Why shouldn't ancient women in China be literate?

Born in China, women are extremely unfortunate. All evils can be traced back to women: even if the country dies, the responsibility must be borne by women. Also fooling around with the opposite sex, the man is called a romantic story, and the woman is lewd and unfaithful. And as long as this one is enough to knock down a woman, even a female emperor like Wu Zetian is inevitable. "It is difficult to raise only female villains". In Kong's view, female villains are difficult to raise, "being close is arrogant, and being far away is resentful". Therefore, "three obedience and four virtues" are stipulated for women, and another one is added: "Women without talent are virtues". Why is "talent" so harmful to women that no talent is virtue? This also has its development process. At first, women's talent was not considered as a disadvantage to Germany. Matriarchal society is a cinch. There were many talented women in the Han Dynasty. It is recorded in Han Shu and Han Shu, which shows that the talent of women at that time did not lead to "immorality". I'm afraid it began in the Song Dynasty when Neo-Confucianism flourished. Sima Guang said: "It is inappropriate for modern people or women to write songs and poems and perform pop music." This is a message. Of course, Sima Guang made this provision with reservations. At the same time, he also advocated that women should study. Probably in the Ming Dynasty, the "talent" that required women to have no talent expanded quite widely. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a Family Instruction of Wen Family, which recorded the family instruction of mother Lu. She pointed out: "Women are only allowed to know a few hundred words about rice, meat and fish, and no amount of literacy is useless and harmful." This is a bit of talent and virtue. Women should not read books, especially poems. Poetry, in particular, has been opposed since Sima Guang. Nevertheless, the famous Li Qingzhao appeared in the Song Dynasty. Zhao Mingcheng, her husband, was not convinced of her fame in the literary world. She worked hard for three days and nights, wrote a batch of words, added them to Li Qingzhao and gave them to her friends. A friend said that the figures in the whole volume of "Don't say anything, the curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers" are excellent-just another work of Li Qingzhao. Look up the history, from the eighteen beats of Hu Jia in the Han Dynasty to the Haitang Poetry Society in the Grand View Garden, the women who wrote poems, and the women who wrote poems through the ages. It can be seen that the forbidden person helps himself, and the writer writes himself. Why? This is probably the situation is better than people, right? Moreover, the system at that time was very loose and there were not many sports, so there were many loopholes to be drilled. It is worth discussing why banning poetry is the key. It depends on what poems a woman writes. In Mourning Home, Mrs. Hou, who was imprisoned in the harem, committed suicide because of depression, and wrote many poems for her tragic fate. One of them, self-injured, was really sad and resentful: she entered the future for the first time and took revenge on Weiyang deeply; Nagato has not seen the king for seven or eight years. Spring cold invades the bone, sitting alone and worrying about the empty room; Under the imperial court, Huai Kong was sad. I cherish it deeply on weekdays and am very eager to talk. The beauty of color has been abandoned, and life is thin! Your kindness is alienated, but my intentions are confused. There is no flesh and blood in the family, and it is old and North Hall. How can we build a high wall without wings here? Life is important, and abandoning beauty will hurt; Hanging on Zhu Dong, the liver and intestines are like boiling soup; Take care of yourself by the neck, and have a little concern. Resolutely die and return to the ghost town! Poetry can be appreciated, observed, grouped and resented. This poem, for us, can penetrate and understand the dark corner of feudal society; For the poet himself, he can complain and accuse the royal family of inhumanity. Looking at "Xing" and "Qun" from the emperor's point of view, the social effect is not good. That seems to be the problem. Confucius said that women are difficult to raise, and one of them is "complaining when you are far away." Complaining is not good, complaining about writing poems and spreading dissatisfaction will of course greatly affect the stability and unity of the court and even the whole society. Women can't write poetry, and they can only talk privately if they have complaints, so it won't be so troublesome. Besides, sometimes it's not just complaining. Just answer to some men's whipping: a flag was hung on the city, and my concubine learned it from the palace? 200,000 people were disarmed, and none of them were men! This is a poem written by a queen to protest against women's theory of national subjugation. Tang Xizong's men brought back a group of women from Huang Chao. When Tang Xizong gave a lecture, he criticized them and said, "You are all Xunjiu's daughters. Why are you thieves?" One of the women retorted, "You fled to Sichuan with millions of soldiers. On the contrary, you accuse us of being thieves! What should you do with your officials and generals? " The emperor was furious and killed her. If this woman can write poetry, she will probably write a good poem-but it is more dangerous. Another reason is that "women can read more books and teach more lewdness". The most typical example is said to be Cui Yingying. In the Tang Dynasty, women's chastity was not that important. The princess remarried 23 people and married 4 people three times. But in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a woman's hymen became an identity card. Checking whether a woman is a virgin has become a profession. In some places, there is also the custom of going back to her mother's house because of hymen problems after marriage. Therefore, Yingying's "appreciating treasures" has become a big issue concerning the interests of men. Critics trace back to the source that Yingying lost her virginity because she could write poetry. If she doesn't know poetry, she will never rhyme with Zhang Sheng, let alone write such obscene poems as The West Chamber. "Women know the text, that is, this can be learned." In the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Mei accepted dozens of female disciples who wrote poems and published the book Selected Poems of Female Disciples in Suiyuan, which is undoubtedly a typical "liberalization", so Zhang Shizhai wrote a critical article saying: "There are shameless people who pretend to be romantic and confuse women; ..... Carving poems, flaunting fame, not too complicated for men and women, almost forgetting the female body! Is it really desirable for women not to learn such a boudoir? ..... people's hearts are in the world, but they can be worried. " He thinks poetry is for prostitutes. "Good family in the boudoir, can't smell it outside. What's the point of singing this? " From their standpoint, Zhang Shizhai's worries are not groundless. One of the important tools for young men and women of ethnic minorities to love each other is love poems-only they sing without writing, which they call folk songs. Officials and gentry will not ask them to be concubines, and that's it. Seriously, a lot of things happened, such as red leaves inscribed poems. The ladies-in-waiting imprisoned in the palace wrote poems expressing their feelings on the leaves of Dawu, letting the flowing water drift away from the palace and be picked up by the scholars. So they also wrote poems on the leaves and spread them all over Apollo. One by one, the scholar actually talked about love with the maids. This kind of story is a "much-told story" in the eyes of ordinary people, but not in the eyes of the emperor: the happy ending of giving poetic ladies-in-waiting to literati is just the wishful thinking of ordinary people. Not to mention getting rid of one of his 124 empresses, even if you want to send a book to Jane with one of his thousands of ladies-in-waiting, it is a blatant violation and there is no room for punishment. Writing here is probably about why you learn to write poetry. Being able to write poetry means that you have no virtue. Finally, it is a bit eye-catching. China, no, to be precise, should be feudal China. One of its rather stubborn characteristics is that theory is divorced from reality. Take the standard Ms. Xue Baochai as an example. She is an untalented propagandist of virtue theory. What she said about writing poetry was not your job, but she almost conquered Daiyu, a feudal rebel. It can be seen that if she is asked to write "On the Virtue of Women without Talents", it will be more convincing than the articles in "Learning and Criticism" in the past, and she may even win an excellent thesis award. However, the beauty is that Xue Baochai is not only literate, but also knowledgeable; Not only can he write poems, but he often wins the championship in Haitang Club, which is much better than Baoyu, the only man in the poetry club. If we dig deeper, this lady once had a fleeting love for Baoyu-this point, treated with the spirit of "fighting for the fleeting selfishness", is enough for Baochai to hold a "lecture". Xue Baochai is still like this, which shows that "no talent" is hard to find "virtue" and the contradiction is irreconcilable. Zhang Shizhai cursed Yuan Mei for encouraging women to write poems, which seems to help us understand this obvious contradiction. He said: "The virtuous women in ancient times were expensive and talented. There used to be a saying that' a woman is virtuous without talent', and she is not a bad talent. It's just that she has a little talent and doesn't know how to learn. It is to decorate her name, but she is not as good as a village. " At least, this should be regarded as an explanation: "talent" depends on "virtue". In our words, virtue is the main or even the only one. As long as the virtue is good-a model lady like Baochai, it doesn't matter whether she can read or write poetry. Moreover, Baochai also has a lovely feature, that is, although her poems are well written, she never takes writing poems seriously, but just takes part in accidental amusement. Yuan Dashe, the imperial secretary of Chen Feng, is a female bachelor. Their duty is only to wait for a banquet in the backyard, accompany him to write new poems and sing those particularly gorgeous poems to him. There will be no adverse effects and it is allowed. On the contrary, Yingying belongs to the category of "too young to learn", which is far less conducive to maintaining that social system than rural areas and farmland that are illiterate at all. Daiyu can not only read, but also write poems very well. But her poems are often rated as second class, ranking behind Baochai. Li Wan, the president, made it very clear that although "romantic and chic" should put her first, it is not as reserved and provocative as Baochai. That's all. She often writes some poems that are extremely dissatisfied with the status quo and makes sarcastic remarks. If these remarks are collected and sorted out, Daiyu will have a great future. Some people say that if Daiyu lives in modern times, she should be regarded as a "rightist", which seems reasonable. Wouldn't it be better for such a person to have no talent? In the abstract, talent without virtue is often worse than virtue without talent. During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, there was a Huang Yun, who was famous for his brilliance and was very arrogant. Stuart Wei Yuan also admired him and said, "If only I could find such a man as a son-in-law!" In order to become Wei Yuan's son-in-law, Huang Yun asked for a divorce from his wife. At that time, his wife had to agree. When I left, I just invited a few drinks to say goodbye to the clan. At that banquet, Huang Yun's 15 shady scenes were made public. This Huang Yun, it should be said, is a talented person without virtue. It's a pity that there seem to be so many such people as men that I can't think of any talented woman as a role model at the moment. Writing here, I once thought of Xifeng. In the Grand View Garden, Li Wan probably belongs to the category of "no talent is virtue", and her counterpart is Xifeng. No matter measured by the standards then or today, Xifeng's virtue should belong to D grade and fail. But does she belong to the talented category? It's hard to say. On poetry, there is only one sentence in her complete works, "the north wind is tight overnight", which is obviously too little; More importantly, she seems to be illiterate at all. She lacks this talent. However, it is not easy for her to manage such a large Guo Rong building. Ningguo mansion has always been in a mess. A few days after she came to power, she made the statement that "from now on, she will be conscientious and dare not steal security." Such an illiterate and talented person seems to be more talented than an intellectual horse who likes to talk about military issues but lost his street pavilion in actual combat. Apart from virtue, being born today, Xifeng's talent is not inferior to that of the manager and factory director. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to say that she has no talent. From here, we can also realize that it is not easy to be a personnel director. There used to be a theory of composition, not only composition, but also performance. Now there is a diploma theory, not only a diploma, but also a performance. It's easy to say, but there are many complicated situations in real life. It is difficult to decide whether Xifeng without a diploma can be a manager. It is better to let Yingchun, who has a diploma, be stable. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that diploma-only theory has made great progress than component-only theory. The question is a bit far-fetched; However, in the final analysis, we have to solve a specific problem, what is morality and what is talent. This problem not only has different standards in different periods and classes, but also has completely different standards in the same class at the same time; For the same person, the conclusion at this moment is different. For example, Zhuge Liang, in people's traditional impression, can be described as having both ability and political integrity, and is the ideal prime minister who "cries on his skirt from now on". However, some people think that he only cares about war, does not do a good job in construction, and has no talent to govern the world; Reusing Jiang Wei and Zhang Yi is cronyism, ignoring Ma Chao and Wei Yan, and is jealous of talents. The conclusion is that virtue is thin, and surplus is greater than merit. The ending is: this is also right, and that is also wrong. The dead are easy to handle, you can judge, but on paper Zhuge Liang sits firmly in Wuhou Temple and doesn't have to worry about being dismissed. It is not easy to be alive. The word "having both ability and political integrity" is not difficult to understand. The difficulty is that it can't be measured with a ruler, and it's hard to judge accurately with a ruler. In some people's eyes, anything that suits my taste is a virtue. With this virtue, it means talent. As a result, three relatives and six elders, secretary cronies, have become successors or entered the third echelon. For some people, talent without virtue, without virtue, is useless. In this way, intellectuals from far away who were born badly and those who have been disobedient and fond of ideas in recent times have been controlled. A female cadre in charge of forestry production in Guangxi Forestry Bureau also invented a logic: Baise is poor and talented people want to go out; The expert tour of tannin extract volunteered to come to Baise from An. You must be a person who can't get along in Shaanxi-the conclusion can be imagined. A few simple examples, talking about men, can also understand that the role of the rubber band "a woman without talent is virtue" is hard to measure, and any woman can tie it up as needed as long as she thinks a little. In addition, it can be seen that "no talent is virtue" has a tendency to spread to the male field at some time and in some places, so men should not be too happy. Therefore, while preaching that "a woman without talent is virtue", there are also people who oppose this sentence. Some men send it, and some women send it. A woman in the Qing Dynasty wrote a book "A Record of Female Fan Jie", saying: Men are virtuous, and their words are acceptable; It is true that a woman without talent is virtuous. Cover the classic distinction between ignorance and virtue and evil and right. In addition, a gentleman who speaks for women said in the preface to the history of women in ancient and modern times that "no talent is virtue" seems to be overdone, and "virtue might as well be talent" is indeed equivalent. There are many literary and artistic works that reflect this view, among which Liang Zhu and Jing Hua Yuan are famous. Zhu Yingtai not only opposed the corruption theory that a woman without talent is virtue, but also disguised as a man and studied with a man named Liang Shanbo, resulting in love. In the end, both of them died of double suicide. In Mr. Dong Bing's view, "virtue" is a big problem. However, the long-term popularity of the script shows that the audience still voted for Zhu Yingtai. Jing Hua Yuan advocates the equality of wisdom between men and women. "Heaven and earth are brilliant, and people don't choose words." Today, women should study, take exams and be officials like men. The novel also wrote a talented woman, discussing problems and refuting men to pieces. This is also recognized as a good book, which has been passed down to this day. It can be seen that the theory that "women are virtuous without talent" has never been stable since the day it came into being. Later, western learning spread to the east, and feudalism was losing ground. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, not only women could study, but also women went abroad to study. It is also clearly stipulated that primary schools can accept both boys and girls. 19 19 years, after struggle, nine women finally went to Peking University to study. It's hard for Zhu Yingtai to get it by chance on the stage. Only in reality, he got it. These are glorious chapters for women in China. Of course, it would be naive to think that everything will be all right from now on. In the 1980s, there were still people here who wanted to join the ranks, and even stupid men and women like Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai committed suicide because their parents destroyed their love. Here, there is such a female leader in charge of family planning, and at the same time she is the mother-in-law who "divorced" the daughter-in-law who gave birth to her daughter. Girls probably won't object to writing poems, but the "provocative" singing method of popular songs doesn't seem to be popular, and what is "provocative" is not clear. In addition, for example, whether the hairstyle and heel meet the "moral" standards of some leaders is also different in the morning and evening. These right and wrong, not only the ladies are confused, but also the gentlemen are quite nervous. The key to jumping out of the strange circle of "no talent is virtue" is to update the old concepts of "talent" and "virtue". Comrade Wan Li once said: A person who has done nothing but being an official and drinking tea is not a good cadre. Comrade Zhang Tingfa said: For a long time, under the "Left" vision, people who are content with the status quo, stick to the rules, do what they are told, do things slowly and surely, and do nothing are often regarded as good cadres; People who are active in thought, good at thinking, brave in reform, courageous, knowledgeable and talented are regarded as "pride" and "disrespect for leaders". It is better to select safe people than to reuse talents with shortcomings. This new virtue