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Celebrity story: Franklin invented the lightning rod
Celebrity story: Franklin invents lightning rod 1 1746. In Boston, an English scholar made an electrical experiment with a glass tube and a Leyden bottle. Franklin watched his performance with great interest and was deeply attracted by the emerging electrical science. Then Franklin began to study electricity. Franklin did many experiments at home, studied the properties of two kinds of charges, and explained the sources of electricity and the phenomena existing in matter.
Before18th century, people could not correctly understand what lightning was.
At that time, it was generally believed that thunder and lightning were the wrath of God. Some people of insight who don't believe in God tried to explain the cause of lightning, but they never succeeded. The popular saying in academic circles is that lightning is a kind of "gas explosion".
In an experiment, Franklin's wife Lide accidentally touched the Leyden bottle. When the lightning flashed, Lide was hit and fell to the ground, pale, and lay at home for a week before recovering.
Although this was an accident in the experiment, Franklin, who was quick-thinking, thought of lightning in the air.
After repeated thinking, he came to the conclusion that lightning is also a discharge phenomenon, which is essentially the same as electricity generated in the laboratory.
So, he wrote a paper entitled "On lightning in the sky is the same as our electricity" and sent it to the Royal Society.
But Franklin's great idea was ridiculed by many people, and some even ridiculed him as "a madman who wants to separate God from thunder and lightning".
Franklin was determined to prove everything with facts.
1752 One day in June, it was overcast with thunder and lightning, and a storm was coming. Franklin and his son William came to an open place with a kite with a metal pole on it. Franklin held the kite high, while his son flew with the kite string. Because of the strong wind, the kite was quickly put into the sky. In an instant, thunder and lightning, pouring rain. Franklin and his son are pulling a kite string together, and the father and son are anxiously looking forward to it. At this moment, just a flash of lightning passed over the kite. Franklin approached the string on the kite with his hand, and there was a terrible numbness at once. He couldn't restrain his inner excitement and shouted, "William, I got an electric shock!" " "Later, he introduced the electricity from the kite line into the Leiden bottle.
After returning home, Franklin conducted various electrical experiments with lightning, which proved that lightning in the sky has exactly the same properties as electricity generated by artificial friction.
Franklin's hypothesis that electricity in the sky and electricity on the ground are the same thing has been well confirmed in his own experiments.
The success of the kite experiment made Franklin famous in the scientific world.
The Royal Society gave him a gold medal and hired him as a member of the Royal Society. His scientific works have also been translated into many languages. His electrical research has achieved a preliminary victory.
However, in the face of honor and victory, Franklin did not stop further research on electricity.
1753, the famous Russian electrician Lichtman was killed by lightning in order to verify Franklin's experiment, and he was the first victim of electrical experiment. The price of blood makes many people wary and afraid of lightning experiments. But faced with the threat of death, Franklin did not flinch. After many experiments, he made a practical lightning rod. He fixed an iron bar several meters long on the roof with insulating material, and a thick iron wire was tightly tied to the iron bar, reaching to the ground. When lightning struck the house, it went straight into the earth along the metal pole through the conductor, and the building was intact.
1754, lightning rod began to be used, but some people think it is ominous, and it will bring drought if it goes against God's will. Steal lightning rods at night. However, science will eventually overcome ignorance. After a gust of lightning and thunder, the cathedral caught fire, but the high-rise building with lightning rod was safe and sound. Facts have educated people and made them believe in science.
Lightning rods spread to Britain, Germany, France and finally to all parts of the world. After the lightning rod was introduced into France, Noel, president of the Royal French Academy of Sciences, and others began to oppose the use of lightning rods. Later, they thought that the round-headed lightning rod was better than Franklin's pointed lightning rod. But the French chose Franklin's pointed lightning rod.
It is said that the French at that time regarded Franklin as the embodiment of Socrates. Franklin became an idol of people. His portrait is treasured under the pillow, imitating the pointed hat of lightning rod and becoming the most fashionable hat in Paris in 1778.
After the lightning rod was introduced into Britain, Franklin's pointed lightning rod was widely used by the British. But after the American War of Independence broke out, Franklin's pointed lightning rod seemed to be a symbol of the coming America in the eyes of the British.
It is said that King George II of England at that time, out of anger at the American revolution, ordered all the lightning rod tips on all royal buildings in England to be replaced with round heads to show his disagreement with the pointed lightning rod as a symbol of the United States. This is really an interesting thing in the history of lightning rod application.
Celebrity story: Franklin invents lightning rod 21752 One day in July, in Philadelphia, North America, a scientist named Franklin made a sensational experiment:
This afternoon, it was dark and dark clouds were rolling. Blue and white lightning flashes from time to time in the sky, and there are dull thunder waves. A terrible thunderstorm is coming.
"This is the most suitable weather!" Franklin and his son William took kites and Leyden bottles (a container that can be charged and discharged) and ran to a straw shed in a field in the suburbs.
This is no ordinary kite: it is made of silk with a thin metal wire tied to the top as a "receiver" to attract lightning; The wire is connected to the string used for flying kites, so that the string becomes a conductor after being wet by rain; Tie a ribbon at the other end of the string as an insulator (dry) to prevent the experimenter from getting an electric shock; Between the ribbon and the rope, a key is hung as an electrode.
Franklin and his son quickly took advantage of the wind and put kites into the sky. The kite, like a vigorous bird, gradually flies to the sea of clouds.
The father and son hid under the eaves of the hut, holding the ribbon that was not wet by the rain and staring at the kite.
Suddenly, a dazzling flash of lightning flashed across the sky. Franklin found that the fibers on the kite string suddenly stood up. This shows that lightning has been conducted through kites and guide ropes. Franklin was so happy that he couldn't help reaching out his left hand and touching the key on the guide rope. Bang, a small blue spark jumped out.
"This is electricity!" Franklin shouted excitedly.
"Bring me the Leyden bottle." Franklin shouted to William. He quickly connected the key on the guide rope with the Leyden bottle. Sparks twinkled on the Lyden bottle. This means that the Leyden bottle is full.
Afterwards, Franklin made a series of experiments with lightning collected from Leiden bottles, which further confirmed that lightning is exactly the same as ordinary electricity.
Franklin's kite experiment completely shattered the popular saying that lightning is "God's fire" and "gas explosion", and made people really realize the essence of lightning. Therefore, people say, "Franklin separated God from lightning."
Franklin's kite experiment was never done on impulse. As early as a few years ago, he devoted himself to the study of electricity, and pointed out the essence of electricity when people didn't know what it was.
He was inspired by a research accident. On one occasion, he connected several Leyden bottles together to increase the capacitance. Unexpectedly, during the experiment, his wife Lide accidentally bumped into the Leyden bottle, only to hear a bang, and the crackle flashed, and Lide was hit and fell to the ground, pale. She rested for a week before she recovered.
"Isn't the roar and spark of Leiden bottle the same as lightning?" Franklin boldly put forward the idea. After repeated thinking, he speculated that lightning is ordinary electricity, and found out the similarity of 12 between them: both glow; The color of light is the same; The route of lightning and electric spark is tortuous; Extremely quick; Can be conducted by metal; Can emit explosion or noise; Can exist in water or ice; It can be broken through an object; Can kill animals; Can melt metal; Can make flammable materials burn; They all smell of sulfur.
1747, Franklin wrote his ideas into a paper "On the Consistency between Lightning and Electricity". He sent the paper to his friend, collinson, a member of the Royal Society. But when collinson sent the paper to the Royal Society for discussion, he was laughed at. Many authoritative scientists think Franklin's point of view is ridiculous, "taking science as a child's fantasy."
Despite the ridicule and ridicule of the authorities, Franklin finally made a kite experiment at the risk of his life with all kinds of preparations.
Franklin not only learned the essence of lightning from kite experiments, but also confirmed that lightning can "walk" down from the sky. "Tall buildings are often struck by lightning. Can you build a ladder for lightning and let it go down? " Franklin thought.
While Franklin was thinking about this problem, unfortunately, news came from Petersburg, Russia:1On July 26th, 753, the scientist Lichtman was killed by an electric spark during the operation to verify Franklin's experiment. This strengthened Franklin's determination to develop lightning protection devices.
He first did an experiment in his own home: on the chimney with a towering roof, a 3-meter-long thin iron bar with a sharp tip was installed; Tie a metal wire to the lower end of the thin iron bar; Along the stairs, lead the metal wire to a water pump on the ground floor (the water pump is in contact with the earth); Divide the metal wire passing through the room into two sections, and separate the two wires at a distance. Each section has a small bell. In this way, if lightning enters from a thin iron bar and enters the earth through a metal wire, then when the two wires are stressed, Jason Chung will shake and make a noise.
One day, there was lightning and thunder, and a storm was coming. Accompanied by thunder and rain, Franklin, who was waiting by the little bell in the room, heard the crisp and pleasant sound of the little bell. He smiled happily.
Franklin called that thin iron bar a lightning rod.
The appearance of lightning rod aroused the opposition of the church. They think: "Pointing the sharp pole on the roof to the sky is disrespectful to God." "If you interfere in God's affairs and tell God what to do, you will be punished by God."
However, after a thunderstorm, the sacred church caught fire, but the house with lightning rod was safe and sound. As a result, the role of lightning rod was recognized by people, and the lightning rod soon spread. By 1784, lightning rods have been used in high-rise buildings all over Europe.
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