the text is clarified: 1, the first sentence-guiding the full text, outlining and leading out the following, paving the way for the following; 2, the last sentence-summary of the full text, deepen the theme, take into account the above, echo before and after, meaning endless, memorable. 3, into a sentence-connecting the preceding with the following, transition, undertaking the above, leading to the following; 4. Central sentence-point out the center and reveal the main idea; 5, the finishing touch-point out the center of the full text and lead the full text; The sentence is profound, thought-provoking and enlightening after reading. 6, emotional sentences-express strong inner feelings, express your chest directly; 7. Contradictory sentence-it is self-contradictory literally, but the author has profound meaning. Reveal profound connotations and express profound opinions. (1) The structural features of narrative (prose) ① Organize materials in chronological order or in the order of events. (2) according to the transformation of observation points to arrange material, such as my castle in the air. (3) Arrange the materials according to the layout of the site, such as "Visiting Ancient Inner Mongolia". (4) Arrange the structure according to the nature of materials, such as "trivial memories". ⑤ Arrange the materials according to the author's cognitive process or emotional changes. Like litchi honey. ⑥ Arrange materials according to what the author has seen, heard, felt and thought as writing clues. (2) Structural features of argumentative essays ① According to logical thinking, it includes three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems, solving problems or introduction, theory and conclusion. ② From the perspective of text structure, the common structures are juxtaposition structure, contrast structure, progressive structure and total score structure. Sixth, the way of expression begins to analyze the meaning of the sentence: 1, and the discussion in the narrative often plays the role of making the finishing point, revealing the purpose and significance of the narrative; 2. Narratives in argumentative essays often play the role of illustrations; 3. The description and writing style in the explanatory text have played a role in making the works more vivid. 4. The writing method of alternating narration and discussion makes the explanation and discussion of the article relaxed and lively, and it is both interesting and enlightening to read. The narrative in the article serves the discussion, which is based on narrative and provides factual basis for the discussion, making the argument well-founded and convincing. 7. Language 1. Whether the language is accurate, concise, vivid and vivid; 2. What is the unique language style (humorous, spicy, plain, natural, concise and lively, subtle and deep, etc.)? ); 3. What unique rhetorical devices are used (metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, synaesthesia, etc.). ). Eight. The expression means 1. Symbol is to express an abstract concept, thought or emotion with the help of concrete things. Its characteristic is to use some characteristics (content) between the symbol and the symbolized object to obtain implicit and vivid expression and enhance the expressive force of the article. The symbolic means of "leaning on things" is "taking advantage of this and that", and the theme is implicit but not revealing, hidden but not gloomy. 2, foil, refers to not directly describe the main characters or things, but to describe their background, related characters or things, so that its image is prominent, this writing method not only makes the main image more vivid in contrast, but also makes the article tortuous and implicit, unique. 3, first suppress and then promote, arouse curiosity, emotional bedding, arouse curiosity. 4. By expressing his will through supporting things, the author skillfully entrusts his personal feelings and ideas in the process of describing things, and integrates his feelings into things to express his inner feelings, which is implicit, philosophical and suggestive, so that readers can enjoy a unique aesthetic feeling in appreciation. 5, lyrical scenery, through the description of the scenery, to contrast the author's feelings of joy or sadness. 6. Virtual

1. Type of expository: thing expository (from the perspective of content, according to the object and purpose of explanation).

The general title of a descriptive article is the object of explanation;

Find concluding sentences at the beginning and end of the explanation.

Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at topic 2 and look at the first and last paragraphs. The description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).

2. The language of expository writing: simple and vivid expository writing (language expression angle).

3, explanation method: generally answer three words, master several common explanation methods, will analyze the role in the text:

(1) For example, it truly illustrates the xx characteristics of things.

(2) Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. The content of the explanation should be clear and avoid overlapping.

(3) Enumeration of figures: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.

④ Comparison: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.

⑤ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

6. Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing and enhance the interest of the article.

⑦. Drawing charts: Let readers see at a glance, and explain the xx characteristics of things very intuitively and vividly.

8. Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

The difference between definition and interpretation is that definition requires completeness, while interpretation does not require completeness. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. It can be reversed.

9. Imitation: a vivid description of the characteristics/facts of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.

Attending doctor. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial. Explain the characteristics of things by quoting, so as to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.

4. Description sequence: time sequence (program sequence), spatial order and logical sequence. You can be more specific when answering questions.

For example, spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, always to point, from outside to inside, from front to back, from left to right, from whole to part, and vice versa) and so on. ).

Logical order (first cause, then step by step, phenomenon to essence, cause to effect, effect to cause, main to secondary, simple to profound, individual to general, etc.). Common words indicating causality and logical order, such as "because, therefore", "first and second").

Time series is to explain the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing working procedures.

Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the explanation order to make the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )

5. Description object: refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).

6. Common forms of explanatory text structure are: "total score" type (or from total score to subtotal, or from small score to subtotal, or total score), parallel type, progressive type, etc. Analyze the structure of the article and master the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "besides"

7. Central sentence: the position where it appears at the beginning or end, sometimes in a sentence. Judgments are mostly sentences with strong generality. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable for central sentences.

The same is true of other stylistic articles.

④ Summarize the central sentence of the paragraph.

Countermeasures: (1) When thinking about this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.

8. Description language

What is the purpose of adding words by typing 1? Grasp the accuracy of the explanation and answer the questions.

Countermeasures: A: It accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".

Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.

Countermeasure: A: (1) No.

(2) the meaning or content of the original word.

(3) The meaning or content of the changed words.

(4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.

Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?

Countermeasure: A: (1) statement (delete or not delete).

(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Estimate the number of tables such as "about", "possible" and "about".

(3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute.

(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.

Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.

Type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth refer to in the text?

Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.

9. Common test sites: 1. Understanding of the object and characteristics of interpretation.

2. Identify and understand the interpretation method.

3. Analysis and understanding of the order of interpretation.

4. Analysis of paragraph structure characteristics.

5. Summarize the meaning of the text, levels and paragraphs.

6. Comment on the meanings of keywords and key sentences and their expressive functions.

7. Explain the experience of language accuracy.

Argumentative reading and answering skills

1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.

A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (commander-in-chief's sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).

⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. ② Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)

B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).

(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).

3, argument (how to prove)

(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.

(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.

⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.

(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)

(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.

4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).

⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.

5. The language of argumentative essay (1) is rigorous (using decorative and restrictive language); (2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);

(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context); (4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).

6, refute the reading of the paper

(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?

7. Common test sites

(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.

(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.

Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.

Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.

Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.

2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.

(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.

The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?

The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

(4), demonstration method test center

Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:

1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.

2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power.

3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.

4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.

ü Thinking of answering questions: (1) Reasoning and argumentation to increase the authority of argumentation. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.

⑤. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:

A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.

B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.

C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.

D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.

ü Answer ideas: What is the function of adding words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.

ü answer ideas: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.

6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.

⑦. Open and expand the test site.

This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.

8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.

(4) Thinking of answering questions: The elements of critical essays in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical essay elements).