How to write Song Ci

Ci is a lyric poem and a Yuefu poem, which can be sung by music. Its strict beat and various features in form are stipulated by the requirements of music. The formal differences between words and poems are as follows:

(1) Every word has a sound name. Such as Bodhisattva Man, Mink Head and Qinyuanchun. Call it lyrics. Tone means that the melody score for writing this word is not the title. The tone of each word is "the tone has a definite sentence, the sentence has a definite word, and the word has a definite tone", and they are different.

(2) A word is mostly divided into several pieces, with two pieces as the most. A piece of music was sung once. Each word is divided into several paragraphs, which is a complete song composed of several pieces of music.

(3) rhyming position. Each tone has its own format. Poetry basically rhymes as even sentences, and the rhyme position of words is determined by the curvature, that is, the music pauses. The musical rhythm of each sound is different, and the rhyme position is also different.

(4) The length of sentence patterns is different. Poetry also has long and short sentences, but with five or seven words as the basic sentence pattern, modern poetry is not allowed to have long and short sentences. A lot of long and short sentences are used in the lyrics in order to better fit the curvature of music.

(5) Words and sounds are closely matched. There are many changes in the phonetic organization of words, and some tones must distinguish between yin and yang. When writing lyrics, we should judge the pronunciation and words, and the tone of words should match the tone of music score in order to be harmonious and pleasing to the ear.

Second, choose the tone of words.

Words are written according to the score, so you must choose the tone of the words first. Yang Shouzhai's Five Essentials of Lyrics is attached to the etymological volume, saying that there are five things to write lyrics: "The first thing is to choose the tune. If you don't rhyme, you won't do it, such as Sai Weng's loss of Yin, Di Taichun's defeat, Gepulian's evil, and the tasteless fighting of flowers. " Each tone shows some kind of sound and emotion. Choosing the tone of lyrics is mainly to choose the tone suitable for sound and emotional expression, so that sound is consistent with words, sound is consistent with emotion and text. Such words can be imitated into sounds and words. -this is the first point that must be paid attention to when filling in the lyrics. Otherwise, it will lead to the deviation of form and content, and even make jokes. For example, He Xinlang expresses passionate thoughts and feelings. It has nothing to do with the wedding of Yan 'er. If you see the word "groom" and abuse it as a wedding celebration, it is wrong. Another example is "Shoulouchun". Just because there is a word "shou" in it, it can't be considered as the tone of birthday words. In fact, on the contrary, its tone is sad. Shi Dazu, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote a eulogy.

How to achieve the consistency of literary sentiment and voice sentiment?

Ci is a kind of music literature, but the singing method of Song Ci has been lost for a long time, and all tunes can't be sung according to the original score, which requires us to learn to distinguish the sound and emotion of tunes. According to the records and existing works at that time, it is best to analyze and understand whether the emotion expressed by the music is sadness or joy, lingering or passionate and generous according to the works of poets who knew music at that time and the original works of the music. We can infer the complex relationship between their sounds, emotions and word forms from the length of sentences, the intonation, the density and symmetry of Ye Yun. For example, the title of "Song of the Six Kingdoms" shows that it comes from the northwest of the Tang Dynasty (the six kingdoms are Yizhou, Liangzhou, Shizhou, Ganzhou, Weizhou and Bianzhou), which is sonorous and powerful and suitable for expressing generous and tragic feelings. The Song Dynasty recorded this song as follows: Cheng Dachang's "Lu Fan Lu" (Volume 16) said: "The Song of Six Countries" is also an advocacy song. Modern busybodies spread their voices with ancient words, such as' Qin died of ignorance, Liu Xiangqi attached' (Liu Ci's "Yongxiangyu Temple" can be found in Selected Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, Volume 5), and the tone is tragic. "He Zhu's" Song of Six Rivers "is also an earlier work, with 39 sentences, 22 of which are three words, and the longest is only five words. Thirty-four rhymes, three tones on the same leaf, dong, dong, frozen. The words are short, dense and loud. It is with this complex voice that the author writes his bold and unrestrained chivalry, and his literary feelings are exactly the same as his voice. Judging from the lyrics, sentence degree, intonation and Ye Yun, we can be sure that it is a "sad tune". Later, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Liu Guo and Wang Yuanliang wrote this piece of music, or hung traces of ancient rise and fall, or expressed loyalty and indignation to fill the eagle's feelings, with a generous and sad tone. Similar to Song of Six Kingdoms, there are tunes such as Man Jiang Hong and Nian Nu Jiao, which are all suitable for writing bold feelings. So every tone expresses a certain emotion. Many people in Song Dynasty chose tunes according to their own thoughts and feelings. Now when we read their lyrics, we should also understand the relationship between the sound sense of the tunes they use and the literary feelings of their works.

There are several ways to distinguish the tone and sound of words:

(1) According to the analysis of predecessors' records, the characters, tones, sounds and feelings in Tang and Song books are generally reliable. For example, Song Taizu wrote "Yinqiao Record" and said: "At the beginning of Shaoxing, Zhou Qingzhen sang Liu's" The Warrior Lanling Slow "and the West Building Nanwa sang it, which was called the Three Stacks of Weicheng. Zhou Ci changed his head three times, and in the end, his voice was particularly fierce, but the old flute master in the teaching workshop could rely on it to celebrate songs. " This can also be seen in the last paragraph of "The Warrior Lanling Slow". Unfortunately, such records are rare in ancient books of Tang and Song Dynasties.

(2) According to the distinction between Tang and Song Ci works: This can be based on the Poems of Past Dynasties (Ci Collection compiled by Shen in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, which classifies the words since Tang and Song Dynasties by tone), and analyze and summarize their contents and emotions among many words in one tone. If seven or eight of them are the same, it can be concluded that this tone is some kind of sound and emotion. Such as "Man Jiang Hong" and "He Xin Lang" can be classified as an uncontrolled agitation. Although there are exceptions, the difference is not far.

(3) Appreciating the phonology of faded Chinese words: some words are difficult to analyze, or some works have complex feelings, which can be inferred from the phonological expression of words: generally speaking, if the rhymes are evenly spaced, the sounds and emotions will be more peaceful and relaxed; If the rhyme is too sparse and dense, the voice and emotion are either slow or urgent; Syntactically, using three, five and seven words makes the sense of sound more comfortable; If couples are arranged with six characters and six characters, their voices and emotions are more stable; If words are even, feelings will be peaceful; Make more awkward sentences, and your feelings will be depressed.

(4) Distinguish according to the writer's genre and era: for example, bold poets, whose lyric poems are more elegant and bold; Graceful school, graceful and gorgeous. -Xin Qiji, as a representative of the uninhibited school, is famous in the field of ci. Among the 226 extant works, 35 are Water Turning, 32 are Manjianghong, 22 are He Xinlang, and 9 are Nian Nujiao 19, which accounts for% of the total number of his poems. The changes of the times and environment also have a great influence on the ci style of poets. For example, Li Qingzhao, known as the "graceful and restrained patriarch", had two completely different moods before and after the southern crossing: in the early stage, she wrote more about her love for nature and her pursuit of love, which was bright and beautiful; Later, I described the chaotic life of the country's ruin and death, and felt sad.

Third, the composition of words.

The composition of words is mostly based on poetry, but it has its own characteristics because of its close cooperation with music. How to write a good beginning, paragraph and ending can be said to be the core of word composition. Here are several representative and distinctive writing methods.

How to start: The tone and beginning of the sentence should be "work". It should be like a garden door, so that people can see a corner of the beautiful scenery when they push it open, but they can't take a glance. Only in this way can we arouse their strong interest in going in and watching. Song ci has some common and unique beginnings:

(1) Create momentum: come straight to the point, speak your mind directly, and give the general idea of the word or summarize the content of the word in one sentence. From the text alone, it seems unremarkable, but it is like painting a bow. When you turn your pen, it is like a cliff waterfall. It is called "creative power", which is not only a common technique used by Chen, a bold poet, to use the topic to express his feelings, but also a common technique used in graceful and restrained lyric works.

Liuyong is good at telling stories. His masterpiece "Looking at the Tide" is about the magnificent scenery around Qiantang and the prosperous life in Hangzhou. At the beginning, it seems straightforward: "The southeast has won, the three cities have prospered, and Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times." As straightforward as prose, rough strokes outline the object written by the whole word. Then, from far to near, write a panorama. There is a main line running through rivers and lakes, markets, West Lake and tourists, so that readers can't miss it. At the same time, the author first smeared it with a rough brush, then painted it carefully, and sang some refined and beautiful famous sentences, such as "Liu Cigarette Cards Bridge, Green Curtain and Green Curtain" and "Sanqiu Guizi, Shili Lotus", which are in contrast with each other in thickness and have a stronger charm.

Sometimes, although the beginning is full of ordinary words, it is very strange and heroic to organize. Such as Liu Guo's "Qinyuanchun" (to Xin Chengzhi):

"Crossing the river in the wind and rain is not fast!" Reading and reading, I seem to hear the poet's long laugh and touch the poet's temperament. Then, with a sudden turn of the pen, Bai Juyi and other three historical figures were invited to convey Xiao Xing's voice and express his own voice through the words of the ancients, all of which were endowed with a strong romantic color. If there is no such direct sentence at the beginning, the following article will

It will look dull.

(2) Creation: Starting with the description of the scenery, first create an environment that conforms to the theme, and then lead to the main part of the text due to the scene, and narrate according to the scene. It's called "creating environment".

Zhang's "Fishing Songs", together, painted a quiet and peaceful riverside scenery-egrets flying in front of the mountain and mandarin fish swimming under the water. How free and quiet! This kind of beginning only creates a typical environment for the author who follows the fisherman's own situation; The author also uses this environment to express his thoughts and feelings that require detachment from reality.

The purpose of writing scenery is to write feelings, whether it is vast or quiet and narrow, depending on the needs of the theme. Similarly, autumn scenery was written, and Fan Zhongyan's Su Mu Gai was written about homesickness and homesickness, with "blue sky and yellow leaves; In the early autumn, there were waves of cold smoke on the waves, which described a lonely and carved scene of late autumn very delicately, making people feel uncomfortable and anxious at first sight. The theme of Xin Qiji's Hidden Water Dragon is much more grand, and his beginning is "Chu Qian Tian Dora, water follows the sky, and autumn is endless". How vast autumn scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is, we think it is vast and desolate rather than desolate and lonely, because only in this way can it conform to the author's broad mind and contain the kind of grief and indignation that the author entrusts in his poems.

(3) Thinking: first set a question, or point out the meaning of the question, or create suspense, introduce profound thoughts, and make people eager to read. Then introduce the main body of the word in the form of reply. This is a common way for poets to start, and it is Wei's "thinking". Sometimes a rhetorical question is used first, and then the positive meaning is deduced, just like drawing a bow to deliver medicine.

How deep is the yard? Willow piles of smoke, countless curtains. (Ouyang Xiu's "Dead Hua Lian")

How deep is the yard? Clouds, windows and fog pavilions are always crowded. (Li Qingzhao's "Linjiang Fairy")

These two paragraphs begin with a concrete sentence, saying it is "concrete". In fact, the answer has been implied (endless future trouble, deep courtyard), so the following paragraphs do not directly answer, but write acacia regrets with heartbroken spring return, and use willow smoke pavilion to symbolize deep sorrow in deep courtyard, which is much more than straight Chen Shen art.

This technique, which begins with asking questions, is more suitable for expressing delicate feelings, but famous hands can also be used to express bold spirit. For example:

Thirty-three years, who lived to this day? Just gentlemen and the Yangtze River. (Fang Ting, a man in Su Shi's works)

The question seems ordinary, but the answer is unexpected. The question and answer are particularly affectionate and heroic. Zhuo in the Qing Dynasty commented on him as "excellent sentences with eight characters".

Who left Shantui at midnight? Looking up at the four directions is a cloud, guessing that it is a dry cloud. (Xin Qiji's "Wang Louchun Xi Fu Yunshan")

The language is very strange, and the answer is deliberately vague, which really makes people feel as if they are facing Yunfeng, with a magical, strange and unpredictable feeling.

How to pass the film?

Excessive movies are the unique composition of ci. What do you mean, a movie? Except poetry, all the words are divided into chapters, and most of them are divided into upper and lower chapters. They are two aspects of the same factory theme and must be closely related. The key lies in the joint of the upper and lower pieces, that is, the beginning of the lower piece, which is called over-piece. People who used to write and comment on ci attached great importance to movies, especially emphasizing that "movies can't be broken, and they must be inherited." (zhangyan) Close contact with nature and courage to innovate are the general requirements. Shen Yifu's "The Mystery of Yuefu" said: "Only those who are talented can get new ideas, but not too wild and deviate from their original intention." Is to ask people to take care of both aspects at the same time.

There are many ways to make movies, and there are no rules to follow. Commonly used methods are as follows:

(1) The brushstrokes are constantly broken, and the upper and lower parts are closely connected. This is the most common practice. Among them, there are two situations. One is that although it means going up and down at once, there is an obvious pause in the writing, which makes people know that it is another paragraph in "Follow One's inclinations". Jiang Kui's Qi Tianle was praised by Zhang Yan, and "Yu Lang sings his own elegy first" is a model of this method.

Yu Lang first talked about his sadness. Sadness is more about whispering. Exposing copper on the floor and moss invading the stone well were all listened to by Yi. Mourning sounds like complaining. Thinking of a sleepless woman, she is looking for a machine. Ququ Pingshan, a person is very emotional on a cool night!

It's raining in the west window again. Who is the frequency interval, phase and anvil for? After the official welcomes the autumn, he leaves the palace to hang the moon. Don't be sad. About poetry. Laughing at the fence, calling out the lights, the children of the world, writing into the piano, is even more bitter.

This word is written in the voice of crickets, which makes people think. The word order explains the origin of the lyrics: drinking with Zhang Gongfu, hearing crickets chirping between the walls, and meeting each other as lyrics. Father first, words are beautiful. Jiang Kui is "wandering among jasmine flowers, looking up at the autumn moon and meditating". The first sentence of a word echoes the word order, highlighting the word "sorrow" and summarizing the emotional appeal of the whole word. Listening to my father's words has made me sad, not to mention hearing the cricket's plaintive voice like a whisper. In this way, the author tied melancholy with the sound of insects from the beginning. Then, the author explores this change by looking for sounds, and turns to the description of crickets' whining. He used the sound of loom, the sound of dark rain, the sound of anvil and the sound of silk and bamboo to compare the insect sound in detail, and linked this insect sound with missing a woman's sleep, waiting for the pavilion to welcome autumn, leaving the palace to hang the moon, highlighting a feeling of loneliness and missing, thus recalling the childhood scene of calling for lights to fill holes and catch insects. Compared with each other, I feel infinite meditation more and more. These parts are all connected, so it is difficult to separate them completely. But the author wonderfully grasped the sentence of the movie Rain at the West Window. The last sentence of the first movie has already said, "Being alone at night is very emotional!" On this cold night, it is unbearable to listen to the autumn insects moaning alone; Unexpectedly, the sound of opening the window came from the west window again! The word "you" not only closely connects the upper and lower pieces, but also clearly separates them, which is really extraordinary.

Xin Qiji's Bodhisattva Man (a book created by Jiangxi) is equally wonderful. First of all, the author looked down at the river in Qian Qian where the refugees of the Song Dynasty shed blood and tears, and then looked up at the old capital of the north. Shan Ye is vast, blocking the attention, and the last movie ends with the word "mountain" (Countless Poor Mountains). Then, the next part begins with "Mountain": "Castle Peak can't be covered, after all, it flows eastward." From Qingshan to Jiang Shui. These two "mountains" are linked together, so closely linked, and how distinct the rhythm is!

(2) Heterohump process, with obvious contrast. The film is very clear, and it seems that the upper and lower films are talking about two things. A closer look reveals that the whole artistic conception, feelings and pulse are complete. This kind of film is very steep, which is in obvious contrast with the last sentence. Xin Qiji's Hidden Water Dragon (crossing Shuangxi Building in Nanjian) is a good example.

Looking up at the clouds in the northwest, Wan Li needs a long sword. People talk about this place. See you late at night. Bullfighting is full of flames. I think the mountains are high, the pool is empty and the water is cold, and the moon and stars are pale. Looking at the burning rhinoceros, I leaned against the fence in fear, angry and miserable.

The gorge is the Cangjiang River, crossing a dangerous building and wanting to fly. When the old man is old, he might as well lie high and curl up to cool down. The ups and downs of the ages, the sad laughter of a hundred years, and the browsing in an instant. Ask who unloaded it, sail on the beach and tie the sunset rope.

In the last movie, the screenwriter looked down at Jian Xi and fantasized about taking out the Excalibur to realize the ambition of killing the enemy and saving the country, but was stopped by the authorities. In the last film, the phrase "the wind and thunder are angry, and the fish and dragons are terrible" is very desolate. However, a very tall and steep image appeared on the scene of the film: "The Gorge is the Cangjiang River", which suddenly led people's attention to the summit, and then spit out the infinite feelings of hard-earned ambitions. The first part begins with singing high aspirations and ends with grief and indignation, and the second part begins with expressing anger, with clear boundaries and running through the passion of extreme concern and helplessness for the country.

(3) Coherence from top to bottom and juxtaposition of text and meaning. The upper and lower membranes are juxtaposed in the sense, or one is positive and one is negative, or one is past and one is present. The first membrane is closely connected with the last membrane, so that the upper and lower membranes are connected together. For example:

Over the past 40 years, my motherland has been covered with mountains and rivers for three thousand miles. Long Ta in Fengge, a cigarette in Yushu Qiongzhi. I've known him several times.

Once listed as a vassal, Shen Yao and Pan Lu pin mill. The most hasty day is to resign from the temple, and the teaching workshop is still playing a farewell song. Tears for Gong E (Li Yong

"broken array")

The first film remembers the imperial life in the past, and the second film laments the bleak situation of prisoners today. The contrast is very obvious. In the past, the first one ended with something I didn't even know, and the next one began with a sudden capture under the enemy's war, which echoed each other, closely connected, urgent, natural and touching. Chen's Lin Jiang Shan is similar to Drinking on the Bridge at noon yesterday. The first part recalls the chic years spent in Luoyang, Xijing before crossing the south, and the second part expresses the melancholy feeling of living in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River, and made a film with "dream for more than 20 years", which played a role in connecting the past with the future and set a relatively gloomy tone for the whole word.

Lv Benzhong's picking mulberry seeds is another genre;

Hating you is not like the moon, east and west, north and south. East, west, north and south. Just each other.

Hating you is like a month on the river, full or loss. Full or loss. When is the reunion?

There are no obvious sentences in the upper and lower films, but the repetition of the upper and lower film formats realizes the connection and distinction between the upper and lower films.

(4) One thing in common, direct transition. The upper and lower pieces are always divided, and there are often no transitional sentences in the middle. The format itself determines that the upper and lower films have both integrity and differences.

For example, Zhao Qi's words of "Appreciating the Emperor's Grace" are always written in the first book, and the reasons for hating are written in four layers. Thus, the psychological state of people when they leave each other is described incisively and vividly.

(5) question and answer, up and down. The last sentence of Li Xiaoguang's "The Red River" is "Zhou Ben:' The official ran away according to his orders? ""the first sentence of the next film says' officials have words and listen to their words', which is relatively rare. Li Qingzhao's The Fisherman's Pride and The Sky Meets Clouds can both fall into this category:

The sky met clouds and fog. The galaxy wants to turn to Qian Fan. As if the dream soul belonged to the emperor. Wen Tianyu. Ask me politely where I belong.

I report the long road before sunset. Learning poetry has amazing sentences. 90,000 Li Fengpeng is a positive move. Let the wind stop. Pengzhou blew away three mountains.

On the other hand, the last sentence ends with a question, and the next sentence does not answer directly, but the content is actually about the question, which echoes the above. This kind of writing is more common. For example:

The Chinese flag is full of stars, and the ambition is empty. This body is like sending it. Depression is a disease. Go into the darkness and destroy the heroism of that year. Dreams break the mountains and rivers of the old country, separated by heavy smoke and water. Wan Li. Who still remembers the handsome tour of the old club?

I am busy in Jinli, sighing that the official has been idle for a long time, and Chai Jing has slept. Clear your mind and get drunk. Think about who will pay for this occasion. Even with Chu and Wu Qiang, when will they die in the East? Empty disappointment, beautiful fragrance, autumn wind again. (Lu You's "Double Lotus Flower")

In the first part, I lamented that "my ambition is empty, and I believe it", and with deep love for my old country, I fell to Wan Li. I ended up with a tearful question: all the old comrades were scattered and collapsed. Who remembers my passionate struggle in my old capital when I was young? There is no direct answer below, but I turn my pen back to the depression that my personal ideal and ambition can't be realized, and made a movie "Everything goes well, sighing that my official leisure days are eternal, and Chai Jing is sleeping". In fact, this is just another way to answer: in such an environment of seeking peace and doing nothing, who can realize the embrace of heaven?

Xin Qiji's Shui Long Yin (Han Nanjian's Shangshu Shou) is also close to this. In his last film, he criticized the crimes of the dignitaries in the Southern Song Dynasty and asked, "Who can really turn the tide?" ("How many people are real economic hands?" ) "Completing Pingrong's career is a great event that scholars should be proud of, do you understand?" ("If you count Wanli, fame is a real Confucian thing. Do you know? " ) two questions. The next film didn't answer directly, but began with the sentence "There is an article about hitting mountains" and sent a series of praises to Han Nanjian. This is actually the answer to the question in the last film: Han Nanjian is a "manager" who can turn the tide and a "true Confucian" who knows the great cause of pingrong.

Write the ending

The end of a sentence is very important, and it is often the finishing touch. The last sentence should be inclusive, thought-provoking and memorable, so the poet attaches great importance to it and makes special efforts in syntax and rhythm. Jiang Kui said: "An article is all at the end, like chopping a horse." Braking the tail is like strangling a galloping horse. You have no strength, okay? He summarized several closing situations and methods:

(1) "Exhausted meaning", point out the theme. "The so-called words are exhausted, and the words are broken in the torrent. It is not that the words are poor. "

Liu Kezhuang's "Spring on the Jade Tower" (a play in the forest) has eight opening sentences. If you only look at the first six sentences, you can see: "Leap into Chang 'an every year. The guest house is like home, it is understandable to exchange money for wine, and the red candle calls Lu Xiao sleepless. The Chinese characters in the brocade machine are easy to pick, but it is rare for jade people to do things "Just write a forget the national security, immersed in the life of a brothel literati, is of little significance. However, at the end of the word, the author suddenly introduced, "There is a China in the northwest of the male owner. Don't shed tears at the West Bridge. "Two sentences, profound and sharp, make people wake up, and the first six sentences have also landed. The author uses the ending to clarify the theme, telling people not to indulge in decadent life and forget the great cause of reunifying the motherland!

(2) "endless words", with endless aftertaste. "If the meaning is insufficient, the words can be endless, and the long words are useless."

Some words also point out the main idea at the end, but they are not so exposed. They speak with images, showing deeper and finer feelings. For example, in Su Shi's Hidden Water Dragon (the second rhyme of Zhang Zhifu Huayang Ci), the whole capital is leaving flowers for people, which is very delicate and touching. Flowers are written everywhere, but the word "leaving people" has never been written. Until the end, Huayang, which was shot down by the wind and rain, turned into dust and dissolved the running water. Then he turned his pen and said, "From a fine point of view, it is not Huayang, but leaving people."

(3) "Words are inexhaustible", which is intriguing. "Not a legacy, but it seems to be visible in the speech."

Xin Qiji's Bodhisattva Man (a book written in Jiangxi) is even more gloomy. From the beginning, the author lamented the sufferings of the people, and then expressed his ardent hope for the reunification of the motherland. Finally, he said, "The river is worried at night." The mountain is deep in the mountains. "Although the river shrouded in dusk is making me depressed, there are bursts of birds singing in the mountains." It's better to go home. " People who know this word say that the negative ending is an expression of the author's lonely and depressed mood. In fact, there is also a positive side. Although he felt that the country was going to die, he had to pay the bill, but he never forgot to take back his homeland and return to his hometown. The voice of "it's better to go home" from the depths of the mountain represents the feelings of the author and his family.

(4) "Infinite meaning" has a deeper meaning. "Endless, it's already deep."

He Zhu's "Hengtang Road" ends with a question and answer: "How much leisure is there? Yichuan tobacco is full of wind. It rains when the plums are yellow. " Comparing the sad thoughts of frustrated people to tobacco, wind and plum rain makes the theme very vivid and intriguing. Wei's Play Order ends with "Parting". Parting. Hehan is the same way. "And the beginning of" Hehan. He Han. Small melons grow in autumn. " Closely echo. Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling" (cold cicada laments) asks an affectionate question, "Who should I talk to even though there are thousands of amorous feelings?" Far-reaching, these endings are very distinctive.

A good word, the beginning, the film and the end are a whole, and you have to taste it together to know its beauty.

Fourth, the way of rhyme.

The rhyming ways of words are more complicated and varied than poems. Can be divided into the following eleven categories.

(1) Rhyme: It rhymes like modern poetry and rhymes to the end, accounting for the majority of the words. Such as "The Fisherman's Pride":

"Qiu Lai scenery, hengyang geese to nobody's attention. The four sides are connected with each other. Thousands of miles away, the long smoke closes. A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet. The pipe strength is covered with frost. People are not sleepy, and the general has white hair and tears. " (Fan Zhongyan)

(2) a rhyme; Such as "bodhisattva man":

"Flat forest desert smoke, Hanshan area sad blue. When the color enters a tall building, someone upstairs is worried. The jade steps stand empty, and the birds fly quickly. Where is the return trip? The pavilion is shorter. " (Li Bai)

It is also common to use two rhymes and two levels in words. The most rhyming sentence is difficult to leave:

"BMW Xiaoying carved saddle, Luo Wei didn't love it at first. It's as charming as spring scenery and will send you thousands of miles. Half makeup pearls fall, floor scented tea. Red candles and green silk songs can seduce tears. Catch up with a good night, the fragrance is green, the soul is dreaming, and the eyebrows are half closed. Never say goodbye, the heart will swallow first, and it's hard to say what you want. Get off the grass and get out of the way. Shaking the sleeves, the spring breeze is urgent, and the cherry blossoms are rainy. " (Xue)

Saddle, difficulty, cold and dryness have the same rhyme; "Mei" rhymes with "Li"; "Candle" and "Qu" are rhymes, while "Promotion" and "Qing" are rhymes; "fan", "low", "west" and "sadness" have the same rhyme; "Bie", "Yan" and "Shuo" are a rhyme; "Li" and "urgency" are rhymes, while * * * seven rhymes are mixed rhymes, which are the most complicated and rare.

(3) Take one rhyme as the main tone, with other rhymes in between, such as Meet You Huan;

"Lonely west wing, such as hook. Lonely phoenix tree deep courtyard locks clear autumn. It's still messy when you cut it. It's sadness. Especially the general taste is in my heart. " (Li Wei)

This word is mainly composed of five rhymes: Lou, Hook, Autumn, Worry and Tou, with the two rhymes of Duane and Luane as the objects. Another example is "Dingfeng":

"Don't listen to the leaves in the forest, why don't you sing slowly. Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the bleak land, rain or shine. " (Su Shi)

This word is mainly composed of five rhymes: sound, action, health, welcome and clarity, and there are two rhymes: horse, fear, awakening, cold, setting and going.

(4) The homophony is connected with each other: homophony, such as "Dong" and "Song". Support means paper, hemp means horse, and so on. The most common words called "three-tone leaves of the same department" are Xijiangyue, Whispering, Changing Nest and Couple. Such as "Xijiang Moon":

In the shallow waves of "Zhaoye", faint clouds emerge. I want to get drunk and sleep on the grass. It's a pity that a stream is romantic; Don't teach me to destroy Qiong Yao. Saddle carrying pillow green yangqiao, cuckoo has spring dawn. "(Su Shi)

Xiao, Jiao, Yao and Qiao are all in the eighth part, and there are two rhymes of Cao and Xiao.

In the tones of these words, most of them are connected with flat tone, upper rhyme and lower rhyme, while few are connected with flat tone and entering rhyme. This is because in Song Ci, the entering rhyme is often used alone, which is not common with other rhymes.

(5) a few rhymes; Such as "Hairpin Phoenix";

"Red crisp hands, yellow wine, urban spring scenery. The east wind is evil, and the feelings are thin. A sad mood, a few years away from the cable? No! No! No! Spring is the same, people are empty, and tears are red and sad. Peach blossom falls, idle pool pavilion. Although Meng Shan is here, it is hard to trust Jin Shu. Mo! Mo! Mo! " (land travel)

This word has something to do with hand, wine and willow in the previous film and old, thin and transparent in the next film, evil, thin and wrong in the previous film and falling, pavilion, support and combination in the next film.

(6) rhyming; Such as "Sauvignon Blanc":

"Bianshui, Surabaya, flows to Guazhou ancient ferry, Wu Shan is a little sad. Think long and hate long, and hate can't stop at home, and Yue's family leans against the building. " (Bai Juyi)

Overlap the word "Liu" with the word "you".

(7) Rhyme in sentences: There are many examples of rhyme in Song poems. For example, the sixth and seventh sentences of Liu Yong's Magnolia Slow: "When you see the new geese passing through the clouds, the beautiful people will not stop reading", "When you go home, you will stare at the place, but the sunset is full of flat grass"; Another example is the conclusion of the first and second chapters of Sorry to Fly, which was written by Mao Wei as "more empty talk" and "the soul has broken the tide and retreated"; He wrote Tears into a wisp of eyebrows, heartbroken and Fu Jiangnan Sentence, etc.

There are two or three words in the sentence with a rhyme, such as Su Shi's intoxicating fuck: "If it is clear and round, if the sound is empty and silent." Wu Wenying's "Saint Shu Mei" has changed: "Spring dreams will be broken, but dreams can be short and strange"; And "High Balcony": "Lonely Mountain is infinitely cold in spring".

(8) Four-tone communication association: The above examples are only for upgrading and removing grades, and there are also examples of adding and removing grades. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" said: "The words in Jia Xuan's" He Xinlang "said," The willow hides the Lingbo Road, sending the spring home, and the storm is a new green. "there is also the word" set the storm ":"From then on, the wine is full of ear heat. " The words "green" and "heat" are used together, which are associated with "depression" and "flexion" in Han Yu's "He Xinlang Chanting Narcissus", and "Bufu" is associated with "night" and "diarrhea" in the four tones. There is the word "Tongan" in the four tones, which has existed in Dunhuang music. There is a poem "Yu Gezi" ("Deep in the Bridal Chamber") in "Yunyao Collection". All capitals rhyme, only the third sentence "Mo" enters the sound; Another "Happy Autumn" ("Fragrant in the Woods, Dewing Rain") is all rhyming, only the word "earth" at the end of the sentence is voiced. These two songs can be said to be four words.

The earliest example of voice communication. However, the most common four-tone character is the four-tone character of Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

(9) Even and even rhyme change each other:

(1) Yunping and Confucianism Yunping and Confucianism rhyme can be interlinked, so they can be changed. For example, Li Qingzhao's On Ci said: "The so-called' slow voice' and' flowers in the rain' in modern times not only put down the voice, but also put it in." Yulouchun is flat. Put it on, go and put it in. These are all rhymes from flat tones. In addition, some rhymes have been changed to flat rhyme, such as "Man Jiang Hong" which was originally rhymed, and Jiang Kui began to change to flat rhyme. He said to the word order of Manjianghong: "Manjianghong always rhymes, but it is not harmonious." For example, the word "unintentional flapping" in the last sentence (on Zhou Bangyan's "Man Jiang Hong": "The most bitter thing is that butterflies fly all over the garden without intentional flapping"), the singer integrates the word "heart" into the homophonic rhythm. Give it a flat rhyme, and the last sentence says' Wen Peihuan', then it will be harmonious. "

(2) Yunping, Shang Yun and Deyun were changed to Shang Yun and Deyun, such as Yunping He Manzi in Mao Xizhen in the Five Dynasties and Shang Yun and Deyun in Mao Wei in the Northern Song Dynasty. Another example is Xin Qiji's Drunk Peace, Zhao Yanduan's Sha Sai, Yang Wuxia's One Man's Full Moon, Chao's Youth Journey, Song Qi and Du Anshi's Surprising Waves on the Sand, Cao Xun's Golden Lamps Hanging from the Lotus and Chen's Tianjin.