What is Chinese?

Chinese is an important discipline in humanities and social sciences, and it is a Chinese language and a Chinese language tool for people to exchange ideas with each other. It is not only a practical tool to standardize language, but also a kind of culture and art, and it is also a science to accumulate and develop spiritual wealth. China concept

Chinese refers to the ability of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating, as well as language knowledge and cultural knowledge.

Chinese is the abbreviation of spoken and written language. Qian Wei and Xu Yuehua, Chinese Teaching Method in Middle School (East China Normal University Press, June 2000).

Chinese is also the abbreviation of language or language literature.

Literally, the word "Chinese" means "the words of yourself and others" (in layman's terms, the language you use when you speak), and "Wen" means "written language" and "written language". The word "China people" refers to their own and others' speech and writing.

[Philosophy] Chinese is the material existence form of written words that express, record and transmit oral or written information; Chinese is a conscious content that describes facts, quotes thoughts, states thoughts, expresses will, expresses feelings, and transforms things and thoughts.

Science has no national boundaries, and some disciplines have regional and ethnic characteristics. The language in the Chinese-speaking areas of Chinese mainland refers to the Chinese as an important subject in the form of modern Chinese. Excellent classic works are selected from the literature library, which are used to enrich students' emotions, improve students' ideological and cognitive realm, and stimulate and enhance students' thinking ability through the guidance of teachers.

English and other languages are also a form of Chinese, and ethnic languages are also studied in ethnic minority areas in China.

In Taiwan Province Province of China, Chinese is called "Mandarin" or "Mandarin".

Chinese knowledge is all-encompassing, and Chinese ability is the basis of learning other disciplines and sciences. Historical origin

origin

The word "Chinese" has a short history. 1905, after the Qing dynasty abolished the imperial examination system, it began to open new schools. At that time, all the courses and textbooks were imported from the west, except one subject called "Chinese", which was taught in ancient Chinese. After the May 4th Movement, Chinese classes were challenged by advocating vernacular Chinese and opposing classical Chinese, so primary schools were changed to "national language", and the teaching materials had distinct oral characteristics, all of which were vernacular Chinese, nursery rhymes and stories. Middle schools are still teaching Chinese, and the proportion of vernacular Chinese has also increased significantly. The works of new literature writers such as Lu Xun, Ye Shengtao and Bing Xin were all selected. In the late 1930s, Ye Shengtao and Xia Mianzun put forward the concept of "Chinese" and tried to compile new Chinese textbooks. Unfortunately, they were forced to stop because of the Japanese aggression against China. After the national liberation, Mr. Ye Shengtao once again proposed that "Mandarin" and "Chinese" should be combined and renamed as "Chinese". This proposal was adopted by the education authorities of the North China government and then extended to the whole country. Since then, "Chinese" has become a main course in primary and secondary schools, and even extended to other countries.

study

Chinese is a broad and profound subject. If you want to learn Chinese well, your interest in learning and good study habits are very important. Some people find it difficult to learn Chinese. I think it's mainly because they don't have the right method and a golden key to open the door to Chinese.

To learn Chinese well, we should pay attention to cultivating learning interest, forming good study habits, accumulating learning methods and enhancing learning ability. I hope that after reading this article, you can pave the way for your Chinese, contribute to your Chinese building, and pave the way to heaven for your study.

Being interested in Chinese learning will lay the most solid foundation for your Chinese learning. No matter what you do, interest is the most important thing. Two thousand years ago in Wen Sheng, Confucius once said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy". This sentence just shows that "good" and "happy" can be said to be spiritual pillars for a person to pursue something, friends. If you are not interested in Chinese for the time being, it doesn't matter, you can start from zero. To cultivate interest, you can recite and copy some wonderful fragments, philosophical sayings and extracurricular knowledge. In this way, slowly accumulate, one day, you will suddenly find that it is so easy to be a knowledgeable scholar. You can also take part in some activities about Chinese, such as lectures, compositions and so on. Einstein said: "In school and life, the most important motivation for work is the pleasure in work, the pleasure in obtaining the result of work, and the understanding of the social value of this result." Like I said just now, you can take part in social activities, and then someone will ask. If you win, it will definitely boost our morale and make us more interested. Instead, it will dampen our enthusiasm and dislike Chinese. Isn't that counterproductive? I can definitely answer: "No!" . See how you realize the value of the result. As the saying goes, we will learn Chinese well with confidence. If we fail, we can reflect on what we did badly. "Frustration is a great wealth for the strong and an abyss for the weak." You can think about it. It is precisely because of the discovery of defects that we will make up for them and do better. If learning interest is the foundation, good study habits are excellent architects.

The quality of your study habits is directly related to the quality of your study. Ye Shengtao believes: "From primary school teachers to university professors, their task is to help students develop good habits and help students develop good habits in politics, culture and science." From this sentence, we can at least see the importance of good habits. In fact, good habits are mainly cultivated by themselves. There is a saying in the countryside that "habit becomes nature". If you stick to a good study habit, it will become "nature" over time. How to develop good study habits can be understood from study practice and articles. The Book of Rites says, "Be knowledgeable, interrogate, think carefully, distinguish clearly and stick to it." This is a good study habit, and we can gradually integrate it into our study. "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", which sounds the alarm of combining "learning" with "thinking" for us. "Learn from time to time" and "Review the past and learn the new" Many famous people have summarized their learning, so we might as well try (but don't blindly). In fact, it is more important that we sum up from our study. For example, in a quiet place, we might as well sit down and think quietly about essays and famous sayings, which will not only make us feel happier, but also deepen our impression. If a good study habit is an original architect, then a good study method is exquisite and practical building materials.

way

When it comes to learning methods, "language" is a word and "text" is a word. In fact, there are many intersections with study habits, such as copying wonderful fragments, reciting ancient poems and writing down wonderful moments at any time are all good learning methods. The important thing in Chinese learning is accumulation and application, and the above methods are all important means of accumulation. Our knowledge of using Chinese can be said to be all-encompassing and can be used in many aspects, such as social interaction, writing and speech. They are all closely related to us. Some people learn Chinese very well, but when they use it, they put jiaozi in a teapot-they can't pour it out. In fact, the purpose of learning is to use, which is the key. Since the methods vary from person to person, I won't discuss them much! I believe my dear friend, you will have a trick up your sleeve. Good study habits, strong interest and correct methods are useless without the ability to learn Chinese.

Learning ability is gradually cultivated and accumulated. Some people say that Lu Xun's article is difficult to understand, in fact, because we have not found a breakthrough. When we understand a sentence, we must contact the background and context of the times, so that you can easily solve the problem. Learning should attach importance to the consolidation of basic ability. First of all, remember the intention of some words, rhetoric and symbols. With such a solid foundation, we can improve our skills. The cultivation of the learning ability of "haste makes waste" is not a day's work, and it needs your perseverance and charm.

Chinese covers the widest range, from astronomy and time to geography and humanities, overlooking all beings and covering all things in the world.

Deeply taste the true feelings of the world and write a hymn of love and beauty in the movement of Chinese; Understand the true meaning of life and shine the bright light of reason under the wonderful pen of Chinese; After all kinds of social changes, he laughed and cursed on the scroll of Chinese; Wandering in the joy of nature, in the paradise of China people, show the unique beauty of Zhong Ling.

Enter the language, feel the edifying charm of famous culture, and the warm humanistic care of the language is waiting for you;

Entering the language touches every reader's inner joy and sadness. The unique perspective of language is looking forward to you.

After a long walk, hazy clouds covered my back. Taste the language, look for the lost years, release the sound of jumping, open the clouds to see the sun and the moon, and imagine the unprecedented lofty realm. Filar silk greeting and care melt your troubles and worries, and dribs and drabs of accumulation and memory make your life leap.

Recite a short poem and win the house applause;

Write a beautiful article to win everyone's favor;

Ask a question and you will get infinitely wonderful results.

This is the charm of Chinese!

Drill literature, taste beautiful literature, and show everyone's demeanor;

Reading the romance of the Three Kingdoms makes people daydream endlessly.

Watching A Dream of Red Mansions attracts countless emotions;

Reading myths and fairy tales, galloping imagination space;

Recite poetry and prose, and keep the pulse of culture.

An essay, in the lingering sadness, realized the bitterness of deeply grieved;

A drama, in twists and turns, has a touching shock;

A poem, read out the detachment Qingyuan in implicit conciseness;

A novel, in the ebb and flow, has achieved a shocking yearning.

Chinese refers to the ability of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating, as well as language knowledge and cultural knowledge. One is the ability to listen, speak, read, write and translate, that is, the ability to use written and oral language; One is to remember and understand the knowledge of language and culture, namely linguistics and culturology. Any language belongs to the category of Chinese, and literary and practical articles are all genres of Chinese articles, not just literature.

The word "China people" was not included in Ci Hai and Ci Yuan. The answer of Modern Chinese Dictionary is "'language and writing' also refers to' abbreviation of language and literature'". Xinhua Dictionary is annotated as "language and literature", which also means "language and article" or "language and literature". Because these reference books do not explain "Chinese" as a subject name, they hardly play a good role in "Chinese education". Reading science? This is another matter.

After a lot of investigation and analysis, I come to the conclusion that the original meaning of the word "Chinese" should not be "what and what", but only "China ancient and modern written language works" and "articles".

1932 Shanghai Dajiang Bookstore published the famous rhetoric book The Origin of Rhetoric by Mr. Chen Wangdao of Fudan University, in which the word "Chinese" was widely used! There are Chinese language, Chinese language separation, Chinese integration of language, Chinese language normal relationship, Chinese language improvement, Chinese language style and perfect Chinese. Professor, what do these "languages" mean? A close reading of The Origin of Rhetoric shows that "language" is a written language derived from spoken language, and "text" is a written language derived from classical Chinese (words modified by literature). Spoken language without words is called "words", and what constitutes words is "text". Mr. Chen Wangdao spent a lot of time trying to say that "words" and "literary words" are words that need to be revised. Loud and clear.

The word "storytelling" is indispensable in the modern and contemporary textbooks of China literature history. What is a "phone book"? Chinese teachers who are mainly Chinese departments probably know that "story books" are "manuscripts used by old storytellers when they rap". Ancient Chinese used to be an "unpretentious novel". Eight-part essay prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. I don't know when the language on the "Hua Ben" was called "Vernacular", and the articles on the "Hua Ben" and the articles with the same language style had the name of "Style Text", which was on an equal footing with "Classical Chinese". People in contemporary China all write "style of writing", and those who no longer care about it have collapsed. I checked the history of the decline of the classical Chinese family, and it was after the Opium War that its dominance was taken away by the style of writing, which was the result of continuous bad luck for hundreds of years. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who took the lead in rebellion, launched the "New Style Movement", followed by a group of proletarians engaged in the "May 4th" cultural movement. Later, the throne of classical Chinese faltered in the "great discussion on the popularization of literature and art" in the Kuomintang-controlled areas in the middle and late 1930s, and finally collapsed in the "Yan 'an literature and art rectification movement" in the 1940s. Assimilate modern national cultural psychology, and assimilate modern written communication norms only in Chinese. The subject name of Chinese is the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. It is not called Mandarin, Chinese, Classical Chinese or Chinese. After careful consideration, we will admire the name "Chinese" established by the pioneers of new China education. It is really wonderful and exquisite. Where are those lost years in front of me? Behind me, where is the next generation? ! It is simply a landmark masterpiece of new Chinese civilization! It is the responsibility of teachers and students in China and workers in China to assimilate the modern written communication norms and humanistic psychological quality of the whole Chinese nation! Duty-bound!

Chinese and humanistic terms.

In old China, Chinese was the abbreviation of ancient and modern written works-style and classical Chinese. Nowadays, Chinese is the name of a subject. Chinese is also a term to measure humanistic quality, which refers to the comprehensive level of people's internal speech mechanism quality and external speech technical ability.

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Learn Chinese well

1. First of all, if you want to learn Chinese well, you should review more, hurry up, be careful and persevere!

2. Review Chinese in a planned way!

For example, how many classes I plan to finish today, but I can't set my goal too high. I must remember to finish the scheduled plan. If you finish the scheduled plan ahead of time, but don't worry, read the text you have already read again, or do some exercises to consolidate it (of course, you have to read the exercises again or twice to remember them! Only by developing good habits at ordinary times can we gain a lot in our study, otherwise we will take many detours less than others! )

3. Be serious when reviewing, in order to achieve higher efficiency!

When reviewing, mark the things you don't understand with a pencil, and find time to ask the teacher or classmates (some things you can't remember can be copied down with a piece of paper, put in your pocket and memorized at any time). Don't waste time reading books in the morning and evening, read them out loud! Generally, I read new words, classical Chinese and its translation in the morning and evening. Classical Chinese is not easy to learn, but hard work can make up for it! ), ancient poetry, some important words in the small print of the text.

In class, the teacher's lecture is the most important. Teachers can generally grasp the key points and teach everyone to review and take notes, especially where they don't understand.

5. Take time to read good extracurricular books, accumulate good words and sentences, or read several good compositions a week, but allocate time reasonably!

6. Practice, write and observe regularly.

Reading is a complex psychological activity. Good psychological quality is an important prerequisite for speed reading. Studying reading behavior with psychological principles shows that the process of reading is a series of psychological activities such as readers' perception, memory, imagination, thinking and attention. Fast reading is a complex mental activity, which requires people to perceive, remember, imagine and understand at a faster speed, and also requires a high degree of concentration, concentration on reading and dedication to reading. With this good psychological quality, efficient reading can appear. To cultivate students' fast reading, we must first follow these psychological principles and cultivate their good mentality of fast reading.

7. Learn as much knowledge as possible outside. Over time, you will have more knowledge.

speedread

As a phenomenon, speed reading is found all over the world. In other words, read quickly. China ancient "Beiqi Shu" once recorded that Wang Xiaoyu "reads fast and does everything". Gorky, a great writer in the former Soviet Union, often reads magazines "page by page". After scientific speed reading training, its reading speed is even higher: Miko Changjiang, a speed reading expert carefully trained by Mr. Gaguz of Japan, can read 200,000 words per minute at the earliest. The reading efficiency of the students trained by Mr. Han Jie from Beijing Railway No.2 Middle School and Master Tan from Beijing Normal University has also increased exponentially. The experiment of this model shows that students' reading efficiency can generally be improved by 4-5 times, reaching 1500 words/minute. A lot of experience shows that speed reading ability is the same as other skills: it can only be improved through training; Through effective training, you can improve quickly.

The starting point of advocating Chinese speed reading [1] is to improve Chinese teaching efficiency and students' quality to meet the needs of the information society. With the rapid development of the times, fast reading came into being. Speed reading combines the principles of physiology, psychology, linguistics, modern reading and other related disciplines, and is essentially an efficient reading science. It requires not only fast reading, but also profound understanding and firm memory, which can effectively improve students' ability to screen information and expand their knowledge rapidly. To this end, some people say: "Speed reading is a high-tech in education in China."

The specific steps of speed reading training are as follows:

First, pay attention to the psychological quality training of speed reading. Including at least two points: [1], the establishment of modern reading concept; [2], develop a good speed reading mentality. "Appreciating articles and learning from writing methods" was the main purpose of reading teaching in the past. "Read a book a hundred times and see its meaning" is our eternal ancestral motto; "Chew on words, chew slowly" is a traditional Chinese teaching method. With the rapid development of the times, our reading concept must also change rapidly. As Comrade Zhang Xiong said: "In modern society, the pace is accelerated and the concept is updated. The concept of reading should jump out of the barrier of' article appreciation and analysis', pay attention to the acquisition and collation of information, and pay attention to efficiency. " The renewal of reading concept is very beneficial to the cultivation of speed reading mentality. This good "speed reading mentality" refers to two kinds of consciousness (speed consciousness and competition consciousness) and three ways (trying to read quickly, trying to understand everything and trying to remember everything). With this "mentality", anyone who reads fast can concentrate and devote himself wholeheartedly, so he can read fast, understand deeply and remember firmly. This good "mentality" also means that when reading, you can choose different reading methods according to the content and reading purpose of the book. Fast is fast, slow is thick, and the rules are fine, which basically solves the problem. The cultivation of good speed reading mentality is the basic project of our "four steps" of speed reading training. We should not only grasp it first, but also run through the "four steps". The main method, in addition to arming your mind with modern reading concepts, is "limited time speed reading" training. Because of the limitation of time and opportunity, the reader's sense of urgency will inevitably increase sharply; Because the goal of "time-limited speed reading" is to improve the reading speed and understanding rate simultaneously, its reading efficiency will improve rapidly.

Secondly, pay attention to the physiological function training of speed reading. The "physiological function" training here mainly includes the following three aspects: (1), the training of concentration, transfer and distribution of attention; (2) Developing the schema cognitive function and memory function of the right brain; (3) Training of visual function. These three trainings are mainly arranged after the first and second semesters. The first semester focuses on training the concentration, transfer and distribution of attention, cultivating students' highly focused psychology and the ability to judge, extract and remember quickly. So we use "Schulte Table" as a teaching aid to organize students to do "directional search" and "recite numbers" after class. Two or three times a day, each time for a few minutes, teachers can spend a few minutes checking and supervising once or twice a week, and more often organize students to practice and test each other. As for the exploration of right brain function and the training of visual function, it is mainly carried out in the second semester. According to the latest results of brain science research, reading is usually concentrated in the left brain, and in fast reading, the schema cognitive function and memory function of the right brain can play a strange role. Therefore, we have designed a series of training methods that are beneficial to explore and exercise the above two functions of the right brain, so as to give full play to its great potential and improve the speed reading level. People's visual function, especially the broad field of vision and reading, and the high direct reflection of eyes and brain are the physiological basis of fast reading.

Pay attention to the basic training of speed reading again. The training of this basic skill is mainly to help students master various skills of speed reading: [1], develop the habit of silent reading, and improve the speed of silent reading until they practice the basic skill of "direct reflection of eyes and brains". [2], broaden your horizons and improve your overall reading ability. [3], reduce review, scan accurately, and improve reading speed. [4], master comprehension skills, especially stylistic reading skills, to ensure that the reading speed and understanding rate rise simultaneously. [5], learn to skip reading, pre-reading, hunting reading, direct reading, and use it for extensive reading after class every day, involving a lot of knowledge and information. [6], the use of fixed theory, the formation of fixed reading procedures, speed up reading. The training of the above skills focuses on junior high school, and more importantly, it is over-mature, so as to be solid. This is the basic view of our organization of speed reading basic training.

train

Finally, pay attention to the comprehensive ability training of speed reading. The main way of training is to use the "strip hole" teaching aid to carry out "face reading" training; The direct goal of training is to cultivate the comprehensive ability of speed reading of "reading pages with one eye and ten lines". Point reading, taking words and phrases as cognitive units; Linear reading, taking sentences or sentence groups as cognitive units; Face-to-face reading takes several lines or whole pages as cognitive units. The first two lines of sight go from left to right, while the unique face-to-face reading moves vertically from top to bottom along the page centerline. It can be seen that this is the most difficult and fastest way to read efficiently. Experiments show that it is not too difficult to cultivate the comprehensive ability of speed reading as long as the first three steps are step by step.

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Grammar knowledge

morphology

● Morpheme

I. Classification by syllable

(A) monosyllabic morpheme

Heaven, earth, people, running, jumping, singing, red, white, people, friends, thinking … There are many morphemes, with tens of thousands.

(B) Disyllabic morphemes

The two syllables that make up a morpheme are interesting to combine, but they have no meaning related to the morpheme when they are separated. Disyllabic morphemes mainly include conjunctions, loanwords and special nouns.

A disyllabic word with the same initials: Pipa, Ping-pong, Surge, Tatar, Embarrassment, Thorn, Spider, Hesitation, Seemingly, Connection, Uneasy, Elimination, Gluttony, Charming, Ambiguous and Generous.

B) Rhyme, such as leisurely, lush, gourd, confused, creeping, brilliant, winding, boundless, hazy, vast, sloppy, wordy, encouraging, mantis, prickly, thumping, dragonfly, rumbling and pawning.

C Non-disyllabic rhymes: centipede, melancholy, coral, pimple, earthworm, drowsiness, bell, ridicule, wallet, jasmine, leech, hole, couple, butterfly, hedge, jump, and so on.

D loanwords are transliterated from languages other than Chinese. Such as cadres, polyester, jackets, taxis, buses, nylon, jeeps, tanks, ballet, dad, faucets and so on.

E. Special nouns, mainly place names, names of people and things. Such as new york, Paris, Beij, Su Shi, Li Bai, Confucius, radish, spinach, tomato and sweet potato.

Polysyllabic morpheme

Mainly onomatopoeic words, special nouns and transliterated loanwords. Such as: Himalayas, Mount Everest, Andes, Frankfurt, Olympics, brandy, vaseline, crackling, dripping water, Marxism, China people, People's Republic of China (PRC).

Second, according to whether you can answer the question alone.

(A) free morpheme

Morphemes that can answer questions independently (such as "Hao" and "Lai") have strong word-formation ability, which can not only form words independently, but also combine with other morphemes to form words, and their positions in sentences are flexible.

Adhesion morpheme

Morphemes (such as calendar, language, vision, etc.). ) If you can't make a sentence independently, you can use it as a word-forming component to form a word with other morphemes.

Third, according to whether it has lexical meaning.

(A) the real morpheme

Meaningful morphemes are called notional morphemes, indicating time, place, place, etc. , also called root morpheme;

(B) empty morphemes

What has no real meaning is called a virtual morpheme, which only expresses a certain grammatical meaning. It is also called an affix morpheme, which has a prefix and a suffix (Chinese has no infix).

Part of speech: there are two categories: content words and function words.

(1) notional words: express the true meaning, which can be used as a component of a phrase or sentence, and can be independently made into a sentence. Content words are divided into six categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.

A. nouns: words that indicate the names of people and things. Names of representatives, such as comrades and writers; Represents concrete things, rivers and mountains; Represents abstract things, such as politics and science; Represents the time name, morning and summer; Name of designated place: Shanghai, China; Names indicating orientation: up and down (abbreviated as orientation words)

Grammatical features of nouns: ① Nouns indicating people can be followed by "men" to indicate that most locative words often follow other nouns to form locative phrases indicating places, ranges or times; Nouns are generally not modified by adverbs.

B. verbs: words that express actions, development and changes, psychological activities, etc.

Express actions and behaviors: sit and listen; Stands for existence, disappearance or development: existence and occurrence; Expressing psychological activities: love and hate; Instructions: call and let; Express possibility and will (will verb): can and will; Express the trend (trend verb): come and go; Express judgment (judgment word): Yes.

Grammatical features of verbs: ① Verbs are generally modified by adverb "bu". ② Verbs can be followed by "zhe, le and guo" to express dynamics. (3) Some verbs can overlap, indicating that time is short or trying. ④ The word "yes" mainly connects the subject and object of the sentence. ⑤ Can-wish verbs cannot be followed by nouns. Can-wish verbs can be used as predicate centers together with the following verbs, or they can be used as predicate centers alone. ⑥ Directional verbs can be used as predicate heads alone or as complements after the predicate heads.

C. adjectives: words that express the shape, nature and state of things.

Represents the shape of things: height and height; Represents the essence of things: beautiful and strong; Express the state of things: fast and slow;

Grammatical features of adjectives: ① Some adjectives can use overlapping forms to strengthen their semantics. ② Most adjectives can be modified by adverb "hen".

D. Numbers: words representing numbers.

Table number (indicating fraction, integer, multiple); Table estimation: several, many; Table ordinal number: first, third and largest; Grammatical features of numerals: ① The increase of numbers can be expressed by fractions or multiples; ② The reduction of numbers can only be expressed by fractions, not multiples.

E. Quantifiers: words that represent things, actions and behavioral units. Quantifiers that represent units of things are called quantifiers. Quantifiers representing actions and behavioral units are called momentum words. The unit that represents things: first, unique; Unit of action and behavior: times, times, and sometimes some nouns are borrowed, such as feet and years;

Grammatical features of quantifiers: ① Quantifiers are often used with numerals to form quantitative phrases, also known as quantifiers. (2) Quantifiers indicating quantity are often used before nouns. (3) Quantifiers expressing momentum are often used after verbs.

F. Pronouns: words used as substitutes or indicators.

Pronouns are divided into personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. Grammatical features of pronouns: ① The honorific title "you" in the second person is not plural, but "you several" and "you du" if plural is needed; ② The third person plural pronoun "they" can refer to both men and women, and "they" can refer to women; ③ Pay attention to the difference between "we" and "us". "We" refers to the speaker, sometimes including the listener; "We" must include the speaker and the listener. ④ The demonstrative pronoun "na" is used for the far finger and "this" is used for the near finger. ⑤ Improper use of pronouns and unclear references may cause ill sentences.

(2) Function words are words that can't act as syntactic components alone, and have the grammatical meaning of connecting or attaching various content words. Function words can be divided into adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeia according to which entity words or phrases they can relate to and which entity words or phrases they can relate to.

G. Adverbs: generally used before verbs and adjectives, indicating behavior, action or nature, degree, scope, time, frequency, situation, mood, etc.

Expression range: all, all; Express your feelings: yes, but no; Denial: no, no; Express delivery time: just right; Degree of expression: very, very; Expression: It seems, gradually.

Grammatical features of adverbs: ① Adverbs are mainly used to modify and restrict verbs or adjectives, and act as adverbials before verbs and adjectives. ②