Sanyan Erpai, like all ancient literary heritages, contains both the essence of democratic progress and the dross of feudal backwardness.

The concept of karma is widespread in China's vernacular novels, which not only stems from

Since Buddhism, it has also been a common society in ancient China, ranging from high officials and dignitaries to peddlers and pawns.

Existence. On the one hand, it is reflected in the story-telling novels, and the structure of the works is based on the idea of retribution as a whole.

On the other hand, it uses the unique form of vernacular novels as the speaker's intervention.

In the comments, after the author got it, he began to talk about feudal ethics, such as the three cardinal guides and the five permanents, loyalty, filial piety and benevolence.

Together. The concept of retribution in storytelling novels promotes superstition of ghosts and gods and makes the oppressed satisfied.

The status quo does not consider resistance; In art, it makes the work easy to be stylized in characterization and formulaic in structure.

Disadvantages. But to some extent, it embodies the idea that justice will win and evil will fail, and expresses

The people's ideal desire to punish evil and promote good.

Keywords story novel karma

* * *

As long as a cursory look at our country's storytelling novels-ancient vernacular short stories, then

You will find that from the first early edition of the collection "Qingping Shantang Dialect Book" to the so-called "Qingping Shantang Dialect Book"

Ji Chun Taiwan, the last collection of vernacular novels in China, can be said that there is no work without "cause and effect"

Retribution "exhortation and preaching. So it is called "The Book of Karma" ("Entertainment")

Preface to Awakening, Book of Persuasion of Good and Punishment of Evil (Preface to Spring Platform). It can be said that this is already

It has become a prominent feature of China's vernacular novels. This concept is so common that this kind of concept

This idea has lasted for so long that we must pay special attention to it.

one

Why is the concept of "what goes around comes around" so common in China's novels?

"Karma" is the basic theory of Buddhism. But in our country, this idea is not only nonexistent.

Since Buddhism. There are similar ideas in our traditional ideas. The thought of "retribution" and "retribution"

It appeared in the pre-Qin period at the latest. Both Yi Zhuan and Classical Chinese have "a good family", which is necessary.

There is Qing Yu; There is more than one family with poor accumulation. "This is often quoted by writers of literary novels.

Yes "Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan Fifteen Years" recorded the story of "knot grass": Wei Ke, a doctor in the Jin Dynasty, did not listen to his father.

After my father died, I married my father and a concubine. After Wei Ke defeated Qin Shihuang in the Battle of Fuxi,

Du Hui was captured alive because his father's concubine's father thanked him in the dark and tripped Du Hui. So after that,

"knot grass" has become synonymous with gratitude after death. Li Xian annotated the Book of the Later Han Dynasty Yang Zhenchuan and recorded it.

Tells the story of "bit ring". It is said that Yang Zhen's father Bao Yang saved a yellowbird at the foot of Yinshan Mountain when he was nine years old.

Later, the yellowbird turned into a yellow boy and gave him four white rings, which made Bao Yang's descendants become dignitaries. "knot

The stories of "grass" and "bit ring" are widely spread and have great influence in the world. "retribution" and "retribution"

Our thought has long been a traditional concept in China.

Buddhism was introduced into China in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. "Karma" as a religious thought began with me.

Widely circulated in China society. Hui Yuan, a famous monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, combined with the above-mentioned traditional concept of China, wrote

Three Reports, Ming karma and other works have made a complete and systematic exposition of Buddhist karma.

The theory of "ying" further expanded the influence of this thought. Hui Yuan's "what goes around comes around" theory puts the Lord

The power of killing karma is attributed to the good and evil of individual behavior. On the one hand, he said that everything in real life

Everyone has a "destiny", and the newspaper in this life is the result of previous homework. The essence is to demonstrate the existence of reality.

Reason. Beneficial to the rulers, of course, welcomed by the rulers; On the other hand, society

Ordinary people on the second floor are persecuted by the real society and have no way out. They are all afraid of reality and power.

"The afterlife" is based on the hope of happiness, so this concept is easily rooted in people's hearts.

One of the main characteristics of China's literary thought is to take goodness as the foundation and combine beauty with goodness. Confucius comments

The poem says, "The poem costs 300 yuan. In a word, it says' thinking naively'. " (The Analects of Confucius)

"Being a politician" and "thinking innocently" cannot be separated from the principle of goodness. Confucius commented on Shao and said, "Do it!"

It's perfect. On the other hand, the comment on Wu said, "It is perfect, but it is not perfect." (Bashu)

In his view, it is not enough to be "perfect". Only "perfection" and "perfection" can be regarded as an achievement of art.

The highest realm. This thought, as the orthodox thought of China's literature and art, is bound to give great weight to the novel.

The influence of.

As far as the style of storytelling novels is concerned, it comes from "saying". "Speaking" rose in the Tang Dynasty,

It was an era when Buddhism prevailed. In order to publicize Buddhist classics, there are not only "monk lectures" for monks.

It also appears in the "vulgar" face of outsiders. So "Bianwen" appeared. "Tan" and Ci

Obviously, Ben was influenced by speeches and papers. The script not only accepted the preaching of Buddhism in form.

The influence of Buddhism will inevitably accept the influence of Buddhism in thought. To some extent.

Theoretically, the concept of "karma" in vernacular novels is the secularization of Buddhist classics.

When talking about the emergence of scripts, Lu Xun said: "The prosperity of popular literature should be divided into two ends: one for entertainment and the other for purpose."

Persuade the good, especially the good. [1] It can be said that the theme of Song and Yuan plays is karma.

It should be "persuasion, the so-called" goodness ". So Meng Ling made up a surprise from the beginning.

In the "Ordinary Case", it is still emphasized: "It is the editor who gives the idea, so I pay tribute to it every time."

In the "Moment of Surprise" volume 12, "It's difficult to investigate a case, and great scholars struggle for leisure, willing to be punished, and chivalrous women write their names."

In his speech, he said as a storyteller: "Books that have never been said are only about romance and narrative.

Some strange news, which sounds good. The most useful thing is to talk about the world, talk about cause and effect, and then touch your heart as soon as you listen.

Turn the usual evil thoughts into thoughts, and there will be a turn for the better. "It is also clearly pointed out that the story of the novel should be" causal law "and" advised "

Good "is the theme.

In a word, this concept was very common in ancient China society, from being an official to being an official to being a slave.

It has a fairly extensive social existence. The degree of deep-rooted people's hearts can also be reversed.

From the perspective of promoting the thought of karma, this novel has been widely welcomed by the society. I

This China scholar received an orthodox education from Confucianism, and his ideas of combining beauty with goodness and sharing weal and woe are his.

They are inherent in their thoughts, and there are quite a few literati, especially those who are close to the lower classes.

The author of this novel also accepted the influence of Buddhist thought. Of course, this concept of the writer must be in

The works show that vernacular novels are oriented to the general public, and the general public is more willing to accept this view.

Reading. Have a strong sense of identity. This kind of communication between the author and the reader is also called "story novel"

One of the reasons why the concept of karma is deeply rooted.

two

In order to correctly understand the concept of "karma" in China's vernacular novels, we must understand

The actual situation of this existence.

First of all, the universality of this existence is obvious to all. There is an article in the book of Shantang dialect in Qingping.

The title of the book is Yin @ (2) Accumulated Goodness. At the end of the article, the author commented on this narrative story:

"That is: good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil. If there is a good home, there must be Qing Yu; A shabby house,

There will be more disasters. "Ji Chun Taiwan has the preface of" Guangxu Jihai (1899) Tongshan Forest ",saying:"

He is also a gentleman in the city and three provinces of Liu Jun Province. Dumen couldn't get out, so he wrote a book called Ji Chun.

Taiwan Province. "His 40 works, no matter what the theme is, how the story is, and where it comes from, the author should.

It has been adapted into a work of exhortation and punishment, and it is clear that good and evil are rewarded at the end of the article.

From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, some influential stories such as Sanyan and Erpai were narrated.

, Xing, Shi Nod, Two Stories of West Lake, Clapping Dust, Yuanyang Needle

, greed, clear night bell, painting people, drunken stone, Yunxianxiao,

According to the World Cup, five-colored stones, eight holes in the sky, amuse the eyes and wake up the heart, even silent drama.

, "bean shed gossip" and so on, it can be said that there is no sermon without "karma". be worth

It is worth noting that this concept not only exists in works with stale ideological content such as "entertaining eyes and waking up the mind",

This concept is obvious even in works with relatively progressive ideological content. Such as "three words",

Bean shed gossip. Gossip in Bean Shed is often regarded as antithesis, and some stories attack and satirize the asylum in Qing Dynasty.

The court scholar-officials of the Ming Dynasty criticized the corruption of the bureaucracy in the late Ming Dynasty, and the world went from bad to worse, and human feelings were "diluted".

However, it also has many chapters to promote the idea of "karma". Such as the fourth "Fan Bozi Bankruptcy and Prosperity"

At the beginning, it was cited as planting beans and being a man, saying, "Time waits for no man to treat evil, and then there will be gains."

No ancestor leads the situation to evil, and future generations will benefit from it in the long run. As the saying goes,' As you sow, you reap; No pains, no gains.

Beans clearly shows that yin and yang have their natural roots between heaven and earth. If you have accumulated a point of Yin @ ②, you can share it.

Use, people don't understand, who knows this truth? ..... "1 1" means "the party is all dead. "

The first book is set in the troubled times in the late Ming Dynasty, and it is also about the results of Yin and Yang. Syrian leader resurrected after death.

After cutting off the enemy's head, the frozen body fell to the ground. After the article, the general comment said: "As for adultery and loyalty,

Justice will eventually have its own consequences ... that is, the act of breaking the skull to create a skull. The report of the day was Shi Zhong. If you are uncomfortable,

Yeah! "

Secondly, we should also pay attention to the "dual existence" of this concept in vernacular novels. place

"Dual existence" means that on the one hand, from the overall conception of the work, it is based on the thought of karma.

The basis of its overall conception. On the other hand, the author speaks in the unique form of vernacular novels.

People's identity, in the text, at the end or in the middle of the article at any time interspersed with comments and discussions. Take this.

This kind of "dual existence" works is not uncommon in vernacular novels. Such as the "surprise" volume.

20' Li Kerang unexpectedly sent an empty letter, Liu Shuangcheng', Volume 30' Make Wang Wei's subordinates, Li.

Join the army to avenge his death ",volume 1 1" Man Shao Qing was hungry and Jiao Wenji was born. "

Revenge for Death, Yunxianxiao, Volume 5, Zhang Changbo's kindness to avoid strange resentment, painted between people.

Self-incrimination will eventually pay the price and so on. Are typical examples.

Thirdly, after the literati got their hands on it, the concept of "karma" in vernacular novels was strengthened.

Take Sanyan edited by Feng Menglong as an example. "Negative example" Volume 33 "Joe's concubine is ruined"

Adapted from A Collection of Rain Windows in Qing Ping Shan Tang Dialect, a Yuan Dynasty dialect book Misrecognizing the Body.

In a word, Hangzhou businessman Joe bought a concubine in Nanjing and then went to Tokyo to do business. His concubine and her helper are at home.

Xiao Er had an affair, and Xiao Er raped Qiao Nv Yu Xiu. Joe's wife and concubine killed Xiao Er and sank into the lake.

Soon, the dead body appeared, recognized by Wang Jiujiu, and accused the official of extorting money from Joe's wife. George

Wife, concubine and daughter all died in prison. After Joe returned to Hangzhou, he also threw himself into the lake. The wicked king has not got the original wine.

Retribution, Feng Menglong added more than two hundred words at the end, let Joe capture Wang Jiujiu alive, to

Show that "Heaven is inevitable." The first article of Ancient and Modern Novels is a well-known and famous story about pearls.

The story of the shirt. It was adapted from a China classic novel 20 years ago. The original text is followed by ""

Or "Yue" in the form of a supplementary story, saying that the seducer was robbed and died, and the businessman had no intention after divorcing his wife.

Married the seducer's wife 3. Feng Menglong also wrote this rumor into the text and completed the "karma"

The theme of "unhappy"

Feng Menglong's "Sanyan" is still so, and as for the proposed writing of the Ming Dynasty, it is even worse.

The future is expected. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "Although there are metaphors in the novels of Song people, metaphors are the main ones."

It is intended for the street and entertaining people. The Ming people tried to be the last stream, but they warned for a long time and clamored for the master.

Moreover, many words are honored and belong to the wet nurse, so the shape still exists, which is different from the Song Dynasty. "[2]

three

If we can deeply study the actual situation of the works, we will find that in China's novels,

There are not only the exhortations of karma, but also the feudal ethics such as the Three Cardinals and Five Permits, loyalty, filial piety and benevolence.

Preach. Although they are sometimes interrelated, they are not exactly the same and should be distinguished.

This is conducive to our in-depth understanding of the characteristics, development and changes of this style.

As Mr. Lu Xun quoted earlier, the prosperity of popular literature has its purpose of "entertaining the heart".

Therefore, the names of the first six episodes of Qing Ping Shan Tang Hua Ben are Rain Window and Ever-burning Lamp.

Sailing, bending pillows, relaxing and waking up from a dream can all be regarded as entertainment. piece

Although some people talk about "what goes around comes around", they are also brief. Zhi Feng Meng Long compiled Sanyan,

The titles are "Awakening the World" and "Awakening the World" respectively, which shows that its compilation purpose is to educate.

This is because, as a feudal scholar, Feng Menglong was influenced by the traditional literary thought of emphasizing education.

The ring. When he compiled Sanyan, he strengthened persuasion and preaching. But "Sanyan" 120

Most of his works are adapted from the old works of Song and Yuan Dynasties, and as mentioned above, he can only be based on the original works.

In addition, Feng himself is a prodigal scholar and a disciple of Li Zhi, who accepted the citizen's thought.

Therefore, what Feng emphasized is nothing more than the causal distinction between good and evil, and there is basically no "three"

The precepts of feudal ethics such as the five permanent members, loyalty, filial piety and righteousness. "Awakening the World" Discovered in South Korea in Recent Years

The words are different. Although the title of Xing is also influenced by San Yan,

And the three words of Yu Shi, Warning and Awakening are obviously from the opposite side, but

According to critics, Xing means "tree-like present life" and is guided from the front. heavy

There is a clear difference between criticism and praise. So xing wrote a lot.

Stories of loyalty, religion, chastity and justice proved by history. The first time was "Martyrs don't return to Jun, Zhen"

Women don't insult their fathers, and they write "loyal ministers, women don't let men"-the feudal road.

A model of virtue. According to incomplete statistics, among Xing's 40 works, there are nearly 20 such works.

Articles. Therefore, "Xing Shi Yan" is full of ethics and feudal morality preaching, "causality"

The exhortation of retribution has taken a back seat.

Sanyan was published in Apocalypse of Ming Dynasty (1624, 1627). According to textual research, Xing Shi Yan was published.

It was engraved in the fourth and fifth years of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (163 1, 1632), roughly at the same time as Sanyan. they

The difference is so great that it is thought-provoking Three words are different from the words of the world.

Genre is fiction. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, these two kinds of works can be found in literati's sketches.

The former is like the cup of the owner of the Yuan Pavilion, Li Yu's mime, and others.

Bean shed gossip and so on. According to the World Cup, "according to the world" can be said to be a metaphor of "three words".

"Warning the world" and "awakening the world" have the same effect. It "lives in seclusion" and exposes society.

Darkness, the "watering" of human feelings, lacks feudal ethics and moral preaching. The name of the silent drama,

It can also be seen that the author Li Yu's purpose in creating novels is to entertain his heart. The works not only have no feudal ethics.

Preaching and teaching to solve doubts, while talking about cause and effect, more emphasis is placed on people's actions. For example, for the third time, "change the bitterness of eight characters into sweetness."

"Coming" is the whole story, but it is written that the old star family "played" eight words and became a poor slave Jiang Cheng.

The story of getting rich. It can be seen that Li Yu is faithless. The fourth time, "I lost my daughter's happiness because of the disaster"

Write that Qin Shiliang and Qin Shifang have different looks and fates. But then they all became rich. This is Li, too.

Confessions of unbelief in fishing. The eight characters can't be changed naturally, and the face can't be trusted. The key is man-made. Eight characters

If you don't do a lot of good things, you will have good luck. If you don't look good, you will have a good life. Doupeng

Gossip is even more "willfully overthrowing the twenty-first history", which sublimates the well-known-even into a Tao.

The story of virtue thinking mode is transformed into showing the opposite thinking. For example, the first one is a household name.

Model meson tui, who is filial piety and virtue, is writing for an accusation that he longs for wealth but is weak and incompetent.

A narrow-minded person; Second, write the beautiful legend of retreating with the stone into the water burial of the stone.

A bloody tragedy; Seventh, the upright and upright Uncle Qi was written as starving and abandoned his brother.

Traitors seeking fame in the mountains ... Ai Heng chose these Confucian idols as the theme.

We should take the "model" of the world as an example and tear its hypocrisy, fraud and meanness.

Of course, in Ming and Qing novels, such as in Xing, ethics, loyalty and filial piety are emphasized.

There are more works whose meaning is content. The Story of the Stone was written in the Qing Dynasty between Chongzhen, the end of Kangxi or the beginning of Yongzheng.

Most of the five-color stone and the eight caves in heaven show feudal ethics. Even some

The proposition of this paper comes directly from Confucian classics. Zhi Ganlong was called the last creation of China by Zheng Zhenduo.

In this episode, "Amusing Eyes and Awakening the Mind" is even more "almost no unkind words."

[3]。

So I think some scholars think that the early death of China's vernacular novels is advocating enlightenment, or

It is the result of education first, which is not accurate enough. The so-called "enlightenment" in this novel, that is,

The so-called "preaching" and "exhortation" have both "karma" and feudal ethics.

Morality and preaching. To be exact, the early death of this novel is not due to the existence of "karma"

Concept, but the result of being reduced to a feudal ethical tool.

four

How to recognize and evaluate the concept of "karma" in China's novels?

Its negativity and backwardness are beyond doubt. It not only preaches ghosts and gods.

Superstition makes the oppressed lower class content with the status quo and hopes for the illusory "arrival"

The world ",without thinking about struggle and resistance, is tantamount to a dose of spiritual opium.

The strong concept of "what goes around comes around" also brings great disadvantages to the novel in art.

It makes characterization easy to "type" and forms "good people are completely good and bad people are completely bad"

Situation. Lack of comprehensive and profound display of the characters' hearts. A branch of the guiding ideology of punishing evil and promoting good.

Collocation is also easy to make the structure of works formulaic, and almost all works are "happy" knots.

Bureau. It is obviously a tragedy, but it is also necessary to artificially reconcile contradictions and add a clear ending.

However, the universality of its existence and the length of its existence prove its accuracy.

Historical inevitability. But "Sanyan" and "Erpai" have a strong thought of "karma".

Xiang's works are welcomed by the public, which shows its value. Throw away feudal fans

The shell of letter, in the thought of "karma", does contain causality logically and theoretically.

Reasonable factors. Therefore, this concept must be analyzed in detail and cannot be erased at once.

Hmm.

First of all, it embodies the idea that justice will win and evil will fail to a certain extent, and it has a wide range of expressions.

The ideal and desire of the broad masses of the people to "punish evil and promote good" is a great threat to the reality of society.

Inequality will be exposed and attacked, so there are many words in this novel, although there are endless "causes and effects"

The preaching of retribution, its exposure to the real society is quite profound. Because of this, the surface

This concept is of great significance to the general social groups in view of the social reality of "weakening" human feelings and declining world trends at that time.

The masses do have the function of warning education, encouraging good deeds and recalling traitors in the province.

Second, since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it has been in a great fission in the ideological field.

A great turning point. With the rise of Wang Xue's left wing, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, which ruled China for many years, began to stir.

Shake it. At the same time, the citizen class has developed and expanded, and new moral concepts of the citizen class have also emerged.

"Karma" objectively plays a role in establishing the moral concept of the citizen class and is a new way.

The role of moral reconstruction. For example, works about love and marriage, in our country's novels.

A considerable proportion of the citizen class, starting from their own interests, opposes parents' orders and matchmakers' words.

Words, suitable for feudal marriage, and even respect women's human rights to some extent. When this

When this concept conflicts with the traditional feudal moral concept, "karma" becomes a word.

The young men and women described in this novel secretly date, making a lifelong commitment in private and striving for free love.

"Blending agent", or "shield". Such as "Awakening the World", Volume 28, "Wu's official's son is adjacent to the boat".

Going to an appointment is a story: During the period of Song Shenzong, Changsha ordered Wudu to go to his post by boat.

In the wind, I took a break in Jiangzhou, and happened to meet Hezhang, secretary of Jingzhou, and took shelter here. The two ships are connected, and Wu has succeeded.

Son Yanwu and daughter Xiue of Hezhang fell in love. After Yan Wu recited a poem, it became a good thing to go to a neighboring ship for an appointment.

Things. At dawn, both ships untied their cables, so Yanwu had to hide under the bed. A few days later, the story came out,

Xiue's parents saw Yanwu's "talent and beauty", so they scolded him a little and let him go back. Hou Wu's family made an appointment.

At the ceremony, for high school martial arts, I chose Ji to marry Xiue. This story is about a private meeting between young men and women.

Violate feudal ethics. Therefore, before the main speech began, the author defended as a spokesperson: "

Speaking of it, according to you, in ancient times, talented people and beautiful women often had private interests, but later, husband and wife became more expensive.

Beautiful talk, God's big abacus, how come it's wrong again? What readers don't know, but cheating and flirting are not good.

A person's lifelong honor is not small. If they had got married 500 years ago, they would have become old and bare under the moon. number

On the Ming match in the secluded period, it is always on the front edge, and there is no loss. "For another example, the citizen class attaches great importance to friends.

Friendship and faith. Because in feudal society, they were also bullied by landlords and gentry and feudal officials.

Pressure, persecution, especially the need for each other's care and help, business dealings also take faith as the first.

Essence. This is the moral concept they need in their life and career. So there are some things in this novel.

Many works that show friendship and loyalty describe how betrayal is encountered in many ways.

"Bad karma" and how to get a happy ending by abiding by faith. Such as "Warning General Words" Volume 5 "

Lu Dalang returned the gold to the flesh and blood, Volume 25, Repentance of Ghost Members and Awakening the World, Volume 18.

Shi Runze's Friends on the Beach and so on are all such works.

Thirdly, in art, the concept of "what goes around comes around" is not completely negative for storytelling novels.

Surface influence. Although it is easy to make characters "typed", because "good and evil are rewarded"

But it can enhance the "moral strength" of the characters and believe in the theory of "karma" in feudal society.

For the public, it can produce greater moral appeal and criticism.

"Karma" exists as an idea. In China, after the Tang and Song Dynasties at the latest, it has exceeded.

It is a religious doctrine, a traditional thought, or a form of advocating enlightenment in China's literature and art.

Now In the minds of many people, it has become an idea of knowing one's own destiny.

I think this concept will be a society in which human beings can't fully understand themselves.

Existence. It is bound to be reflected in literary and artistic works-especially novels-that reflect human social life.

From China. It exists in different degrees in all kinds of literary works, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, and more than words.

Just a novel. For example, as early as the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the story-telling book "Three Kingdoms Pinghua" went to the long stories in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

There are "results" in Jin Ping Mei, Biography of Waking Marriage, Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties and so on.

Concept is the frame of its conception, which shows the "causal relationship" in literary works, especially in ancient literary works.

How important it is to study the concept of retribution! But so far, this problem has not attracted enough attention.

Pay enough attention.