How to apply base fertilizer to vegetable cultivation in greenhouse?

How to apply base fertilizer reasonably in greenhouse vegetable planting? Because in the actual field guidance, I found that many farmers engaged in vegetable greenhouse cultivation are asking, what base fertilizer is used for stubble removal? None of them can tell clearly. Therefore, it is necessary to tell you in detail the application of base fertilizer for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.

First, the importance of greenhouse vegetable planting base fertilizer

Base fertilizer is the basis of vegetable growth, and our vegetable farmers and friends all know the importance of base fertilizer. It can be said that the cultivation of protected vegetables begins with base fertilizer. The farmer said? One bottom and three chases? It is said that the base fertilizer is well applied, but the top dressing cannot catch up with it three times. Therefore, no matter what kind of crops and varieties of vegetables, whether cultivated in greenhouse or open field, the most important fertilization is to apply base fertilizer.

However, in the actual cultivation management, the misunderstanding of base fertilizer application is also the biggest. We often say that 30% of vegetable production in greenhouse depends on base fertilizer. Why? This is because the importance of base fertilizer is mainly reflected in the following four aspects: first, base fertilizer can supplement nutrient supply at any time; Second, the base fertilizer lasts for a long time; Third, the base fertilizer is used reasonably and the utilization rate is high; Fourthly, base fertilizer is the key to improve soil.

The above four advantages cannot be replaced by topdressing. At present, one of the core reasons for the outstanding problem of soil degradation is the unreasonable application of base fertilizer, so the reasonable application of base fertilizer becomes particularly important.

Second, the choice of base fertilizer types

In order to produce high-yield and high-quality greenhouse vegetables, the varieties of base fertilizer must be complete. That is to say, all aspects should be matched, including four types of fertilizers, namely: organic fertilizer, biological fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer and medium and micro fertilizer. These four fertilizers are indispensable, because each fertilizer has the function of each fertilizer.

What needs special explanation is the use of organic fertilizer. Because when it comes to organic fertilizer, in the consciousness of our vegetable farmers, organic fertilizer is manure. There used to be an agricultural proverb? Farming without manure, are you fooling around? This was indeed reasonable in the past, but now manure and the original manure are not the same concept.

Soil salinization is a very prominent problem in protected cultivation. There are two sources of salt content: one is chemical fertilizer, because chemical fertilizer itself is inorganic salt; Another source of salt is the use of manure. If it is cultivated in the open field, it can be watered and leached by rain, but in the greenhouse, it is difficult to reduce the salt in the soil by leaching.

Fertilization should be prohibited as long as it is cultivated in protected areas, whether in greenhouses or other areas. Whether it is chicken manure, sheep manure or pig manure, as long as it is livestock manure, it is not recommended. Why? It is not that there is a problem with organic fertilizer, but that most livestock are farmed on a large scale. As long as it is farmed on a large scale, feed is used, and there is more salt in the feed.

A professional organization has done the test. On the one hand, the salt content of chicken manure can reach 5~7 kg, and the salt component is sodium chloride. We all have a common sense that there is basically no need for chlorine-containing compound fertilizer in greenhouse vegetable cultivation. This is because chloride ion and sodium ion are not needed by our vegetable crops, and sodium chloride will only increase the EC value of soil. No matter what you do with it, the salt is in it.

Some vegetable farmers may ask, how to grow vegetables after the ban on manure? First of all, we need to know what is the purpose of using manure? The purpose of using manure is to supplement organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and medium and trace elements. Why must we use manure to supplement it? We can completely supplement it through other channels. One of the most developed countries in agriculture in the world is the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, as long as vegetables are cultivated in greenhouse and soilless, they can still achieve high yield and high quality.

Manure is not allowed. What should be used to supplement organic matter? Is it enough to use commercial organic fertilizer alone? The answer is no, commercial organic fertilizer can replace manure to supplement organic matter, but it cannot replace carbon source in manure. In order to replace manure, the best scheme recommended now is straw+commercial organic fertilizer+bacterial fertilizer.

In terms of utilization, the straws are rice husk, wheat bran, peanut shell, broken corn cob, mushroom residue after mushroom cultivation and corn straw from high to low. Because corn stalks generally carry eggs of mites and thrips, if they are to be used, they can be suffocated outside the shed in advance to kill the eggs and reduce the base of pathogenic bacteria.

The dosage of straw is 3~5 cubic meters per mu of land, and can be increased to 6~8 cubic meters at most. The more, the better. As long as there are no eggs, they can be used directly underground. The benefits of using straw mainly include the following aspects: first, loosen the soil and solve the hardening; Secondly, some salt ions can be absorbed during straw fermentation; The third is to improve the soil structure, because the decomposition of straw will promote the formation of soil aggregate structure.

Third, the principle of fertilization

What is the fertilization principle of vegetables, fruits and vegetables in greenhouses? Whole field ploughing and directional fertilization? That is to say, there is no need to fertilize when turning over the soil, just put the straw into the ground and sprinkle it evenly, then turn over the soil and plant it somewhere, and concentrate on fertilization when ridging. The purpose of centralized fertilization is to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. Of course, if leafy vegetables are planted, it is no problem to spread them all over the garden, but if they are fruits and vegetables, there is no need to fertilize the walkway.

1, organic fertilizer

The key and core of organic fertilizer is raw material, and manure must not be used as raw material for fermentation, because the problem of desalination can not be solved at present. Therefore, it is not recommended to use cheap organic fertilizer, which will easily lead to soil salinization. It is suggested to choose commercial organic fertilizer with food residue as raw material, and the dosage varies according to the stubble. Generally speaking, 80 ~100 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied per mu in winter and spring; Winter stubble per mu 140~ 160 kg.

2, bacterial fertilizer

In the choice of bacterial fertilizer, if it is a greenhouse planted for less than 5 years, it can be used without bacterial fertilizer. However, if the planting time exceeds 5 years and the soil-borne diseases are serious, we must pay attention to supplementing biological bacterial fertilizer. An acre of land is 40~80 kilograms.

3. Inorganic fertilizer

Inorganic fertilizer, which is what we call compound fertilizer, has three core aspects in the choice of inorganic fertilizer:

(1) N, P and K ratio

When choosing inorganic fertilizer, we should choose the type of inorganic fertilizer according to the type of vegetables we grow, but the biggest misunderstanding is that many vegetable farmers like to use balanced compound fertilizer, which is what we call it? Idiot fat? Suitable for all kinds of vegetables, but not suitable for all kinds of vegetables, because there is always 1~2 content that will be close to the demand of vegetables, but there is always 1~2 content that will exceed the standard.

Fruits and vegetables: It is recommended to choose compound fertilizer with low nitrogen (8~ 10 nitrogen), medium phosphorus (about 15 phosphorus) and high potassium (about 20 potassium) for fruits and vegetables, which can effectively avoid the problem of plant overgrowth, about 25 kg per mu; Leafy vegetables: It is suggested to choose compound fertilizer with high nitrogen (about 20 N), low phosphorus (5 P) and low potassium (5 K), with an area of about 25 kg per mu. (2) Slow release of fertilizer

The purpose of applying base fertilizer is to last for a long time and provide a continuous nutrient supply for the growth of vegetables. Therefore, for fruits and vegetables, we should choose compound fertilizer with good slow release; For leafy vegetables, because the growth period is short, it is necessary to choose a compound fertilizer with good quick-acting effect.

(3) The fertilizer utilization rate should be high

Fertilizer utilization rate is an important standard to measure fertilizer quality. Fertilizer with high utilization rate is easy to absorb, while fertilizer with low utilization rate is not easy to absorb, which is easy to form soil salinization. Therefore, in the selection, we should choose the fertilizer with high utilization rate as the base fertilizer, and it is best to add organic compound fertilizer such as amino acids.

4. Medium and trace elements

Medium and trace elements involve medium and trace elements. The medium elements are calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and sulfur does not need to be supplemented, because most of the compound fertilizers we use are potassium sulfate, and sulfur is enough; There is no need to supplement trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron, molybdenum, chlorine and chlorine. Even if we don't use a little chlorine, there will only be more in the ground because we used too much manure before.

Calcium is the most needed supplement for medium elements and boron is the most needed supplement for trace elements. Therefore, if you make basic fertilizer, it is enough to supplement calcium and boron, and other problems are not serious. It is suggested that the supplementary irrigation level of calcium nitrate is 4 kg per mu, and borax 1 kg can be applied to one mu of boron fertilizer.

In greenhouse vegetable cultivation, it can be said that the application of base fertilizer plays an important role in the growth, yield and quality of vegetable plants. Therefore, in the process of applying base fertilizer, vegetable farmers should abandon some traditional concepts, make the application of base fertilizer more scientific and reasonable, and then lay a solid foundation for obtaining high-yield and high-quality vegetables.