8. The following sentence is concise and unambiguous:

I'm looking for the same question. By the way, I would like to introduce an article I found to you, hoping it will help you.

The phenomenon of sentence ambiguity is complex, involving many problems such as pronunciation, semantics and grammar.

First, the meaning of sentence ambiguity

Sentence ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that a language unit contains two or more meanings. Ambiguous phrases are only one aspect (Modern Chinese edited by Hu Yushu). Ambiguity in spoken language is not as common as in written language. Ambiguity in spoken language is mainly caused by unclear speaking environment and meaning, while the situation in written language is much more complicated. In communication, language is required to be concise, coherent and appropriate. "Concise" means "concise" and "clear", in which "clear" means that the content expressed should be clear and accurate, so that people can understand its meaning accurately, and the effect of communication cannot be affected by ambiguity. Ambiguity refers to the ambiguity of meaning, which may even lead to language barriers.

1. There is only one radio on the podium, and there is a person standing on one side.

"One side" in this sentence is a polysemous word, which can mean both "one side" and "every side". These two meanings coexist at the same time, resulting in ambiguity.

2. Prime Minister who loves the people

In this phrase, we can't ignore its combination, because it has only one language form. There are actually two ways to combine them:

A. the general principle of love.

Verb and object

Modifier and modifier

B. The general principle of loving the people

Modifier and modifier

Verb and object

Two different combinations, that is, two different structural levels, have different meanings: sentence A means "the prime minister loves the people" and sentence B means "the people love the prime minister".

Second, the types of sentence ambiguity

(A) the diversity and polysemy of words

1. Words and phrases belong to the same category.

Mr. li jinxi said, "There are no so-called words, so we can distinguish them according to sentences." "Pin" is a part of speech. It is of great practical significance to treat parts of speech from a dynamic point of view. A word with two or more parts of speech means that a word has two or more parts of speech. In the actual use of language, it is very common that words belong to the same category.

1, I want hot rice.

In this language unit, "hot" can be both an adjective and a verb. It can mean "what I want" or "what I want to do"

This sentence actually has two structures:

I want hot rice.

Modifier and modifier

Verb and object

Subject-predicate structure

I want hot rice.

Modifier and modifier

Verb and object

Subject-predicate structure

2. Polysemy of words

As we know, monosyllabic words are a minority in Chinese vocabulary, and polysemy is the characteristic of their vocabulary. In a certain language environment, polysemous words can be limited to some extent, and there are few ambiguities. But in some cases, ambiguity still exists.

2. 1: Since then, I have met many new teachers and listened to many new lectures.

The meanings of the two "new" in this sentence are uncertain and can be changed to "strange" and "fresh" respectively.

2.2: Xiao Wang is writing on the train.

"On the train" is actually a polysemous word. Because there are no restrictions on its specific parts, we can't know whether Xiao Wang wrote it on the train carriage, on the table of the train or on the paper on the table.

(B) a variety of structural levels

1, a language unit has multiple structural relationships, which leads to ambiguity, which is quite common.

1. 1: reference

This phrase can be understood as a partial positive relationship, indicating the nature of data; It can also be understood as a verb-object relationship, indicating an action.

1.2: Lu Xun Studies

This sentence can be understood as a subject-predicate relationship, meaning "what is Lu Xun doing"; It can also be understood as a positive relationship, indicating that the research object is Lu Xun.

2. A language unit has many levels.

2. 1: For example, "Love the Prime Minister"

2.2. Evaluation of sales staff

This phrase can be understood as "opinions put forward by salespeople" or "opinions put forward by people to salespeople". Its hierarchy is as follows:

A. my views on salesmen

Modifier and modifier

Prepositional

B.my opinion of salesmen

Prepositional

Modifier and modifier

This ambiguity is also common in language use.

(C) Ambiguity caused by different word orders

The so-called word order is the order in which the components in a language are arranged.

3. 1, female employees do well, which can solve some unique personal problems of female employees.

Does this sentence mean "some female workers" or "some problems"? If it is "some problems", then the word order is best arranged as follows: "Some personal problems unique to female employees", and the word indicating genus comes first.

(4) Ambiguity caused by the relationship between agent and passivity.

As we know, in a language unit, the subject can be both an agent and a subject.

4. 1, a classmate loves labor.

4.2. The teacher criticized a classmate.

"A classmate" in these two sentences is the actor in the sentence 1, that is, the sender of the action; In the second sentence, it is a passive object, that is, the object whose action is dominated.

In a specific language environment, it is difficult or impossible to determine whether the subject is the agent or the object of action.

4.3. I go to class.

"I" can refer to both the actor-teacher (lecturer) and the subject-student.

4.4. The chicken has been eaten.

Is it "the chicken ate" or "the chicken ate"?

(E) Ambiguity caused by quantifiers

Some quantifiers can modify both the repressor and the repressed. Both a and b can be used.

5. 1, editor of three publishing houses

The quantifier "ge" in this phrase can define "publishing house" and represent the number of "publishing houses"; You can also limit "editing", which is equivalent to "bit". The structural level of this sentence will be different:

A compilation of three publishing houses

Modifier and modifier

Modifier and modifier

B, the compilation of three publishing houses

Modifier and modifier

Modifier and modifier

(6) the severity of the sound

Some words have different meanings when they are stressed or lightly read. For example, "thing" can not only indicate the direction, but also refer to the name of general things.

6. 1, I remember.

The stress of "getting up" is "what I want to do", while light reading is "memory". In this sentence, the part of speech of "Qilai" is also different: one is a general verb and the other is a directional verb. The grammatical relationship of "remember" in this sentence is also different: one is the verb-object relationship and the other is the verb-complement relationship.

(7) Ambiguity caused by different associations

Due to the different circumstances of the environment and the recipients, different understandings of a language unit may occur.

7. 1. Chopsticks are not allowed to eat today.

Logically speaking, negative forms cannot express positive judgments. Expressing a positive meaning with negative judgment violates the identity in logical reasoning. This sentence "Don't use chopsticks", I'm not sure what methods and tools to use. It can be understood that:

A, eat directly in a bowl with your mouth without any utensils.

B, eat with your hands or knives, forks and other utensils.

(7) The sound stops.

In ancient times, there was a joke that a scholar went to a temple to see a monk friend. It's getting late and it's raining again. The monk didn't want to let his friend spend the night, so he wrote this note: "Stay with me in rainy days." And this scholar was determined to stay, so he began to break sentences and became like this: "If it rains, stay for one day, will you stay for me?" Stay. "

This joke is about two different understandings produced by different readings.

These eight ambiguous phenomena sometimes do not exist in isolation. For example:

The section chief should also check

We can understand this phrase from the following three aspects:

A "inspection" is a polysemous word which can be interpreted as "review" or "review".

When expressing the meaning of "watching", there are two meanings:

B, "section chief" is an actor, which means "section chief should also check (work)".

C, "section chief" is the subject, which means "it's time to check the section chief's work".

In other words, this phrase has both ambiguity caused by polysemy and ambiguity caused by the difficulty of judgment between the actor and the affected object.

Third, how to analyze whether the sentence is ambiguous?

Language units are not only grammatical structural units, but also semantic units and phonetic pause units. This point should be firmly grasped when analyzing ambiguity.

For example, when "opinions on salespeople" is understood as "opinions on salespeople", the following structural analysis can be made:

My opinion of salesmen.

Prepositional

Modifier and modifier

Its "to salesman" is an object-oriented structure, which means "opinions to salesman" and its pause is "opinions to salesman".

1. Analyze whether there is ambiguity in a sentence, mainly from grammar, and analyze its grammatical structure. Because the analysis of grammatical structure is not only the basis of language analysis, but also the main cause of ambiguity.

For example, multi-level structure and multi-grammatical relations can limit the quantifiers of many things, and the degree of pronunciation can be solved through the analysis of structural hierarchical relations.

2. Secondly, analyze the part of speech and meaning to see whether the words in the sentence are multi-category words or polysemous words.

3. From the perspective of the agent and the patient, by changing the word order, the analyzed object acts as the subject and the object respectively.

4. From a logical point of view, see if it conforms to the logical law.

Fourth, how to eliminate sentence ambiguity?

1, which provides a language environment that can eliminate ambiguity.

It was his father who performed the operation.

"My brother has appendicitis" can be added before it, or "his mother is not ill" can be added after it to express two different meanings of this ambiguous phrase.

2, increase or decrease or change words (including function words).

Such as: reference materials

The function word "de" can be added to express the modifying relationship.

3. Change the word order.

Many children grow flowers.

Can be adjusted to "many flowers planted by children"

4. Use accurate and clear words.

There is only one radio on the platform, and there is a person standing on one side.

You can change "one side" to "each side" or "one side".

5. Change quantifiers.

Teachers in two schools

It can be changed to "teachers of two schools".

6. Language should conform to logical rules.

Language conforms to logical rules, namely, the law of identity, the law of contradiction, law of excluded middle, etc.

Here is a good one, and there are exercises.

The difference between definite sentences and ambiguous sentences

Choose a sentence that won't produce ambiguity.

A. Lu Xun attaches great importance to children's literature creation. He pointed out: "The situation of childhood is the fate of the future."

B. The teacher was very happy to see us, so he dragged us to his office to chat.

C. the headmaster completely adopted the rationalization suggestions of two students.

D environmental pollution damage caused by irresistible natural disasters shall be exempted from liability.

A: (d)

Solution:

Ambiguity, if not for special expression needs, is a common language disease. Eliminating ambiguous sentences is a sign of a keen sense of language and mastering the language.

To answer such questions, we should analyze and ponder sentence by sentence. The phrase "attaching importance to children's literary creation" seems to refer to children's own works, but it can be understood as children's creation from the next sentence; Sentence B can be understood as "teacher" happy, and it can also be understood as "we" happy; Sentence c can be understood as that the headmaster adopted not the advice of one classmate, but all the suggestions of two classmates; There is only one understanding of sentence d.

The main reason of sentence ambiguity is the lack of ability to combine words properly according to the needs of expression.

Training:

1. Choose an unambiguous and clearly expressed one.

A. Next Sunday and Monday afternoon, I will persuade my mother to go with you.

B.next Sunday afternoon or Monday, I will persuade my mother to go with you.

C Next Sunday and Monday afternoon, I persuaded my mother to let me go with you.

Next Sunday or Monday afternoon, I persuaded my mother to let me go with you.

A: ()

2. Choose an ambiguous sentence from the following ill sentences.

A. The abuse of dialect words should be criticized.

B. He aimed at the target, "Bang! Boom! Hey! " Two shots were fired, and the enemy's machine gun was dumb.

C. let the enemy watch us tremble!

D Recently, many good movies, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, have been released one after another.

A: ()

3. Choose one that won't cause ambiguity.

A.he knows it's no big deal.

B. I'm so lonely away from my hometown and relatives!

C. I miss my relatives in my motherland.

D. suggestions on amending the land protection law.

A: ()

The following sentence is clearly expressed, and there is no different understanding.

A. The children like retired cadre Li, and they are very happy to be here.

B I saw Bird helping an old man get off the bus with a black leather bag in his hand.

C. Teacher Li led the students to put away their shovels and hoes and went to class without a break.

D. He has a daughter. Working in a hospital.

A: ()

Answer 1. D 2。 C 3。 B 4。 C