Does the large circulation of silver have an impact on the Jurchen nationality before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs?

In 1950s and 1960s, the output of silver in China and Europe increased greatly. With a series of trade activities, silver from all over the world poured into China. The development of silver-based economy not only promoted the price revolution in the west, but also prompted the East to establish silver-based currency and silver-based finance from the bottom up. Due to geographical factors, the Jurchen nationality was influenced by the developed Ming Dynasty and developed Korea, and was also impacted by silver. Therefore, obvious changes have taken place in many aspects.

First, the impact of silver on the system First of all, land tax is the main part of fiscal revenue.

The concept of Nuzhen nationality's tax is after Nuerhachi's "deciding state affairs". In the early days, the income from land tax was mainly grain and livestock. After Nurhachi entered Liaodong area, due to the complicated situation in Liaodong area, on the other hand, he designed a new system, namely, a tax system based on per capita income, to meet the needs of the post-Jin countries at that time. There are three kinds of items collected at this time, namely rice, forage and silver.

According to the historical records, "Ding's gift for every public in one year: official grain, official silver and army horse feeding total three taels of silver." In addition, Nurhachi said in his letter to Engel, "If you go there as I told you, you will get 662 taels of silver and 1 10 taels of grain every year ..." From this, we can see that a person's tax silver is about 0.066 taels and grain is 0.1/kloc-0. At this time, the proportion of silver is still relatively small, but from "collecting grain as tax" to collecting silver tax, the financial system of Jurchen regime has changed from physical finance to monetary finance. Of course, during the Taizong period, the land tax levied on silver was cancelled due to the war, but that was another story.

Secondly, the influence of silver on the system is also reflected in the punishment. This embodiment is a silver essence.

According to Volume 48 of the Punishment Rules of the Official Department, it is clearly stipulated: "If an official asks the law improperly, he plans to' behead' or' strangle' the person who made the mistake; if he plans to' supervise and execute' the person who made the mistake and plan to' make a decision', the judge will be demoted by one level, and the judge will be demoted for one year. In other words, at this time, the system of "discussing crimes and punishing" was popular in officialdom. To put it bluntly, the official made a mistake and paid a sum of money to avoid punishment. This partial transformation from corporal punishment to silver punishment also reflects the achievements of the Jurchen nationality towards civilization.

Second, the impact of silver on the economic structure. The biggest and most significant influence of silver on the economic structure of the Jurchen nationality is the silverization of currency.

Money in economics, in a narrow sense, is a standard item used to exchange goods; Broadly speaking, it is an article as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, a means of payment and a means of value storage. From this perspective, anything with the above functions can be turned into money. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, silver became the best choice for China. First, a large number of Japanese silver and American silver can be introduced through trade, which meets the needs of the great development of commodity economy. Second, good storage can resist the risk of the government issuing money indiscriminately. After all, the government can't print silver out of thin air. Therefore, many factors make silver prevail in China. Similarly, due to geographical reasons, Jurchen is naturally not immune. After they ruled Liaodong, silver also replaced the coins of Taizu and Taizong dynasties and became the main currency in circulation in Northeast China.

At the same time, silver promoted the recovery and development of commodity economy.

Due to the limitation of production capacity, Jurchen had to exchange with neighboring Ming Dynasty and Korea in order to make a living and meet the needs of upper-class tribal nobles. This makes business occupy an important position in the production and life of the Jurchen nationality in the Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, Jurchen had various trade contacts with North Korea. However, in the early Ming Dynasty and even in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, when Nuerhachi established Nuzhen and rose to the northeast, there was no silver in the transaction between them. The change occurred after Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, and he twice used troops against North Korea, forcing Lea Coco to sign an alliance at the gates. At this time, silver appeared in North Korea's tribute to the Qing Dynasty, which can also be regarded as a transaction in the tribute trade. In addition, in border cities, the two sides also began to use silver for trading. Researchers believe that the annual trade quota between Qing and South Korea during the Qing Taizong period was at least 42,000 silver, which was not a small sum.

Third, the influence of silver on society In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the Jurchen nationality made a transition to the country, during which some old factors of some tribes changed. Whether as a currency or a rare metal, silver has played an important role in these changes.

First of all, it is obvious that some customs of Jurchen have changed. Although Jurchen settled in agriculture in the early Ming Dynasty, the level of productivity was still relatively low, and the gap between the rich and the poor of Jurchen in the tribal period was not big. The gap between the rich and the poor really began to appear in the eleventh year of Wanli, that is, 1583, after Nurhachi decided to set up the national government, the people's livestock and food were expropriated without compensation, and the wind of nuzhen extravagance began to appear. As a precious metal, silver itself has a high collection value. At that time, as an international hard currency, people paid more attention to silver. Therefore, getting silver became the fashionable pursuit of jurchen at that time. In addition, they also began to use some silverware in their daily life.

At the same time, the number of businessmen began to expand. With the development of commerce, the number of jurchen businessmen is also increasing, from the initial few jurchen leaders to the merchants of various flags after the establishment of the Eight Banners, the ranks of businessmen are also growing. So, what makes the merchant group master the source of funds? It was the nobles who accumulated a lot of silver through plunder. So that they almost monopolized the business activities of the Jurchen nationality during the Taizong period.

Fourthly, the conclusion compares the silvering process of the Ming Dynasty, and it is not difficult to see that the silvering of the Jurchen nationality is not complete. When the Ming Dynasty was highly silvered, the Nuzhen rulers who were still outside the customs were still cautious about silver. On the one hand, it may be that the Jurchen nationality has a short rise time and conservative ideas, which makes it indifferent to silver; On the other hand, the business development of the Jurchen nationality has experienced setbacks and ups and downs, which may also be an important reason why the Jurchen nationality has not set foot on silver. However, the prosperity of silver promoted the economic development of Liaodong area and laid a solid foundation for later dominating the Central Plains. In this respect, the influence of silver on the Jurchen nationality is still quite prominent.

In short, in this change, Nuzhen enjoyed the promotion of silver to the economy and the change of customs and culture. At the same time, silver can be used more reasonably in combination with its own conditions. This largely avoided some adverse effects caused by excessive silver plating in the Ming Dynasty.