Hakka in Heyuan, Guangdong

` Shuiyuan dialect in Heyuan City is the oldest Hakka dialect! ~~ Of course, the Hakka Shuiyuan sound, the Hakka Yuedong sound, and the She language are very closely related. In particular, the Hakka Shuiyuan sound is very close to the She language and basically belongs to the same dialect. The languages ??of the Hakka (including Shuiyuan and Yuedong) and the She people are of the same type. The biggest difference between them is not in language, but in culture, customs and traditions. In a certain context, we can even say that the Hakka ethnic group of the Han people refers to some Han people who speak the She language. It's just that as Han people, Hakka people (including Shuiyuanyin and Yuedongyin) are not emotionally easy to accept such a statement. In the opinion of some experts, it should be said that the language of the She people has been "sinicized" or "hakkaized". The current reality is that if the She language is said to be Han Hakka, then "She will not be She"; if the Han Hakka (including Shuiyuan and Yuedong dialects) are said to be She language, then it will also be "overthrown." The existence of Hakkas." Therefore, it can only be said that the She people and the Hakka people have a close relationship and frequent interactions in history, and they have had a profound influence on each other.

The Shuiyuan accent of Heyuan Hakka comes from Jiangyou and is the earliest Hakka dialect.

In Heyuan City, Hakka is divided into Shuiyuan accent and Yuedong accent. Shuiyuanyin is a dialect that comes from the water source of the Dongjiang River. It is actually the words spoken by the Hakka people when the earliest Jiangxi old guests arrived at the gathering place and never migrated again. Shuiyuanyin is the earliest Hakka dialect that flowed from the Central Plains through Jiangxi into Longchuan, Heyuan and Huizhou, so it is also called the ancient Hakka dialect. Shuiyuanyin spreads along the Dongjiang River basin. This was the route taken by Zhao Tuo, King of Nanyue, to go south, and it was also the route later used by Jiangxi old guests to go south on a large scale. The earliest gathering point where the Hakka ancestors arrived was Longchuan Tuocheng. Historically, Tuocheng was the first place to establish a county government, and during the Tang and Song Dynasties, Tuocheng had convenient water and land transportation. It is natural for the Hakka ancestors to live in Tuocheng and form a stable pronunciation in Tuocheng. Judging from the distribution of Shuiyuan sound, it spread from Tuocheng to northern Guangdong, Guangzhou, Huizhou and Zengcheng. Therefore, Hakka first came to Guangdong and was regarded as the Shuiyuan pronunciation of the local dialect. It began to spread from Tuocheng. Tuocheng Shuiyuan pronunciation is the most representative ancient Hakka pronunciation.

Volume 93 of Ruan Yuan's "Guangdong Tongzhi" quotes "Changning County Chronicle": "There are two dialects, one is Shuiyuan and the other is Shanyi. It is said that the people who came here from Fujian at the time of Jianyi were Shanyi. Those coming from the right side of the river are water sources. There are differences among the villages, but they are all the same. "Changning County was established in the third year of Longqing in the Ming Dynasty by analyzing the three counties of Heyuan, Wengyuan and Yingde. In the Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Xinfeng County in the third year of the Republic of China. . Although the county was established in the Ming Dynasty, no county annals were compiled and handed down to the public at that time. The earliest county chronicle is the 10-volume "Changning County Chronicle" compiled by Li Shaoying and Wu Jinguang in the ninth year of Yongzheng reign in the Qing Dynasty. According to records in "Huizhou Prefecture Chronicles" of the Ming Dynasty: "There are many orthophonic pronunciations in the counties and cities, and Guishan and Heyuan are similar, slightly closer to orthodox." At that time, the Hakka dialects in Guishan (now Huiyang) and Heyuan were closest to the orthophonic pronunciation at that time (i.e., Ming Dynasty) Chaoguanhua, also known as Mandarin at that time). It can be seen from this that the Hakka dialect in Huizhou and Heyuan during the Ming Dynasty was close to Mandarin. Therefore, Hakkas around the world should regard Huizhou and Heyuan Hakka as one of the standard pronunciations of modern Hakka.

Cai Yongjian (1776-1835), an expert on Fujian studies in Fuzhou, recorded in "Xishan Miscellanies": "There were seven Min in Fujian during the Zhou Dynasty, and their areas were the Shejia in Quanjun, the Shuhu in Sanshan, and the high mountains in Jianzhou. Shaowu's Wuyi, Zhangyan's Longmen, Zhangjun's Nantaiwu, Tinggan's Shanyue, these seven tribes are called Qi Min. "Cai Yongjian lived from the Qianlong to Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty (Li Jiaqing Dynasty), and was a native of Jinjiangdong. Because his seventh generation grandfather followed Zheng Chenggong to fight against the Qing Dynasty, he was tabooed by the Qing court. He "abandoned literature and sailed, expanded the sea and developed the fields". He traveled at home and abroad and gained extensive knowledge. The original manuscript of his "Xishan Miscellaneous Notes" stated "Tingganzhi Shanyue", which was later revised and finalized as "Hakka". This historical fact can prove that the era in which Cai Yongjian lived was the era when the word "Hakka" appeared. Probably because he didn't hear the term "Hakka" at first, but when he heard about it later, he wrote it in "Xishan Miscellaneous Notes".

In addition, he also referred to the Shan Yue of Ting and Gansu, the She family of Quanjun, Wu Yi of Shaowu, etc. It can be seen that the Hakka, She people, and Xi people do not belong to each other, but are similar and close to each other as neighbors. Also, by the way, some people now believe that the She people originated from "Shan Yue". From the original manuscript preserved by Cai Yongjian, it can be seen that it was the Hakka, not the She people, who were considered to be "Shan Yue" at that time.

It was not until the 1930s that the term "Hakka" began to appear overseas.

After Chinese immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong arrived in Singapore and Malaya, they were "alone in a foreign land". "Foreigners", out of the needs of safety, mutual assistance, and customs, Chinese guilds linked by language and geography have emerged one after another. In his book "History of Chinese Society in Singapore and Malaysia", Mr. Gan Qinghuang made statistics on the Chinese associations in Singapore and Malaya in the early years (1801-1870), which were divided into "dialect organizations" and "clan organizations". It can be said that dialect organizations are geographical organizations and clan organizations are blood organizations. There are 33 dialect organizations, and the "dialect groups" include five categories: Hakka, Fujian, Guangzhao, Chaozhou, and Sanjiang. There are ***10 guilds belonging to Hakka dialect organizations, in order: (1) Penang Jiaying guild hall, (2) Malacca Huizhou guild hall, (3) Malacca Chayang guild hall, (4) Malacca Yinghe guild hall, (5) Penang Huizhou Association, (6) Sin Chew Ying Wo Association, (7) Penang Zenglong Association (Zengcheng and Longmen County), (8) Singapore Chayang Association, (9) Malacca Zenglong Association, (10 ) Selangor Huizhou Association. Note: The Hakka Gang is divided into three major branches, one is Jiaying, the other is Chaoting, and the other is Huifu. The Jiaying Clan is composed of the five Jiaying clans; the Chaoting Clan is composed of Dabu, Fengshun, Hepo, and Huilai of Chaozhou Prefecture and Tingzhou Prefecture of Fujian Province; the Huifu Clan is composed of the original ten clans of Huizhou Prefecture and Zengcheng, Longmen, and Dongguan It is composed of four counties in the Dongjiang River Basin in the east of Guangzhou Prefecture, including Bao'an and Bao'an.

The first listed "Penang Jiaying Guild Hall" was founded in 1801 (the sixth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty). The first Chinese guild hall. It was founded by Hakkas from Meixian, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua and Pingyuan. However, it was not named "Hakka" or "Hakka". They were all based on their state in "Tangshan". , the county place name is named after the guild hall. The situation is no exception when it comes to guild halls organized by guests in America and Africa. They mostly named their guild halls after "Hehe" and "Renhe". Such as the "Renhe Hall" in San Francisco, the United States (1854), the "Renhe Hall" in Panama (1858), and the "Renhe Hall" in Mauritius (1877). "Harmony" and "Benevolence" both mean the same thing. "Harmony" means that people in the same country are expected to "abide by gentleness, courtesy, harmony and economic development, and not have any personal opinions." In addition, there are people from the fifth clan of Jiaying, and the guild halls they established are also named after "He". For example, the word "和" in "Yinghe Hall" also means the same thing; "Ying" refers to Jiaying 5). From the naming of the guild hall, we can see that the Hakka people value peace and unity. It was not until the 1930s that there began to be Hakka language associations named after "Hakka", "Hakka" and "Chongzheng", such as: Singapore Hakka Association (1929) (the predecessor of the Nanyang Hakka Association), Segamat Hakka Association (1936), Kulai Hakka Association (1937), Penang Hakka Association (1939), etc. The words "Hakka" and "Hakka" were added to the name of the guild hall.

The naming of early Hakka halls in Nanyang and other areas shows that until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Hakka people living in the Hakka base camp of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi - today's Meizhou City - had no special A clear concept of "I am a Hakka". At that time, all they could identify with was blood, geographical and linguistic ties.

The word "Hakka" can only be traced back to Guangdong Province after Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty

The reason why the term "Hakka" appeared was because of the "relocation to the sea and restoration of borders" in the early Qing Dynasty The wave of settlers triggered by the epidemic first appeared in the coastal areas of Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, and Huizhou, and mainly in Guangzhou and Zhaoqing.

It is the general name used by the local Cantonese-speaking aborigines for the Hakka immigrants from Jiangxi, Fujian, Chaozhou, Jia, Hui and other places. Therefore, the term "Hakka" appeared during the fourth great migration of the Hakka people, and the earliest time it appeared was after the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684) when the "Restoration Order" was issued.

The Hakka base camp (Meizhou) does not have the tradition of calling itself "Hakka"

For people living in the base camps of northern Guangdong, eastern Guangdong, and even southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, where Hakka people live together , surrounded by people of the same kind, there is no condition or need to identify with the new name "Hakka". So when they moved to Sichuan, they naturally did not bring the word "Hakka" with them. They only knew that they were from Guangdong. "Cantonese" is the natural self-identification, and this self-identification is also reflected in the naming of the guild hall. They named the guild hall they built "Guangdong Guild Hall".

Although there is a term "Hakka" in Taiwan, it does not specifically refer to people who speak Hakka.

In the documents of the late Qing Dynasty in Taiwan, there is no record of "Hakka". One point is the biggest difference from the Qing Dynasty documents in Guangdong. Even the words "Kemin", "Kezi" and "Kezi" recorded in Taiwanese classics of the Qing Dynasty are not only used to refer specifically to the "Hakka group", they can also be used to refer to those who crossed the sea and crossed Taiwan. People who have not obtained Taiwanese household registration include people with Fujianese registration. This situation is extremely different from that of Guangdong Province in the Qing Dynasty.