He absorbed the advantages of northern ethnic minorities in riding combat, carried out the military reform of "Khufu riding and shooting", developed cavalry and opened up northern land. Who is the mon

He absorbed the advantages of northern ethnic minorities in riding combat, carried out the military reform of "Khufu riding and shooting", developed cavalry and opened up northern land. Who is the monarch? Zhao Haoqi Wuling.

King Wuling of Zhao

King Wuling of Zhao (about 3 10-295), named Yong, was the monarch of Zhao in the Warring States Period, an outstanding politician, strategist and military reformer. His policy of "Khufu riding and shooting" had a positive impact on the social development of China at that time and later.

In 326 BC, King Wuling of Zhao, aged 12, ascended the throne in the middle and late Warring States period. Wars between countries are frequent, and the trend of merger is becoming more and more fierce. Zhao is surrounded by Qi, Zhongshan, Yan, Lou Fan, Donghu, Qin, Han and Wei. At that time, it was called "the country of four wars". Moreover, there is a Zhongshan country among the countries. This Zhongshan country was founded by the Bai Di people. It was attacked and destroyed by Yang Le, the general of Wei. Later, because it was inconvenient to be controlled by other countries, Zhongshan took the opportunity to restore. Sun Yat-sen Kingdom is located in the middle of Zhao State, which is divided into two parts, with Handan as the center and Dai Jun as the center. If it gets stuck in the throat, if Zhao wants to make a difference among the princes, he must first destroy Zhongshan State.

Although Zhao Wuling is young, he is brave and clever. He knew that if you want to capture Zhongshan, it is impossible to succeed easily. You must first establish a good external environment, otherwise the strong enemy will naturally have no time to look around. Therefore, he fought an off-site battle. First, he met King Han Xuanhui. The next year, he married a Korean woman and established a friendly friendship. Then avoid being involved in the struggle between two temporary military alliances at that time, Qi and Chu on one side and Qin, Wei and Han on the other.

Once, after Qin Wuwang defeated the North Korean army and captured Yiyang, South Korea, he took the opportunity to visit the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In those days, Chu Zhuangwang was the most important thing. This time, Qin Wuwang lifted Zhou Ding, who weighed 1000 kg, on his own, but he was also injured in his internal organs and died that night. King Wu has no children. At that time, countries held each other's princes and nobles hostage. When King Wuling of Zhao heard the news of his death, he immediately sent troops to Yan State to escort Ji, the son of his uncle and brother, to Qin State, and seized the throne for the king of Qin. Out of gratitude, he naturally showed goodwill to Zhao, thus making Qin, the most powerful country at that time, his ally.

In 307 BC, King Wuling of Zhao led an army to attack Zhongshan. It went well at first, but it was soon countered. Zhao's chariots and infantry were defeated by Zhongshan army, which not only quickly returned to the border, but even the border town was captured by Zhongshan. Even the Yan people who attacked by plane were defeated by Zhongshan.

King Wuling of Zhao believes that it is impossible to fundamentally change the passive beating situation of Zhao, except for Sun Yat-sen's "worry", because heavy chariots are only suitable for fighting in relatively flat places, and it is very inconvenient to fight in complex terrain; Many infantry can't deal with agile cavalry. We must learn from Hu's strengths and strengthen ourselves in order to avoid passive beatings. The only way to strengthen Zhao's military strength is to use cavalry against cavalry. At the same time, only by changing the wide sleeves in the Central Plains into tight sleeves, waist-binding and boots-binding can we meet the needs of riding and shooting operations. It can be seen that King Wuling of Zhao is a very talented and verve strategist and politician.

King Wuling of Zhao told the minister Lou Huan about this idea, and Lou Huan immediately agreed to his idea. Then, he called Guo Xiang Fay and asked him if it was feasible. FeiYi encouraged him to say:

"Don't hesitate in everything, the first mouse will accomplish nothing at both ends. According to legend, Shun had learned dance music from Miao family, and Dayu was naked after water control, so he changed his clothes.

It is not impossible, as long as it is beneficial to the country and the people, it should be resolutely done. "Fat righteousness, strengthened the determination of the king Wuling of Zhao, he immediately found a set of khufu put on, swear:

"I'm determined to change clothes and shoot parishioners on horseback, so that the whole world can laugh at me! But Alakazam and Zhongshan will belong to me! "

Since Khufu's riding and shooting is not only a military reform measure, but also a national reform to change customs and update traditional concepts, at the beginning of its implementation, besides the public's difficulty in accepting its usefulness, there was also great resistance within the imperial court. Aristocratic bureaucrats, represented by the public, hold traditional ideas and refuse to ride and shoot in Khufu. They either openly oppose it or call it a disease. Ministers also don't want to wear khufu and complain everywhere. In the face of such great resistance, King Wuling of Zhao did not lose heart. He persuades education patiently and persuades people with unshakable faith. King Wuling visited his uncle Gongzi Cheng several times, and Gongzi Chengdu was persuaded. Putting on Hu fu, with King Wuling in court, many ministers followed suit. King Wuling of Zhao issued a "Hu Fu Order" to the whole country, changing clothes up and down, teaching people to ride and shoot, and promoting martial arts.

Because riding and shooting meet the requirements of the times and Zhao's interests, as well as the people's desire to resist the intrusion of powerful enemies, coupled with the measures of Zhao Wuling's gradual promotion from top to bottom, it eventually spread rapidly throughout the country.

With the development of military reform, Zhao's military strength has been rapidly strengthened. In 306 BC, King Wuling personally led the cavalry to attack Ningmi, Zhongshan. Then he went north to break the Hu Lin and Loufan tribes and forced them to move north to the desert, offering horses for peace and becoming Zhao Guofan. After the capture of Yuanyang (now the south bank of Heishui River southeast of Huhehate, Inner Mongolia), a "riding town" was established. This is a good natural pasture and an ideal place to train cavalry. Plus, people here are used to riding and shooting, and it's easy to get it. Therefore, this place became a pilot of Khufu's riding and shooting. "The Warring States Policy" notes: "King Wuling broke Yuanyang, thinking that riding a city, he began to teach a city, and then traveled in the territory." This experience gained in Yuanyang

The nationwide implementation ensured the final victory of the reform.

As for whether King Wuling Zhao's khufu riding and shooting is widely practiced in the whole country or limited to soldiers in the northern border areas. Historians have different views. Most scholars believe that: "King Wuling of Zhao's military reform-Khufu riding and shooting, has been widely implemented among the military and civilians throughout the country." In the process of riding and shooting, the Mausoleum of the State of Qi recruited people who were good at riding and shooting all over the country, especially in the northern areas near Hu, and transformed some infantry into cavalry. By absorbing nomadic people in the border areas, a powerful cavalry unit was quickly established. And through the management of Huma, forcing King Hu Lin to give horses in the local area and other channels, a large number of good horses were obtained, which provided an important guarantee for the construction of cavalry units.

Before attacking Zhongshan, King Wuling made very careful arrangements. Send envoys to Qin, Han, Chu, Wei and Qi at the same time, and mobilize some troops to guard the border to prevent accidents. King Wuling learned the lesson from the failure of the last attack and adopted the operational principle of diversion attack this time. The first two armies attacked from the west of Zhongshan, and then the main forces divided into three roads and raided on five sides in the south of Zhongshan, which soon occupied a large area of Zhongshan. Zhongshan was forced to make peace and cede four southern cities. From 305 to 300 years ago, Zhao Jun attacked Zhongshan five times and finally wiped it out. (See the Battle of Zhao Attacking Zhongshan) Since then, Zhao has become one. Zhao became the only big country that could compete with Qin.

Since then, King Wuling has built the Great Wall in the north, deployed defensive positions, and implemented a progressive policy of national harmony, which protected the border areas from Hu Lin, protected the production and life of the people in the border areas, consolidated the northern border areas, and strengthened local unity, laying the foundation for the later Qin and Han Dynasties to unify the northern border areas. Wuling Wang set up Yunzhong, Yanmen and Daishan counties in the newly opened area in the north. Liberating the slaves attached to doctors in the mainland made them rich in Jiuyuan and other places, which accelerated the process of feudalism and developed the vast frontier.

The influence of Khufu's riding and shooting was not only limited at that time, but also had a very positive impact on China's future social development.

Wu Wangling changed Khufu for the objective requirements of riding and shooting, but in fact it not only met the needs of combat, but also facilitated people's productive labor and other social activities more than the original costumes in the Central Plains, thus having a far-reaching impact in history. The superiority of Khufu is more and more accepted by the people of the Central Plains. The riding and shooting of Khufu advocated by King Wuling also had a great influence on the war and traffic in China. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, wagons were used for war and traffic in the Central Plains. King Wuling's riding and shooting promoted the development of cavalry in the Central Plains, symbolizing that the chariot era entered the cavalry era, which was of epoch-making significance in the military history of China. With the development of riding and shooting, horses are gradually used in riding and shooting, which greatly strengthens the exchanges and contacts between regions and promotes the economic and cultural exchanges between regions, especially between the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the border ethnic minorities. , has played a positive role in promoting the development of China culture.

After stabilizing the situation in the north with absolute superiority, King Wuling moved his main goal to the Central Plains to complete the great cause of reunification. He has realized that the only powerful countries at that time were Qin and Zhao, and Qin was his real opponent. So he worked for 27 years (the first 299 years), broke the tradition of supporting the new king after his death, and voluntarily gave the throne to his beloved youngest son, Zhao He, who called himself "father".

He freed himself from complicated government affairs, commanded cavalry, and prepared to attack Qin from Hetao area. In order to be a shoo-in, King Wuling took great risks, disguised himself as an emissary, spying on the situation of the king of Qin, scouting the terrain in Guanzhong and seriously studying the strategy of attacking Qin.

When his father was ambitious, Zhao's interior changed. Because I am emotional and indecisive on the issue of succession to the throne. Eventually trapped in a sand dune.

Comments: Any historical figure has its limitations, and King Wuling of Zhao is no exception. He pays attention to military reform, but talks about political and economic reform; Emotional and indecisive handling of the throne led to Neijiang's weak national strength. Nevertheless, he is still a generation of talents. In the late Qing Dynasty, Liang believed that the northern minorities suffered from China for more than 4,000 years since Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and only four people, namely King Wuling of Zhao, Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Song Wudi, had a little history. He even called King Wuling of Zhao the first person after the Yellow Emperor. Although this has the prejudice of Han chauvinism, it can be shown that King Wuling of Zhao was indeed an outstanding strategist and reformer in ancient China and had a positive and far-reaching influence on the history of China.

Zhao Wuling, the son of Zi Yong and the father of Zhao Huiwen. Zhao Yong was born in the ninth year of Zhao Suhou (34 BC1), not the eldest son of Su Hou.

In the 24th year of Zhao Suhou (326 BC), Zhao Suhou died, and Wei, Chu, Qin, Yan and Qi all sent 10,000 sharp divisions to attend the funeral. Zhao Suhou was a hero before his death. He fought with Wei, Chu, Qin, Yan, Qi and other countries for many years without losing. Zhao was the new overlord of the North. In the later period of Wei Huiwang, Zhao Suhou launched a series of vertical offensives against Wei, which seriously weakened Wei's hegemony for a hundred years again, but it was not enough to stop Zhao's southward advance and swept away the most powerful enemy for Zhao's development to the Central Plains. After Zhao Suhou's death, he immediately joined forces with Chu, Qin, Yan and Qi, and in the name of burial, sent out various elite soldiers to take advantage of Zhao's youth to rebel for Zhao.

For 15-year-old Zhao Wuling Wang, his father's funeral was really dangerous. Maybe Zhao will be wiped out by the five-nation allied forces. With the help of Zhao Suhou's confidant Fei Yi, King Wuling of Zhao decided to take a tit-for-tat and larger foe's tough response, posing as a decisive battle to meet these insidious condolence messengers.

King Wuling of Zhao ordered martial law throughout Zhao, and Zhao troops in Dai Jun, Taiyuan, Shangdang and Handan were on first-class alert, ready to fight. The combination of Korea and Song State, two countries located between Qin, Wei, Chu and Qi, made Zhao, Han and Song form a tortuous structure, leaving Qin, Wei, Chu and Qi in a passive situation of being attacked on two sides or on three sides. He also paid a lot of tribute to the King of Yue, making him attack Chu. First of all, he turned his attention to Yue, an old rival of Chu, which had no border with Zhao. I'm sorry Wang attacked Yan and Zhongshan. Yan is a weak country among the five countries. Under Lou Fan's strong attack, I was very nervous and worried that Zhao and Lou Fan would attack Yan. Although Zhongshan is not a first-class power, because it is wedged into the territory of Zhao, it is often instructed by Qi to attack Handan, the capital of Zhao, from behind, which poses a greater threat to Zhao than its external nemesis. Under the attack of Loufan, Zhongshan has no time to take care of Zhao's fish in troubled waters. After Yanchu was removed, Wei, Qin and Qi groups had no advantage over Zhao, Han and Song groups.

King Wuling of Zhao ordered the troops of the five countries who came to be buried not to enter the border of Zhao. Only the envoys of the five countries were allowed to bring condolences from the kings of various countries into the country, and the ministers in charge of reception in Zhao sent them directly to Handan. Wei, Qin and Qi saw that Zhao was heavily entertained and guarded, and that Zhao, Han and Song had formed an alliance, so they had to give up the idea of taking advantage of Zhao. When the envoys of the five countries entered Zhao, they saw the elite of Zhao assembled in Handan, and the war was imminent. They dare not make any mistakes. After burying Zhao Suhou and King Wuling of Zhao, they left in a hurry. Wei Huiwang's plot to divide the five countries into Zhao was defeated by King Wuling of Zhao. The young king Wuling of Zhao experienced such a severe test when he first ascended the throne.

In the first year of King Wuling of Zhao (325 BC), after failing to draw a map of Zhao, he began to mend the rift between Wei and Zhao, and led his grandson to Zhao to congratulate King Wuling of Zhao on his official accession to the throne. King Wuling of Zhao and Fei Yi also treated each other with courtesy. King Xuan of South Korea and Prince Cang, an important ally of Zhao State, also came to Zhao State to congratulate King Wuling of Zhao on his accession to the throne.

In the third year of King Wuling of Zhao (323 BC), Zhao oppressed Zhongshan and built a city near the border of Zhongshan (now Baixiangbei, Hebei).

Sun Yat-sen is a menace to Zhao, which seriously threatens Zhao's territorial integrity.

Originally from Bai Di, Sun Yat-sen was called a wise fool in the Spring and Autumn Period. In 406 BC, Pai led the Wei and Zhao allied forces to attack and destroy Zhongshan through Zhao. Later, Zhao and Wei became enemies, and Zhongshan became an enclave far from Wei's homeland. It was difficult for Wei to form a strong control over Zhongshan. Less than 30 years after Wei occupied Zhongshan, Zhongshan got rid of Wei's control and was restored.

Zhongshan State is wedged into the center of Zhao State, and only a small part of the northeast corner of the country borders Yan State, and the rest is covered by Zhao State. Zhongshan divided Zhao's territory. Handan, Shangdang County and Jinyang (now southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) are the four major towns of Zhao. Because Zhongshan is isolated, the traffic is extremely difficult. Zhao is a country with nomadic civilization in the north and farming civilization in the south, with a serious separatist tendency. The central government of Zhao, located at the southern end of Handan, has little control over Zhao. Moreover, Zhongshan is a country established by nomadic people, which is inserted between Handan, an important agricultural civilization town, and Handan, a nomadic civilization town, which makes the centrifugal force deviating from the central part of Zhao Handan even greater.

Although Zhongshan is not a first-class power, it is located in the hinterland of Zhao, which poses a great threat to the national security and unity of Zhao. Qi Yan's neighbors colluded with Zhongshan to deal with Zhao. Qi and Yan regarded Zhongshan as the best partner to contain Zhao and gave a lot of assistance to Zhongshan. Due to the obstruction of Qi and Yan, Zhao never got rid of this threat. Although several generations of kings of Zhao wanted to make a difference, Zhao's powerful career was greatly limited by the shackles of Zhongshan. Although Zhao Suhou, a valiant warrior, has repeatedly defeated the powerful countries such as Qi, Wei and Yan, it has not made substantial progress in solving the problem of Zhongshan State. After King Wuling of Zhao ascended the throne, he inherited the legacy of his predecessors and launched an attack on Zhongshan with the help of Fei Yi. Fei Yi is a descendant of the fat man who is from Bai Di with Zhong Shan.

This year, Gongsun Yan, the prime minister of Wei, launched a five-nation joint movement to confront the Lian Heng strategy of Zhang Yi, the prime minister of Qin, and win over Qi and Chu Wei. King Wuling of Zhao did not accept Wei's request for alliance, saying that Zhao's strength was still very weak and he was not qualified to be king. Instead, he degraded himself and let the people call himself king. As a result, the Five Kingdoms Movement of Wei failed, was defeated by Chu, and was forced to cede territory for peace.

In the fourth year of King Wuling of Zhao (322 BC), King Wuling of Zhao and King Xuan of Han held a meeting in the region to study the countermeasures of Zhao and South Korea to the complicated international situation at that time. At the same time, Zhao and Han also finalized the wedding details of Han and Zhao. The marriage between Korea and Zhao was a political marriage decided before his death. The following year, King Wuling of Zhao married a Korean woman.

King Wuling of Zhao saw that the hegemony wars of the Central Plains countries were in a tangled state, and it was difficult to tell the winner in a short time. Therefore, King Wuling of Zhao changed the strategy of going south for the Central Plains and adjusted Zhao's strategy to go north.

In the 11th year of King Wuling of Zhao (3 15 BC), serious civil strife occurred in Yan, a neighboring country of Zhao. Previously, the Prince of Yan was bewitched by Su Dai and Lu Maoshou, and abdicated to Yan Xiangzi, causing civil strife. The prince contacted Qi Xuanwang to beat the child, and Qi Xuanwang agreed. As a result, Prince Ping and General Cheng rose up to attack them and were invincible. The following year, Zi counterattacked and killed the city. Qi introduced Yan, and Qi army killed Prince Yan and. After the Qi army won, it plundered and plundered, which caused great dissatisfaction among Yan people, and Prince Ping could not stop it. Seeing this situation, King Wuling of Zhao decided to intervene in the internal affairs of Yan State and give the orchestra pit to Han Yingli, the son of Yan State. Le Chi, whose ancestral home is Zhongshan, was once an ambassador to the State of Qin for King Wuling of Zhao.

Zhao Wuling's political behavior of welcoming Li Yan's son to Korea is related to the interests of many countries. King Wuling of Zhao wants to welcome the new prince, make him grateful to Zhao, and then form a solid alliance with Zhao. At the same time, King Wuling of Zhao wanted to break the treaty between Yan and South Korea to attack Zhao. Although Zhao and South Korea have formed an alliance, in order to restrict Zhao, South Korea still formed an alliance with Yan, which formed a potential blow to Zhao and prevented Zhao from being unfavorable to South Korea. Yan Gongzi's post entered Korea according to this Covenant. After King Wuling of Zhao ascended the throne, due to the return of the hostage son, the Covenant between Yan and South Korea was automatically lifted. Yan Gongzi, as the new prince of Yan State, should no longer form an alliance with South Korea to attack Zhao State. After the disintegration of the alliance, it will help Zhao to control the two neighboring countries respectively. South Korea's idea is similar to Zhao's, but the angle is different. South Korea believes that although the post of Yan Gongzi is the new prince advocated by Zhao, as the pledge right of Yan Gongzi, South Korea has the most direct decision on whether to let Yan Gongzi return to China. South Korea could have killed the son at the request of Prince Yanping and Qi, but it didn't. Childe is very grateful to Korea. South Korea agreed that Zhao Guo would take over as the son and return to China, mainly considering that South Korea has the grace of not killing the son. In the future, South Korea can use Yan to restrict Qi and Zhao.

Yan Gongzi was the later Yan Zhaowang. Childe is the son of the queen, and Queen Yi is the daughter of King Hui of Qin.

King Wuling of Zhao, with the call to quell the rebellion and expel Qi, sent an army into Yan as his son to fight Prince Ping and the army of Qi. The people of the state of Yan could not bear the looting of the Qi army, and they were also very dissatisfied with Prince Ping's inviting the wolf into the room, and they were very supportive of the post of childe.

King Wuling of Zhao successfully persuaded King Zhongshan to take advantage of the domestic chaos in Yan to attack Yan on a large scale. Zhongshan occupied hundreds of miles of land and dozens of cities in Yan State, and won a great victory.

Although Prince Ping lost his way, Zhang Kuang, the general of the State of Qi, was a big star at that time. It was not an easy task for him to defeat Prince Ping and Zhang Kuang. When Zhao was seen to interfere in the internal affairs of Yan State and be an enemy of Qi State, he sent an elite Qi army to use Yan State's armament potential to fight against Zhao State. King Wuling of Zhao did not put the main force of Zhao into the battle with the Qi army, nor did he want to damage the strength of Zhao for the sake of Yan. In this way, the two sides entered a stalemate. King Wuling of Zhao lied that the Qi army was tough on the son and the queen of Iraq. It was difficult for Zhao to defeat the Qi army, so he asked the son to ask his grandfather Qin Wanghui for help. King Hui of Qin was busy fighting with Yiqu, South Korea, Qi and Chu.

In the 14th year of King Wuling of Zhao (3 12 BC), King Hui of Qin sent troops to attack Yan in two ways, and the Qi army was quickly defeated. Since then, Yan has been a staunch ally of Zhao and Qin for quite a long time. In the fifteenth year of King Wuling of Zhao, the son officially ascended the throne.

In the 16th year of King Wuling of Zhao (3 10 BC), King Wuling of Zhao visited the Daling. One day, he dreamed of a young girl playing the piano and singing: beauty is shining, beauty is glorious. Life depends on life. I've never won. King Wuling of Zhao is very attached to the girl of his dreams. He told the dream to everyone at the banquet and described the image of the girl in detail. Guangwu felt that the girl mentioned by King Wuling of Zhao was too much like his daughter Meng Yao. So he dedicated Meng Yao to King Wuling of Zhao. King Wuling of Zhao loves Meng Yao very much, and Zhao calls him Wu Wa.

In the 19th year of King Wuling of Zhao (307 BC), Qin Wuwang died in the state giant tripod. Qin Wuwang has no children. After Huiwen, her biological mother wanted to establish a half-brother Gongzi Village, and her common mother declared the Queen and wanted to establish a half-brother Gongzi City. The two factions launched a fierce struggle. King Wuling of Zhao paid close attention to the situation in Qin State and took the opportunity to intervene in the politics of Qin State.

This year, a great war broke out between Chu, the first country at that time, and Yue, the second country. Originally, the King of Yue had no boundaries, and Chu Huaiwang agreed to attack Qi with * *. As a result, Chu Huaiwang did not send troops, but crossed the country in a perfunctory way, which caused the country's dissatisfaction. Qi was struggling under the attack of Yue, so he made peace with Yue and proposed to attack Chu. As a result, the allied forces of Vietnam and Qi were defeated and the country of Vietnam was destroyed. Qi's attention was focused on the war.

At this time, Qin, Chu, Qi, Han, Wei, Yue and other countries were in a state of constant melee. At the beginning of Yan Zhaowang, Yan, with the help of her mother, Empress Yi, was building Huang Jintai to attract talents, which destroyed the people's disadvantage and everything was not satisfactory. Only Zhao and Guo Song did not participate in other countries' wars, but tried their best to plan the annexation of land. King Wuling of Zhao formed an alliance with King Yan of Song, and used Song to contain Qi, Wei and Han, the key targets of Zhao's defense, so as not to destroy the good game of attacking and destroying Zhongshan. Song also wanted to use Zhao to contain Qi and Wei, thus annexing the adjacent land between Qi and Wei.

In the face of the chaos in the world, countries have no time to interfere in Zhao's internal affairs. King Wuling of Zhao issued a decree to the whole country to carry out khufu riding and shooting. At the same time, attack Zhongshan on a large scale.

Before the nationwide implementation of Khufu riding and shooting, King Wuling of Zhao had conducted a pilot project in the northern part of Zhao State. Zhao cavalry, an all-round nomad, took advantage of the mobility of the Hu people and abandoned its shortcomings of poor discipline, and achieved a series of victories in the military struggle against the northern Hu people.

Zhao's military use of cavalry and Hu's clothing adapted to riding and shooting existed a long time ago, but it was only the spontaneous behavior of soldiers at that time. This is not someone's creation, but according to the actual needs of military struggle, it is natural to adopt a means of struggle that is easier to win. It can be said that the earliest cavalry in China appeared shortly after nomadic people came into contact with the Central Plains, but the quantity, quality and tactical application were primitive and could not play a major decisive role in the outcome of the war. It took a long time for cavalry to develop into independent arms and then become the main arms of China. Hu people's nomadic life and military training are integrated, and they often win in the battle with the agricultural civilized countries in the Central Plains because of their strong mobility and impact. After several defeats, Zhao, Qin and Yan, countries bordering on nomadic people, adopted the same way of fighting as the Hu people, recruited Hu people cavalry as instructors, or directly served as soldiers to serve the Central Plains countries. However, this kind of hired cavalry is very unreliable and difficult to command. Few generals of Huaxia nationality are good at riding, knowing Hu Yu and Hu Ren culture. Hu people who admire heroism are unwilling to obey generals they don't admire. King Wuling of Zhao wanted to establish a national cavalry that could be firmly controlled by the monarch by combining the direct training of Zhao Shibing into cavalry and the recruitment of Hu cavalry.

Zhao Haoqi Wuling riding and shooting in Khufu, in addition to adapting to the military competition with neighboring countries, the most important purpose is to solve the north-south division caused by two cultures and two political forces represented by Dai Jun and Handan.

Zhao is a country where nomadic civilization is more important than farming civilization. Zhao is the most comprehensive and profound country in the Huaxia system, and the degree of intermarriage between the imperial court and Rong Di is much higher than that of Qin Yan. The objects of intermarriage between Qin and Yan mainly point to the Central Plains countries. The culture of Zhao, like the blood of their monarch, is a mixture of farming civilization in the Central Plains and nomadic people in the north, and the glory of Zhao is more serious than that of Qin. After King Wuling of Zhao ascended the throne, he reused the buildings from Loufan to ease the enmity from Xiongnu. In addition, his father trusted an orphan as an important minister, and Zhao Rongdi's foreign minister became the most important assistant of King Wuling of Zhao. Although Ye Zhao adopted the system of ministers serving in different places, that is, ministers with Rongdi background served in Handan, the center of agricultural civilization, and Huaxia ministers served as officials in nomadic civilized towns, in order to strengthen cultural exchanges between the two places, and the monarch controlled the two factions of ministers. However, this method obviously has little effect. Dai Jun and Handan became two important strongholds of Zhao's coup in the past century. Moreover, Dai Jun's influence has been infiltrating into Taiyuan County, another important town of nomadic civilization, and Handan has taken control of Shangdang County near the Central Plains. The split between the north and the south of Zhao is expanding. Zhao's two cultures and two political forces are in a state of constant struggle, and they are getting farther and farther away. This requires Zhao Wuling's iron fist to integrate, clarify their respective positions, and integrate into a whole that is more dependent on exclusion.

Zhao's internal affairs are very different from those of other Central Plains countries. The internal contradictions in other Central Plains countries are mainly reflected in the contradiction between imperial nobles and military nobles who are mostly landlords and farmers, while the internal contradictions in Zhao are reflected in the contradiction between Chinese ministers and foreign ministers with military background. The contradiction between the two factions is often caused by the fact that the ministers of Huaxia nationality despise and crowd out the ministers of Rongdi nationality. Before King Wuling of Zhao, there were many coups in Zhao, the frequency of which was the highest in all countries at that time. Among the two factions vying for the monarch, one is supported by ministers with Rong Emperor background and based in Dai Jun, and the other is supported by Chinese ministers and based in Handan. Handan and Dai Jun are separated by the north and south of Zhao, which is the base of Zhao's March into the Central Plains, and also the stronghold that restricts Rong Di. There is a Zhongshan country between Handan and Dai Jun, so it is inconvenient for Handan to communicate with Dai Jun through Shangdang County and Taiyuan County on the west side of Taihang Mountain. The connection between Handan and Dai Jun is far less close than that between Zhongyuan and Rongdi, which are close to Handan. There are great differences in nationality and culture between the two towns, and the inconvenient transportation makes it worse. Handan's control over Dai Jun has always been weak. For the need of military struggle with Rongdi, Dai Jun has great autonomy and can act cheaply. Handan and actually are the two capitals where Zhao implemented the North-South strategy. After controlling Daixian County, many nobles of Zhao had the strength to challenge the central government of Zhao. Zhao Guojun likes to use ministers who have no complicated background and were born in Rongdi. They are superior in ability and easy to control, far better than the members of the imperial clan with average ability but great ambition.

Zhao is bordered by nomadic peoples such as Loufan, Donghu, Yiqu, Kongtong and Zhongshan. There are a large number of Hu people and their descendants here, and Hu culture is deeply rooted in Ye Zhao. Due to the prevalence of nomadic culture in Zhao, it is practical for King Wuling of Zhao to adapt to the objective situation and vigorously advocate Hu Huajiao.

In order to improve people's confidence in carrying out the policy of Khufu's riding and shooting throughout the country, King Wuling of Zhao won a series of victories in the war against Zhongshan with his limited cavalry, and made a realistic and powerful propaganda on the benefits of Khufu's riding and shooting.

King Wuling of Zhao led his small but elite cavalry to attack Zhongshan State in the north, defeated the main force of Zhongshan State in the government (now southwest of Gaoyi, Hebei Province), crossed Zhongshan State from south to north, and reached Daixian County of Zhao State, which greatly inspired the confidence of the people of Zhao State. King Wuling of Zhao arrived at Wuji Gate (now Zhangbei South of Hebei Province), an important town at the junction of Zhao and Loufan, and then crossed the sphere of influence of Loufan and Hu Lin and turned westward to the Yellow River. King Wuling of Zhao crossed the Yellow River and boarded the Huanghua Zone where Hulin people lived for a long time on the west bank of the Yellow River. During this trip, King Wuling of Zhao fought with nomadic cavalry many times, and none of them lost.

King Wuling of Zhao is the only monarch in the history of Zhao who has traveled all over the country. Throughout the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao was also one of the few monarchs who traveled all over the country. King Wuling of Zhao personally led the cavalry to rush between Loufan and Hu Lin, the two sworn enemies of Zhongshan and the North. There is no doubt that this is a legendary political advertisement. There is no need to elaborate on the Qiang Bing effect of riding and shooting, which greatly enhances Zhao's confidence and yearning for riding and shooting.

After King Wuling of Zhao took the lead, he began to solicit opinions from the representatives of both sides. Fei Yi, Lou Huan, et al. People with military background certainly agree, and starting from Zhao's national conditions, topography, humanities and other realities, discuss the benefits of riding and shooting to end the country's division, enhance the country's competitiveness and promote the country's deep reunification. The nobles of the Zhao clan, represented by Wang Wuling's uncle, Gongzi Cheng, Zhao Zao and Zhao Jun, did not want to lose their power, and stopped Wang Wuling's riding and shooting in Khufu on the grounds that it would inevitably lead to changes in various national policies and easily lead to instability in the domestic situation.

King Wuling of Zhao patiently persuaded Gong Zicheng, the leader of the imperial clan aristocratic group, to show him the determination of reform and the overall idea of comprehensive reform marked by Khufu riding and shooting. Gong Zicheng was persuaded. Because of the childe's acceptance of Khufu's riding and shooting, the nobles of the imperial clan of Zhao also agreed.

Therefore, King Wuling of Zhao officially issued a decree, and Khufu rode and shot throughout the state of Zhao as an official, which made clear the dominant position of nomadic culture, and therefore reused a large number of people with humble origins and military backgrounds. King Wuling of Zhao dares to take the initiative to break the traditional concept of "China is the most precious, and honor is the lowest", which is very rare in the Central Plains countries.

King Wuling of Zhao took the elite cavalry he trained as an officer training regiment and began to train cavalry officers. The original infantry and infantry generals must undergo strict training and examination if they want to become cavalry. At the same time, King Wuling of Zhao also recruited a large number of Hu people to enrich the cavalry. Because King Wuling of Zhao controlled the cavalry officers, this newly formed cavalry army was different from the previous cavalry mercenaries and was firmly controlled by King Wuling of Zhao. King Wuling of Zhao took the opportunity to form and select cavalry, reorganized Zhao's infantry system from top to bottom, and personally selected infantry generals. King Wuling of Zhao strictly followed the principle of ability when selecting military generals. In this way, many capable people from all over the country were appointed and a large number of Zhao's aristocratic families were abolished. King Wuling of Zhao controlled the military power of Zhao more firmly by adjusting and rebuilding the military system.

Cavalry is a relatively technical unit, and the selection and training of generals and soldiers are very strict. The cost of training and equipping a cavalry is equivalent to ten infantry, and the treatment given to cavalry by the state is aristocratic. Cavalry was the special forces and officers corps at that time, and it was the military privileged class of Zhao State. After riding and shooting, the military generals of Zhao mainly came from cavalry, at least once served in cavalry. Because of the special treatment of cavalry and the excellent future of officers, the people of Zhao want to have a cavalry, preferably a cavalry general, in their home. So, Zhao people