How to forge parrot-billed dinosaur fossils

The fake means of parrot-billed dragon mainly use broken fossils, but in the market, the fake means of fossils are hard to prevent, such as casting, carving, coloring, grafting, crushing fossil bone powder, reconstructing bones, painting, and mixing true and false:

First, replace trees with flowers.

Reasons for forgery: False specimens are generally precious vertebrate fossils, some of which are not preserved completely, and the bones are scattered and broken!

Fake means: using the scattered bones of multiple incomplete individuals to splice into a relatively complete individual.

False effect: graceful posture and complete bones.

Common false specimens: complete skeletons of parrotbill, ichthyosaur, magic dragon and mammal (all relatively complete three-dimensional skeletons).

Identification method: in the face of perfect specimens, don't forget to be vigilant when you are excited. Often this kind of specimen has the greatest hidden danger. First, the transplanted bones come from different individuals, and some bones will have different colors and textures because of the difference in vision. According to different colors, sometimes more than three different colors of bones can be found on the same specimen. Secondly, most of these specimens are graceful, almost the same as the posture of living animals. Real animal fossils are well preserved, and almost no bones are sound. Moreover, some delusional counterfeiters have no biological knowledge at all, and often joke about bone dislocation or inversion. Finally, there will be a mixture of artificial surrounding rock and glue at the position where the bones are bonded, and there will be a "disrepair" glue joint.

Second, carving and coloring

Reasons for forgery: the specimen is unclear, the color contrast between the specimen and the surrounding rock is small, and a part is missing.

Fake means: focus on coloring according to the outline on the specimen, and lightly carve the outline.

False effect: exquisite and clear, with outstanding color contrast.

Common false specimens: wolf fin fish, dragonfly fossils (precious insect fossils), precious bird feathers and hairy dinosaurs, Guizhou dragons and salamanders!

Identification method: use water, alcohol, acetone and other solutions to gently wipe with a cotton swab. If the color fades, it means that it is a colored specimen, and the color outline will be inconsistent with the specimen outline. This kind of specimen is the most difficult to identify, because the merchant can't let you scrub his specimen with medicine. Therefore, it is best to observe the subtle outline structure after obtaining the consent! Note: such specimens are difficult to identify from photos!

Third, fossil restoration (what researchers do is called restoration)

Reasons for fraud: incomplete specimens.

Fake means: using gypsum, cement, bone powder, etc. Make it into a bone shape and paste or repair it in the missing part of the fossil.

False effect: completion

Common forged specimens: large mammal skulls, small dinosaurs and Guizhou dragons.

Identification method: the color, density and hardness of the repaired part are different from those of the true fossil bone. Bubble holes and glue reflective surfaces will appear in the repaired parts. The bone has no fine structure, and the traces of artificial polishing are obvious. It will fade, dissolve and fall off when it meets water or other liquids.

Fourth, overall carving or mold turnover.

Reasons for forgery: specimens are scarce, models are made, and the fake is confusing with the real, and the cost is low enough to seek violence from them.

Fake means: flipping, carving and painting.

False effect: rough

Common forged specimens: various specimens (trilobites, birds, dinosaur eggs, turtles, snakes, lizards, etc. )

Identification method: pure and false, you can see it with your eyes wide open.