What is the definition of national treasure cultural relics?

Cultural relics collection is usually divided into three levels: level one, level two and level three. Among them, the highest level of cultural relics is divided into two grades: A and B, and only the first-class cultural relics can be called "national treasures". Whether a cultural relic is a first-class cultural relic, in other words, whether it is a "national treasure" must be appraised by the National Cultural Relics Appraisal Committee, and the appraisal experts must be present at the same time. As for the standards held in the appraisal, first of all, it is not the value geometry of cultural relics, but the most important thing is that it must be an important witness to the development of Chinese civilization. Only with this meaning can it be recognized as a "national treasure".

Strictly speaking, "national treasure" is not a standardized scientific term. Calling precious cultural relics "national treasures" is probably influenced by Japan. Because they have formulated the National Treasure Preservation Order by the state, collectors have absolutely no right to dispose of precious cultural relics designated as "national treasures" by state specialized agencies, whether public or private.

standard of classification

Minghua

According to the relevant regulations of the state, the evaluation criteria of existing cultural relics in China are mainly divided into one, two and three levels according to their age, artistic level and academic value. Regardless of the second and third grades, the reference standard for first-class paintings and calligraphy works is:

Relatively complete paintings and calligraphy before Yuan Dynasty; Before the Tang Dynasty, the artistic level was high, and it was complete from beginning to end, with a one-year edition; Before the Song Dynasty, there were books with authors or dates and high calligraphy level: famous writers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties or famous artists with extremely high artistic level; famous handwriting with important historical value; Important artistic schools or masterpieces of famous painters since Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Excerpted from Classification Standard of Cultural Relics Collection. Developed by the Ministry of Culture on 1987)

According to this standard, only a few exotic flowers in the first-class products can be called national treasures. Therefore, although there are a large number of ancient paintings and calligraphy works that have been circulated so far, not many of them are really qualified to become "national treasures", especially those that have been circulated for more than 1000 years. Zhang Boju, a famous collector who donated a large number of exquisite ancient paintings and calligraphy to the country, once said with emotion: "China has a long history and culture comes first. It is also a pity that none of the paintings before the Sui Dynasty have been handed down!" Indeed, it is not because the evaluation conditions are too harsh, but because of the age, which can be passed down to today, and there are too few works preserved in China at present!

Minghua

Having said that, we have to pay high tribute to the great collectors who gave their lives to save the treasure in modern times. In modern China, after the catastrophe, the fate of national treasure paintings and calligraphy was even more terrible: some were reduced to ashes in the war; Some were plundered by the great powers in the artillery fire; Some were embezzled by princes and nobles, and then used as the capital of debt repayment pawn; Some were stolen and sold by greedy villains, so that they disappeared. In such a harsh era environment, those collectors would rather be short of clothes and food, sell their land, and even save the national treasure that may be lost at any cost. It seems that they are addicted to treasures, but they are not. Please listen to the painter Fu Baoshi's appeal. His mouth was full of blood and he bumped into the floor: "It doesn't matter if the treasure left by our ancestors still hurts. If you want to build your own national culture, I will be disrespectful and dare to say that it is a dream and a joke. There is no gain at all. "