Requirements and skills of speech language

The so-called speech language is the language used by the speaker in his speech. As a comprehensive advanced language expression? Speech has certain requirements for the communicative use of language, especially for our leading cadres. The following are the requirements and skills I collected for you about the speech language. Welcome to learn from them.

First, true and accurate, do not tell lies.

Truth and accuracy is the most fundamental requirement of Marxist style of writing, and it is also the first principle that our leading cadres should follow in their speeches. It requires the speaker to give a speech with a realistic attitude, truly reflect the objective actual situation, accurately choose words and make sentences, and accurately express the ideological content. To this end, we should do:

First, the facts should be true and reliable. The facts we use in our speech must be objective facts, one is one and the other is two. Never fabricate, fabricate out of thin air, deliberately exaggerate or shrink, polish or change your face in order to meet certain needs. This is unacceptable. For example, the propaganda of Zhang Zhixin martyrs is untrue. Many reports have written such a thing, saying that when Zhang Zhixin was young, he and his two sisters formed one? Trio? Small bands, they often perform in some progressive group activities. On one occasion, an organ of the Kuomintang celebrated Chiang Kai-shek's birthday and asked them to play. How do they treat it? There are three different ways to write this matter. A magazine said that Zhang Zhixin didn't want to go, but his father thought it was impossible not to go. At that time, he told the children that we had the piano. Should it be for his birthday or funeral? Zhang Zhixin understood and said? Yes, I express my condolences. ? This is a way of saying. So, in the newspaper, what does it say? This newspaper said that my dad and 17-year-old Zhixin thought about it for a long time, and finally agreed on the countermeasures of praise and criticism, and carefully arranged a set? The devil's dance music ends with a sad song. Another newspaper said the same thing, which puzzled Zhixin's father. Clever Xiao Zhi's letter put forward a very clever countermeasure, playing the elegy of western music, praising it openly and belittling it secretly, and my father clapped his hands and said it was wonderful. Among these three different publicity reports, one said that the idea came from Zhang Zhixin, one from her father and one from father and son. So, there must be two? The truth? It is not true, so when we make a speech, the facts quoted must be true and reliable. This is the first truth and accuracy.

Second, the words are correct and appropriate. Whether a word exists alone, right or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate, is not important. But if this word is used in a sentence and has a structural relationship with other words, it will be correct, incorrect, appropriate and inappropriate. For example, 1942 One night in early summer, Guo Moruo's new five-act historical drama was being staged in a theater in Chongqing? After Qu Yuan's performance, both Guo Moruo, the author, and Zhang Ruifang, the actor who plays Shan Juan, felt that Shan Juan's reprimand to Song Yu in the first scene of the fifth act was not strong enough. What about that sentence? That sentence means: Song Yu, I hate you very much. You failed your husband's education. You are a spineless scholar. ? Guo Moruo said that this line is always tasteless to the audience. It seems that you can add it without backbone? Shameless? Three words. At this moment, actor Zhang Yisheng is putting on makeup next to him and says, I see. How about that? Who are you? Change to? Are you there? It is enough to say that you are a spineless scholar. ? Guo Moruo listened and agreed very much. So, this line is changed to? Song Yu, I hate you very much. You failed your husband's education, you spineless scholar. ? There is a judgment word here? what's up Use demonstrative pronouns? This? It doesn't matter if it exists alone, but when it is combined with other words, there is a problem of appropriateness. ? Are you a spineless scholar? Although it also constitutes a judgment, it is not emotional, but will it? what's up Change to? This? , become? You spineless scholar? After that, it not only constitutes a completely positive judgment, but also forms a strong emotional color, including feelings full of resentment such as you are really nothing and you are really an animal. It's obviously here, isn't it This? Than with? what's up More appropriate.

It can be seen that when writing a speech, we must pay attention to carefully choosing the most appropriate words in order to correctly reflect objective things and properly express our feelings. This requires us to really understand the exact meaning of each word, carefully distinguish the meaning, especially some synonyms, and distinguish their subtle differences in the scope of use, the weight of meaning, the style characteristics of words and so on. In addition, it is necessary to distinguish between praise and criticism of words and so on.

Third, the quotation should be accurate. Policies, decrees, famous sayings, aphorisms, etc. The quotation in our speech must be accurate, and we can't take it out of context for our own needs. Theory, line, principles, policies, etc. The propaganda, elaboration or basis in the speech must be clear and exact, not vague, nor can it be tampered with, taken out of context or played at will. This is the first point of the basic requirements of speech language.

Second, don't talk nonsense and get to the point.

As leading cadres, a major feature of our speech is its strong practicality. Some speeches also require subordinate departments to implement them, which requires leading cadres to be concise, concise, to the point and easy to implement. No one wants to listen to lengthy speeches. I remember one thing, saying that a leader in a certain place was particularly verbose. On one occasion, he spoke for a long time. After the speech, an audience gave him a pair of couplets, an ancient poem. The ancient poem is written like this: "Two orioles sing on the top of green willows, and egrets reach the sky"? The leader was very happy after reading it. When he got home, he showed off to his wife and said to her, you always said I can't talk. You see, the audience is very willing to listen to me. They also used the poems of famous poets in the Tang Dynasty to evaluate my speech. ? His wife took the couplet, read it and smiled. At that time, the leader was puzzled by his wife's smile, so he quickly asked, what are you laughing at? What's so funny? You should be happy for me. Did you have a good laugh? My wife told him that I laughed at this couplet to ridicule you. He said, Why are you mocking me? Later, his wife told him, what was the last sentence? Two orioles singing green willows? Does it imply that your speech is incomprehensible? A line of egrets to heaven? It shows that your speech is getting farther and farther. It can be seen that when our leading cadres speak, they must avoid problems that they don't understand.

How to avoid it? I think we should do the following:

(1) Think more when giving a speech. Generally speaking, when we talk nonsense, it is because we don't use our brains when we speak. For example, a township head once introduced his experience in raising ducks in his hometown. There is such a passage in his speech? This year, our hometown plans to raise two kinds of ducks, vegetable duck and egg duck. Vegetable duck is a big and beautiful duck, which can grow up and go on the market in two or three months. Another kind of laying duck is a female duck, which mainly lays eggs. ? Obviously, the head of the township spoke without thinking, and unconsciously said a bunch of nonsense. If he could think about it carefully, he wouldn't say so, because of course it is the mother duck, not the male duck, and it is even more nonsense for the Lord to lay eggs. It seems that if you want to make a concise speech without nonsense, the speaker should use more brains, carefully consider words and reduce nonsense. This is the first point, and it is also the first point of brevity and no nonsense.

(2) Some speakers don't believe the audience's understanding, thinking that if they don't repeat themselves, the audience won't understand, so they talk endlessly and even talk nonsense.

(3) learn to say short words. Some people like to talk at length and don't have enough food and water to make up for it. Talking too much water is naturally nonsense, and as a result, even a few poor grains of rice can't be caught. Therefore, if you want to make your speech concise, you have to squeeze out water and not talk nonsense. We should learn from farmers, because when farmers collect grain, they always dry it first and then put it into storage. They didn't take away the soil and water, because they knew that if they did, the food would go moldy.

(4) Can not talk. Another reason for talking nonsense is that you keep talking. The reason why this happens is not only because the speaker makes up for a long time, but also because he makes some polite remarks to meet some needs or to show some unnecessary modesty. In fact, some pleasantries are superfluous. We should learn from Zuyong of the Tang Dynasty, who would rather ruin his career than be superfluous. In the Tang dynasty, when selecting Jinshi, poetry was the standard, so this kind of examination was very strict and the official rhyme was limited. At that time, the rule was five words and six rhymes, that is, five words per sentence, two sentences with one rhyme and twelve sentences with * * *, so at least four rhymes should be written, that is, eight sentences. According to the Chronicle of Tang Poems, one year, the examiner wrote a poem entitled Looking at Xuefeng in Central South, and the examinees racked their brains to write a rhyming poem. One of them, Zuyong, broke the rules of the Tang Dynasty and wrote only four poems. He wrote this: Look at the snow peak in Central South China, the white peak above the white clouds. After the snow in Chu Qing, the afterglow of the sun shone from the forest. It was late, and Chang 'an was even more chilly. After handing in the papers, the examiner said? Your poem does not conform to the rules. Just ask why you don't write according to the rules. If you don't write according to the rules, you are a scholar and can't help it. But ZuYong said, I'm finished. Say nothing and refuse to add a word. Forget it. As for whether we can be an official, we don't consider it. I think one of the most important reasons why Zuyong's poems have been passed down to this day is that he can stop gilding the lily and speak his mind. On the contrary, if he gild the lily, although he may be very successful in his official career, his poems will not last forever.

Third, vivid, not rhetoric

Rhetoric and vividness are opposites. How can we make a lively speech without rhetoric? To avoid this problem, we should pay attention to the following points.

First, we should be brave enough to make our views clear. Mao Zedong said in a conversation with the editor of Jinsui Daily that we * * * producers never thought it shameful to hide our opinions. We should remember what Mao Zedong said. When making a speech, you should make your point as clear as playing chess. What you agree with, what you oppose, what you praise and what you criticize are all very definite, not vague or ambiguous. This is the first point, vivid.

Second, the content should be innovative and the language should be vivid. The first point I just raised is about the uniqueness of the speech, but it is not enough for the speech to be accurate and vivid. In order to attract the audience, it needs to be vivid. To make a speech lively, we should not only have vivid, touching and innovative ideological content, but also have vivid and touching language forms. If the two can be combined, we can get very good results. Otherwise, it will not work.

Let's take a look at how Ma, known as the biggest orator in China, uses visual language in his speech. Once, at the mass meeting during the Anti-Japanese War, he made a propaganda speech, and he shouted: Wake up, everyone. There is gunpowder next to the pillow. Can we still sleep? There are thieves at home, can we still sleep? Ma Xiang Bo shocked the hearts of the audience with vivid language. We can imagine. There is gunpowder next to the pillow, and there are thieves in the room? Who can sleep? It goes without saying that Japanese imperialism invaded China, which was gunpowder placed on the pillows of the people in China and a robber who entered the houses of the people in China. In this case, the people of China can only find a way out if they stand up. This is the second point.

Third, easy to understand, not harsh words. Bad words are obscure words. Some people seem to be afraid that others will understand them and can't show their talents, so they love to use those difficult words in their speeches. He doesn't know that this practice doesn't meet the basic requirements of Marxist style of writing. Lenin said: the highest degree of Marxism is the most popular and easy to understand. ? In his speech at the Seventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee, Comrade Mao Zedong also pointed out that all documents that he could not understand were not allowed to be taken out, and he wanted to take them back.

Writing articles should be popular, how can it be popular? I think we should do the following:

(1) Use simple short sentences. The longer the sentence, the more complicated it is, and the more difficult it is to understand; The shorter and simpler the sentence, the easier it is to understand. Therefore, when you speak, try to use simple sentences and short sentences. This is the first point.

(2) It is necessary to use more basic vocabulary. The more new words and technical terms, the more difficult it is to understand; The less the better. So when we speak, we must remember not to use obscure words, use less technical terms and use more basic words.

(3), our speech is for others to listen to, but also to consider the communicative effect, to facilitate people, use more commonly used words, try to use less or no uncommon and regretful words. Speaking of which, I remembered the story of the famous actor Mari changing his name. Mary's name is not easy to say. Does this Rui have an internal character in the cursive prefix? Rui? People who know Rui often make mistakes and even make jokes. One day, Mary went to the hospital to see a doctor. Because there were many people registered to see a doctor, Mary sat on the stool at the other end of the corridor and soon heard the doctor calling at the door? Number 23, Mano? Mary thought that the number was mine and the name was not mine, so he didn't move. The doctor called again? Number 23, cavalry? He didn't move either. I changed my name this time, and the number is mine. He didn't move. He heard the doctor calling again? No.23, Ma Miao? Ma Rui thought, why are there so many names? For a while, Ma Bing and Ma Miao were both surnamed Ma, but he didn't move. After a while, I heard the doctor calling again. 23rd, Ma Na? 、? Number 23, horse meat? After hearing this, Mary felt that things were getting worse. who is it? Are you wrong? So he went to ask the doctor, and sure enough, the doctor didn't know the word Rui and called him by the wrong name. Because the doctor had never seen the word "Rui", he had to scream, so Mary was in more than one trouble, so he decided to change his name. I think Mary is still very wise, because the word Rui is a little too uncommon. It is wrong for a doctor to read other words, but his job is to save lives. He can't carry a dictionary with him to look up names. The same is true of speeches.

(4) The tone, intonation and expression should be humanized. Humanized tone, intonation and expression can narrow the psychological distance between the speaker and the audience, make them resonate easily, and make it easier for the audience to understand the ideological content expressed by the speaker. Therefore, when giving a speech, the speaker should give you a speech in a kind, gentle and equal language and tone. Of course, some things that need to be spoken out are another matter.

From the perspective of oral expression, the language of the speech must be pronounced correctly, clearly and beautifully, with fluent, accurate and easy-to-understand words and appropriate, natural and emotional intonation.

(a) the pronunciation is correct, clear and beautiful

Taking sound as the main material means requires very high pronunciation, not only to accurately express rich and colorful thoughts and feelings, but also to be pleasant and clear. Therefore, the speaker must carefully study pronunciation and strive to make his voice reach the best state.

Generally speaking, the best language is:

(1) is accurate and clear, that is, the pronunciation is correct and clear, the tone is appropriate and the rhythm is natural;

(2) Clear and mellow, that is, loud, powerful and pleasant to hear;

(3) rich in change, that is, prioritize and change with emotional changes;

(4) It has the power of communication and penetration, that is, the sound has a certain loudness, so that the audience present can truly hear and understand.

The common problems of speech language are voice spasm, trembling and erratic; Shouting loudly, the volume is too high; The syllables are vague and mixed with obvious breathing sounds; The voice is high and low, and the voice is out of tune; Recite tones, stiffness, etc. All these will affect the audience's understanding of the content of the speech.

In order to achieve the best language effect, generally speaking, we should do the following:

1, clear pronunciation and mellow voice

Pronunciation is the basic requirement of speech language. Pronunciation should be accurate, loud and strong. Pronunciation should conform to the standards of initial consonant, vowel, tone, syllable and sound change in Putonghua, and strictly avoid local sounds and misreading. As a general? Shoes? Say? Children? , will it? Exhausted? Say? Dry solid? Wait a minute. On the one hand, mispronunciation and mispronunciation directly affect the audience's understanding of a word, a sentence or even the whole content; On the other hand, it directly affects the reputation and prestige of the speaker and reduces the audience's trust in the speaker.

The cavity is round, that is, the sound is round and clear, euphemistic and sweet, full of musical beauty. Speak loudly. Even-numbered tooth-calling syllables (vowels starting with I and I) and pinch-calling syllables (? Or by? Because the mouth is small, * * * voice is not big, and the voice is not bright. When preparing the manuscript, try to change it to an open syllable (vowel with a or a) and a closed syllable (vowel with o or o). Like what? Where to? Change to? Arrive? , release? With what? Change to? And then what? .

2. Distinguish word boundaries

Words are divided into monosyllables and polysyllables. Monosyllabic words will not be split and read, while disyllabic words may be split and cause ambiguity. For example:? Feng Jicai, 1.9 meters tall, stands in an empty valley. ? In this sentence? One meter and nine heads? What was the original intention? One foot nine inches? When should I read it? One meter nine-one head? If the word boundary is not properly divided, it is easy to become? One meter and nine heads? , release? Boss? What is the word (picture) divided into? Answer? (quantifier) and? Boss? (noun) two words, resulting in ambiguity. If the speaker makes such a mistake, it will make people laugh.

3. Pay attention to pronunciation collocation

Chinese pays attention to tone, which can produce rapid changes in intonation and is full of musical beauty. A good speech is smooth, uneven and pleasing to the ear.

(1) Disyllabic. Some monosyllabic words in Chinese have complex and profound meanings. If you can change it into a disyllabic word, it will be easier to understand and more popular. Moreover, the two syllables are loud and clear, cadence, and it is easy to express the musical beauty of the language.

(2) pay attention to rhyme. If you deliberately rhyme in the right place, you can produce a beautiful voice, catchy and pleasant, which seems to have the charm of prose poetry.

(3) Smooth and uniform. Chinese characters are monosyllabic, high and low, and fluctuating. The leveling tone used as leveling tone has little change, is relatively stable and easy to hear clearly; The rising tone and falling tone of Nuo characters change greatly, and the sound is short and strong. The two should cooperate with each other to make syllables fluctuate up and down. In addition, the proper use of onomatopoeia and reduplication can also achieve the effect of sound and emotion.

(two) the text is fluent, accurate and easy to understand.

The audience mainly receives information through speech activities with the help of auditory function. The information conveyed by the speaker through spoken language should be immediately understood by the audience. There is a clear gap between spoken and written language. Some people say that written language is the last thing to understand, and spoken language needs to be understood immediately. Compared with written language, spoken language has the following characteristics:

1, short sentence. Long sentences should not be used in speeches.

2, easy to understand. We should use common words and some popular spoken words to make the language full of vigor and vitality;

3, but to do some accurate enumeration, especially large numbers, divisors are often used.

4. Use more words that indicate personal inclination, such as? Is it obvious? In my opinion? Wait, and often use it? But? 、? Except? And other conjunctions make the speech vivid, vivid and imposing. Of course, we should pay attention to the conciseness of spoken English, and we must not add or subtract syllables at will, drag our feet and say nothing, as usual, which will damage the health and beauty of spoken English and destroy the integrity of the language.

(3) The intonation is appropriate, natural and emotional.

Intonation is an important means of oral expression, which can well assist the expression of language. In the same sentence, due to the differences in intonation, height and urgency, in different contexts,

Generally speaking, people who express firmness, courage, heroism and anger can express different thoughts and feelings. Thoughts and feelings, sudden tone and heavy voice; Express happy, warm, considerate and comforting thoughts and feelings, with a soothing tone and a brisk voice; Express elegance, solemnity and satisfaction, and try to be weak before being strong. Only in this way can it be vivid and expressive.