Comment on Emperor Kangxi's foreign policy?

Regarding the Sino-foreign relations in the Kangxi period, there are two aspects in the TV series: First, Sino-Russian relations; The second is about Jesuits coming to China. Let's talk about this first question.

First, Sino-Russian relations during the Kangxi period.

1. Russia began to invade northeast China.

Speaking of Sino-Russian relations during the Kangxi period, we know that the first act of the Russians in the Kangxi Dynasty is the fifteenth episode: It is said that while Wu Sangui was plotting to launch a rebellion (San Francisco rebellion), Russian envoy Gorni met Emperor Kangxi! Call the leader of their country czar Peter I!

The question is, has this ever happened in history?

Nothing like this has ever happened in history! Because Peter I ascended the throne in 1682, Peter was only 10 years old at this time; In addition, the "San Francisco rebellion" at this time has been quelled.

A new problem has arisen. Isn't czarist Russia a European country? When did this country border on China?

It's a long story Give a brief introduction. 16th century ago, Russia was originally a European country; 158 1 year, Russia began to cross the ural mountains and step into the Asian territory; 1632, Yakutsk was established and Russia began to border with China. 1643, Russia took advantage of the turmoil in the Central Plains during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and began to enter our territory, encroaching on the land in the Heilongjiang River basin that had been under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty for a long time, and territorial disputes began to appear between China and Russia. Of course, the invasion of Russia was a shameful failure, and the heroic Daur people drove away the invaders.

1650, Russia invaded the Heilongjiang river basin again, and the local soldiers and civilians failed after more than two years of tenacious resistance. Russia's power has increased. 1654, they invaded the area east of Lake Baikal and occupied Nebuchadnezzar. Since then, the two sides have fought many times in this area, and they have won and lost each other; After Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, the Russian invaders continued to expand their achievements and established a series of colonial strongholds in the whole Heilongjiang River basin.

After Emperor Kangxi came to power, he made serious preparations for thoroughly solving the problem of the northeast frontier. After everything was ready, Emperor Kangxi began to send envoys to Nebuchadnezzar Chu for negotiations on 1669. 1670, the two sides held the second negotiation in Beijing. However, the subsequent "San Francisco Uprising" stopped this process: Russian invaders concentrated in the Qilihe and Ergon rivers.

After the "San Francisco Rebellion" ended, the Qing government formally established the Heilongjiang General in 1783, with Sabusu as the first general and 2,000 men under his command, which stopped further Russian aggression in time and laid the foundation for the later recovery of jaxa.

However, at this time, Zheng regime in Taiwan Province Province changed hands, Zheng Jing died and Zheng Keshuang acceded to the throne. Emperor Kangxi determined the principle of south first and then north, and took the lead in solving the problem of Taiwan Province Province. 1683, the Qing dynasty recovered Taiwan Province province. Emperor Kangxi began to concentrate all his energy on solving the northeast frontier problem.

Let's look at the meaning of the TV series Kangxi Dynasty. It seems that Emperor Kangxi successfully solved the problem of the northeast frontier, and the demand map can be described as a success!

The question is, is this really the case in history?

This is not the case in history! The reason why we see that the demand map seems to be the success of a horse is actually the success of this so-called horse!

At that time, China not only fought Russia, but also fought this war more than once!

Do you think these invaders will sign the peace treaty so honestly if they are not defeated? Joke!

2.jaxa fought back twice in self-defense.

Both China and Russia fought in the same place-JAXA!

In order to find out the enemy's situation, Emperor Kangxi personally went to Shengjing in 1682, and sent generals Peng Chun and Tan Lang to the border for reconnaissance in the name of hunting. On the one hand, local officials are required to build warships and castles to prepare for conquering the enemy. When they came back, they reported that as long as 3,000 people brought 20 red cannons, the problem could be solved. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/683, Emperor Kangxi appointed Saber as the general of Heilongjiang, and at the same time expanded Aihui City to prepare for expelling Russian troops.

Emperor Kangxi made all preparations. In the summer of 1683, he sent a letter to the Russian military leader in jaxa, ordering him to withdraw from jaxa as soon as possible. Instead of refusing to withdraw, the Russian army sent more troops to jaxa to confront the Qing Dynasty. Seeing that a peaceful solution was impossible, Emperor Kangxi issued an order to March.

/kloc-in the first month of 0/685, Emperor Kangxi appointed Peng Chun as the commander-in-chief, led fifteen thousand troops of the army and water army, drove to the gates of Jacques and surrounded jaxa.

After several years of preparation, the Russian army built the castle very firmly. After observing the terrain, Peng Chun built a heaped-up mountain in the south of the city, let the soldiers stand on the heaped-up mountain and put the crossbow into the city. The Russian army in the city thought that the Qing soldiers were going to attack in the south of the city, so they withdrew their troops to the south of the city. I don't know that the Qing army put a cannon in a hidden place in the north of the city, and suddenly blew it up while the enemy's defense in the north of the city was empty. Shells roared at the head of the city and flew into the city. The enemy's tower was hit by a shell and ignited a fire.

As the sky turned pale, the Qing army piled up firewood at the gate and prepared to set fire to the city.

The Russian military leader was terrified out of his wits and threw up a white flag over the city to surrender.

According to the prior instructions of Emperor Kangxi, Peng Chun released all surrendered Russian troops and ordered them to return to their homes. Tolbuzin, the leader of the Russian army, left with a sad face and beaten army.

After the withdrawal of Russian troops, Peng Chun ordered soldiers to demolish all the castles in jaxa and let people cultivate them. Then, take the army back to Aihui City.

However, the Russian military leaders who suffered a fiasco did not give up. They got the news of the retreat of the Qing army. Soon after, they led the troops to sneak back to jaxa to build the castle stronger.

When the border alert reached Beijing, Emperor Kangxi decided to wipe out the invading army completely. 1in the summer of 686, Kangxi ordered Sabl, the general of Heilongjiang Province, to lead 2,500 men to attack jaxa again. This time, the fire of the Qing army was even more fierce. The Russian army went out of the city to fight back several times and was beaten back by the Qing army. Tolbuzin, the leader of the guarding city, was shot; Leaving a group of invading troops who had to hide in the cellar. Within a few days, they fell ill and died, leaving only 150 people.

The Russian government rushed to Beijing to ask for negotiations. Emperor Kangxi ordered the siege to stop.

It is in this case that Nebuchadnezzar Chu's demand map negotiation has become so smooth!

3. Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty

Suoyutu 1688 left Beijing for negotiations in Russia. Before leaving Beijing, Emperor Kangxi instructed that Nebuchadnezzar Chu, jaxa, the upper and lower reaches of Heilongjiang, a river and a stream leading to this river were all ours. 1689, the government of China sent representatives to Soto, and the Russian government also sent Golovin as a representative to Nebuchadnezzar for peace talks, dividing the border between the two countries and confirming that the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins are the territory of China. This is the treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu. This is an equal treaty, a victory of the jaxa War, and ensures the stability of the Northeast Frontier.

Second, the problem of Jesuits coming to China in Kangxi period

In the process of watching the TV series Kangxi Dynasty, we will certainly notice such a scene: there is a French translator in the process of negotiating the demand map with Nebuchadnezzar Chu!

The question is, is there really a translator from France in history? How did this French translator come to China? Just like in the TV series, when Emperor Kangxi attacked Galdin, he happened to meet Zhang Cheng and Bai Jin on his deathbed. Zhang Cheng and Bai Jin cured Emperor Kangxi's illness with their own cinchona cream, thus winning the trust of Emperor Kangxi.

There are several questions:

First, during Emperor Kangxi's attack on galdan, Mr. Zhang and Bai Jin did not come to China. Historically, Emperor Kangxi attacked galdan three times, the earliest time was in 1690.

Mr. Zhang Cheng and Bai Jin and his party ***6 people are the missionary group of French King Louis XIV. They started from 1685 and arrived in Beijing from 1687.

They also brought 30 boxes of scientific instruments and books from France as gifts. After seeing these unusual gifts, Emperor Kangxi immediately decided to let Bai Jin and Rizo enter the palace as officials and serve as his scientific advisers.

Second, in the process of Nebuchadnezzar Chu's negotiation, there was indeed a translator from France, and this translator from France was really Zhang Cheng. He was ordered to participate in the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu negotiations and the signing of a peace treaty.

Third, Emperor Kangxi did take the medicine of French Jesuits-Cinchona ointment (quinine)!

But it was not the time when Emperor Kangxi attacked galdan, nor was it in the Mongolian grassland, and the people who gave medicine were not Mr. Zhang Cheng and Mr. Bai Jin.

1693, Emperor Kangxi fell ill, and it was cold in the ice room and hot in the oven. After the doctor took the medicine, the effect was not good and the high fever persisted. Two French missionaries, Hong Ruohan and Liu Ying, told Emperor Kangxi that the disease was nothing more than malaria, and taking western medicine cinchona cream would be effective and would be cured. Emperor Kangxi is really blessed. Two missionaries who preached in Guangdong have just received a whole catty of cinchona paste from France. Kangxi immediately ordered two Taoist priests to bring medicine into Beijing immediately.

Emperor Kangxi ignored the physician's blocking and took cinchona cream, and he really recovered. Cinchona cream has since entered China. Emperor Kangxi also decided: first, from now on, western missionaries are allowed to preach in Beijing; Second, give them the palace of foreign minister Suksaha; Third, they are allowed to build Catholic churches on the given land; Fourth, give them money and materials, and ask the Ministry of Industry to help build this Catholic church-Beijing Nantang.

At the same time, 1693, Bai Jin returned to China on the orders of Emperor Kangxi. 1697 gave a lecture on the book of changes in Paris, 1698 returned from France.

The question is, what is the purpose of Mr. Zhang and Bai Jin's coming to China?

The main purpose is to spread Catholicism. Since Matteo Ricci came to China in 1582, these Jesuits have lived in China for nearly 300 years. While spreading Catholicism, it also spread advanced western culture.

A new problem has arisen. Emperor Kangxi was so open-minded to these western Jesuits. Why do his descendants behave in a completely different way from him?

1704, the king of Roman law sent Doro to China, forbidding China believers to worship heaven, Confucius and ancestors, which angered Emperor Kangxi. Doro was expelled from Macau, and all Christians who did not work in Qin were allowed to leave Tian Jian. Since then, western learning has gradually cooled down in Jiaqing.