What history and culture did the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games show in China?

China Cultural Elements Collection of the Opening Ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games 2008-08- 10 19:02 The opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games won unprecedented success and praise for its majestic, exquisite and ingenious ideas! The creative team, headed by Lao Mou Zi, vividly interpreted the traditional cultural elements of China, leaving deep feelings in their hearts! After the opening ceremony, I couldn't calm down for a long time and was immersed in beautiful memories for a long time. I found the video of the opening ceremony today and played it back and forth several times. I counted all the cultural elements in China, which was very enjoyable, because I was ignorant, and there might be some cultural elements that I didn't notice. Please add them up! Please correct me if there is anything wrong.

Sundial:

The sundial, also known as the "sundial instrument", is an ancient timekeeping instrument in China. Time sculpture that best embodies scientific charm and artistic taste! A device that uses the shadow cast by the sun to determine time. Also known as "solar gauge", it is an ancient time measuring instrument in China that used the sun shadow to measure time. It usually consists of a copper pointer and a stone disk. The pointer made of copper is called "Gong Pin", which passes through the center of the disk vertically and acts as a neutral rod in the standard watch. Therefore, Gong Pin is also called "table", and the disk made of stone is called "Gong Mian". On the stone platform, the stone platform is high in the south and low in the north, making Gong Mian parallel to the equatorial plane of the sky. In this way, 12 large squares are carved on the front and back sides of the brick surface, and each large square represents two hours. When the sun shines on the sundial, the shadow of the sundial needle will be cast on the surface of the sundial, and the sun will move from east to west, and the shadow cast by the sundial needle on the surface will slowly move from west to east. Therefore, the moving shadow of the coffin needle seems to be the pointer of modern clocks and watches, and the coffin surface is the surface of clocks and watches to show the time.

FOU (fou):

This is a pottery vessel for holding wine. When you beat it, it becomes music. In 279 BC, in the name of enhancing the friendship between the two countries, the King of Qin sent an envoy to meet the King of Zhao in Mianchi (now Mianchi County, Henan Province). In fact, he wanted to blackmail the prince of Zhao, who knew that the king of Qin was fragile and worried about a plot against Qin, so he didn't go. However, Lin Xiangru, the counselor, and Lian Po, the general, thought twice, and advocated that the prince of Zhao should go to the meeting. If he didn't go, Qin laughed at him and killed himself. The prince of Zhao thought that the two ministers were right, and decided to meet the king of Qin at Mianchi, and ordered Lin Xiangru to accompany him. General Lian Po arranged heavy troops at the border to prevent accidents. At the banquet, the king of Qin was full of domineering, pretending to be drunk and teasing the king of Zhao by innuendo, saying, "I heard that the king of Zhao is good at playing the harp, and I want to invite him to play a song today to entertain me." The prince of Zhao dared not disobey and managed to play a song. Unexpectedly, the prince of Zhao was trapped, and Qin historians quickly recorded it: on a certain day of a certain month, the king of Qin ordered the king of Zhao to play drums. Lin Xiangru was very angry when he saw this. He walked up to the king of Qin and said, "The king of Zhao heard that the king of Qin was good at fighting, and he won today's meeting. He also asked the king to beat him. " The king of Qin refused, with a firm refusal. Lin Xiangru asked again, "If your majesty doesn't obey, I'm willing to spill blood from my neck on your majesty within these five steps." The king of Qin immediately drew his sword to kill Lin Xiangru. Lin Xiangru deadpan, loudly reprimanded, the crowd was dumbfounded with fear, and the air was extremely tense. In order to alleviate the immediate crisis, the king of Qin had to knock a few hammers. Lin Xiangru immediately ordered the Zhao Historian to write down: On a certain day, a certain month, a certain year, the king of Qin attacked the king of Zhao.

The jar struck by the king of Qin here is the jar in the word kiln, which is the pottery used to hold wine in ancient times. It was used as a musical instrument in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Chinese characters are hieroglyphics at the earliest, and the formation of the structure of "kiln" has a certain foundation. This leads to our research from a certain aspect. The most primitive cave dwelling is to use ready-made caves, or dig caves, build them with stones, and fire pottery such as "utensils" in them. Until the later Dragon Kilns, Ban Kilns, and even today's inverted flame kilns and tunnel kilns, there was a "cave", which was a firing chamber for firing various products and was made of various refractory materials. The products fired inside are not ancient and simple, but all kinds of exquisite ceramic products.

Thousands of miles away:

Wang Ximeng, a painter in the Song Dynasty, wrote a national map of thousands of miles. The scroll shows mountains, deep valleys, flat slopes of peaks, streams flying springs, wild cities in water towns, fishing boats and yachts, small bridges and waterwheels, pavilions and pavilions, as well as people's activities such as fishing, sightseeing, traveling and crossing. It completely inherits the expression of green mountains and green waters since Sui and Tang Dynasties, and highlights the dense green effect of stone, bluestone and green, making the picture bright and rich. Water, sky, trees and stones are all rendered in the colors of pink and ochre. Sketch the outline, occasionally draw the trunk without bones, and touch the hillside, which enriches the expressive force of green landscape. The activities of the characters are lifelike. Full of the author's longing for a better life.

Papermaking:

The origin of papermaking in China is closely related to silk floss. Cai Lun invented papermaking in the first year of Yuan Xing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (105). He made paper from plant raw materials such as bark, hemp head, cloth, fishing net, etc., through crushing, ramming, papermaking and baking, which is the origin of modern paper.

Movable type printing:

Bi Sheng, a folk inventor in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing and improved block printing. Bi Sheng was an ordinary civilian intellectual in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, and was called Buyi at that time. He summed up the rich practical experience of block printing in past dynasties. After repeated experiments, he made clay movable type in Song Renzong in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1 ~ 1048) and made typesetting and printing, thus completing a major revolution in the history of printing. The method of movable type printing in Bi Sheng is as follows: make a blank with the same specification with clay, carve a reflexive character at one end, and the raised height of the character is the same as the thickness of the copper coin edge, and harden it with fire to become a single movable type with clay.

Four Treasures of the Study (pen and ink):

The old days were the floorboard of paper, ink, pen and inkstone. A study is a study. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Yijian wrote Four Books and Four Treasures of the Study, describing the types and authenticity of these four kinds of stationery. These stationery have a long history of production and a wide variety, with famous products and artists throughout the ages. For example, Xuan paper in Jingxian County, Anhui Province (formerly Ningguo House, which produced paper in the name of Xuancheng House), Hui ink in Shexian County (formerly Huizhou House), Hubi in Xing Wu, Zhejiang Province (formerly Huzhou House), Duanyan in Gaoyao, Guangdong Province, and Shexian County (formerly state house) with the same name as Duanyan.

Guqin:

Guqin, also known as lyre, Qin Yu and lyre, is one of the oldest plucked instruments in China. Guqin has been popular since Confucius' time. It has been circulating in the history of China for more than 3,000 years without interruption. At the beginning of this century, it was called "Guqin". In the long historical stage of ancient China society, "Qinqi Calligraphy and Painting" has always been regarded as the only way for literati to cultivate their self-cultivation. Guqin, because of its clear, harmonious, light and elegant musical character, embodies the lofty and detached attitude of Feng Ling, a scholar, ranking first in music, chess, calligraphy and painting. "Qin, love also; Offenders are prohibited. " Playing the flute and playing the piano, reciting poems and painting, climbing high and traveling far, and singing wine songs have become a vivid portrayal of literati life.

Ancient heritage:

Guqin has a beautiful shape and has always been valued by piano makers. The Legacy of Taikoo written by Zhiweng in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest guqin-style ancient book in China. Among the existing guqin, the most common styles are Fuxi, Zhong Ni, Julian, Sunset and Moon. Although there are many styles of guqin, they differ only in the inner bend of the neck and waist. Since the Song Dynasty, the piano system has gradually changed from large to small. Generally speaking, the piano system of The Legacy of Taikoo is alto, and Qin Tang belongs to the second line of grand piano. China's piano manufacturing has a long history. The Tang and Song Dynasties were the golden age of guqin production, and many treasures with beautiful shapes, exquisite craftsmanship, loud voices and beautiful timbre appeared. "Taikooli Yin Qin" appeared in the late Tang Dynasty, with a length of 1.22 cm, a forehead width of 22 cm and a tail width of 1.4 cm. On the back, the calligraphy "Taigu Yin Qin" is engraved above Longchi, and the seal script "Qinghe" is engraved below the pond. It was once treasured by the late Shandong pianist Zhan. Guqin music is mainly influenced by Confucianism's peaceful, gentle and sincere thought, and Taoism's thought of conforming to nature, being loud and happy, and being subtle and indifferent.

Scroll painting:

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a very important period in China's painting history. The long-term war in the whole country, the confrontation between the north and the south, and the frequent changes of dynasties made the academic thoughts particularly active at that time, which promoted the development of art. During this period, grotto murals, tomb murals, stone carvings, brick carvings and lacquer paintings were quite considerable, and professional painters and painters appeared. Moreover, as the basis of China's painting theory, the "vivid theory" and "six laws theory" were also put forward during this period. In painting, Gu Kaizhi and his scroll paintings are the most representative.

Calligraphy:

Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters in China were created by working people and began to be recorded by pictures. After thousands of years of development, it has evolved into today's writing. Because our ancestors invented the brush, calligraphy came into being. Throughout the ages, Chinese characters were mainly written with a brush. As for other writing forms, such as hard pen and finger book, their writing rules are not completely different from those of brush, but they are basically the same. Based on tracing the source (after Oracle bone inscriptions), this paper focuses on the law of writing Chinese characters with a brush. As long as we have a "narrow" understanding of calligraphy, it will be of great benefit to understand "broad" calligraphy.

Landscape painting:

There was a famous painter named Dong Yuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. Dong Yuan is a painter in China Southern Tang Dynasty. One is Dong Yuan, and his name is Shu Da. He is from Zhong Ling, Jiangxi, and calls himself "Jiangnan". The date of birth and death is unknown, mainly in the Southern Tang Dynasty (934 ~ 960). Li Jing, the leader of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was then the deputy envoy of Beiyuan, so he was also called "Northeast Garden". After the death of the Southern Tang Dynasty, he entered the Song Dynasty.

Dong Yuan is not only good at painting landscapes, but also can draw cows, tigers, dragons and figures. As a landscape painter, Dong Yuan is not specialized. Song people praised its colorful landscape and Li Sixun style. But its most primitive and highest achievement is ink landscape. He used pockmarked skin and moss to decorate the natural scenery of Jiangnan, which wonderfully conveyed the scenery of Jiangnan, with dark peaks, hidden islands and hidden trees. He used his pen carelessly. He is short-sighted and doesn't have many objects, but from a distance, his skills are jaw-dropping and creative. His representative works "Waiting for Crossing at Xiajing Mountain Mouth" and "Xiaoxiang Map" vividly show the specific scenery of the hills and rivers and lakes in the south of the Yangtze River in summer. His pen and ink techniques are completely adapted to the specific scenery he shows.

Pottery:

Pottery refers to objects made of clay, which are processed by hand kneading, wheel making and molding. And baked at 800- 1000℃. The blank is opaque, porous, absorbent and the sound of knocking is unclear. Pottery can be divided into fine pottery and coarse pottery, white or colored, without glaze or glaze. The varieties are gray pottery, red pottery, white pottery, painted pottery and black pottery. It has a strong flavor of life and a unique artistic style. As early as Shang dynasty, glazed pottery and hard glazed pottery with porcelain properties appeared. Pottery has a variety of manifestations, including animals, pavilions and utensils used in daily life. The invention of pottery is an important process of human civilization-it is the first time that human beings have created new things by using natural things according to their own will. According to the late Paleolithic pottery pieces found in Nihewan area of Yangyuan County, Hebei Province, the pottery in China has a long history of 1 1700 years.

Bronze ware:

Mainly refers to the artifacts made of copper-tin alloy in the pre-Qin period, referred to as "bronzes". Including cookers, food containers, wine containers, water containers, musical instruments, chariots and horses ornaments, bronze mirrors, hooks, weapons, tools and weights and measures. Popular in the late Neolithic period to the Qin and Han dynasties, Shang and Zhou artifacts are the most exquisite. Gadgets or decorations appear first. There were bronze containers and weapons in the Xia Dynasty. In the middle of Shang Dynasty, the varieties of bronzes were very rich, with inscriptions and exquisite patterns. From the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, it was the heyday of bronze ware development, with diverse shapes, rich inscriptions and rich patterns. Subsequently, the bronze matrix began to thin, and the decorative pattern gradually simplified. From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, due to the popularization and use of iron tools, copper tools became less and less. During the Qin and Han dynasties, with the introduction of porcelain and lacquerware into daily life, the variety of copper containers decreased, the decoration was simple, most of them were plain, and the carcass was light. Ancient Chinese bronzes are the great contribution of our ancestors to human material civilization. Although according to the current archaeological data, Chinese bronzes appeared later than some other places in the world, there is no place in the world where bronzes can be compared with ancient Chinese bronzes in terms of scale of use, casting technology, plastic arts and varieties. This is one of the reasons why China ancient bronzes occupy a unique position in the history of world art and attract widespread attention.

Porcelain:

China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world, which has written a glorious page for human history. The invention of porcelain can be called "the fifth great invention" in China. Its achievements in technology and art have spread to all countries in the world, and have deeply influenced the development of its ceramics and culture, winning the reputation of "the country of porcelain" for China.

China is the hometown of porcelain, and the invention of porcelain is a great contribution of the Chinese nation to world civilization. In English, the word "China" also means "China". China's early porcelain appeared in the middle of Shang Dynasty in BC16th century. It is generally called "primitive porcelain" because it is still rough in the firing process of the carcass and glaze layer, and the firing temperature is also low, showing originality and transition.

The invention of "porcelain" began in the Han Dynasty and gradually matured in the Tang and Five Dynasties. In Song Dynasty, porcelain industry flourished, including Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln and Equality Kiln. The name is eternal; New products such as blue-and-white and underglaze red appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty inherited and developed the tradition of Song porcelain and advocated morality. Chenghua kiln products are particularly prominent; The style of Qing dynasty is quaint and simple, slightly inferior to before, but superior to exquisite, gorgeous and wonderful. The artifacts of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong are outstanding and amazing.

Confucius:

Confucius (from September 28th, 55 1 year to April 28th, 479, AD 1 1 year) was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period in Luhan. English: Confucius, Confucius. China was a great thinker, politician and educator in ancient times, the founder of Confucianism and a world cultural celebrity. Confucius' thoughts on words and deeds are mainly contained in The Analects of Confucius and The Five Classics.

Confucius brothers ranked second, so some people called them "Kong Laoer". Lu people in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Born in Changping Township (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) on September 28th, 55 BC1year (August 27th in the summer calendar); He died on April 1 1 day (February 11th of the lunar calendar) in 479 BC at the age of 72 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, Kong Lin.

Confucius' ancestor was a nobleman in the Song Dynasty, and it declined several generations before Confucius. Confucius worked as a few junior officials when he was young, but he spent most of his life on education. According to legend, there are as many as 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. They have taught many knowledgeable and talented students, and "peaches and plums are all over the world" comes from here. Confucius was appointed as the head of state of Lu; Later, he took his disciples around the world; Finally, I returned to Shandong and concentrated on teaching. In the 5,000-year history of China, Confucius was the person who had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation. When he was alive, he was known as "the sage of the heavens", "the muduo of the heavens" and "the sage of the ages". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. Qiu's name comes from his parents praying for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain. He wrote poems, books, rituals and music, and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals after Zhouyi.

Clothing during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period;

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 ~ 22 BC1), weaving and embroidery technology made great progress, which made the clothing materials more and more refined and the variety names more and more varied. Brocade in Xiangyi, Henan, ice dance, romance and embroidery in Qilu, Shandong are popular all over the country. The spread of technology makes a variety of exquisite clothes stand out. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, not only the princes themselves were luxuriantly dressed, but even the courtiers Ke Qingshi wore pearls and jade around their waists, and clothes, crowns and shoes were very expensive.

The Analects of Confucius:

The Analects of Confucius is the first quotation. The typicality of China's articles also stems from this. The Analects faithfully records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and also reflects Confucius' thoughts. There are twenty articles in this edition of The Analects. The core of the political thought of Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, is "benevolence", "courtesy" and "righteousness".

The meaning of the title "The Analects of Confucius" is as follows: it mainly compiles many remarks made by Confucius and his disciples, and secondly records many social practice activities.

The Analects of Confucius is divided into twenty chapters, and the title of each article consists of the first few words of the first chapter plus the serial number. Each article consists of several chapters. On the surface, there seems to be no necessary connection between the article and the chapter, but in essence it is a seamless whole.

Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone, Confucius thought has been determined as the supreme position. The influence of Confucius' thought in the history of China is far-reaching and extensive, and his thought has permeated almost every field of China's history.

Confucianism, founded by Confucius, has been the mainstream ideology of society since the Han Dynasty. Confucianism has played an irreplaceable role in the consolidation, development and continuation of China society. It deeply penetrated and influenced China's political, economic, philosophical, literary, historical, artistic, folk and other cultural and ideological fields. It defines the characteristics of China culture, shapes the character of our nation, and shapes the spiritual outlook of our nation.

Bamboo slips:

Written materials from Warring States to Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is cut from a long and narrow bamboo (with sawdust). Bamboo chips are called Jane, and sawdust is called letters or bamboo slips, which are collectively called Jane. Now bamboo slips are generally called bamboo slips. All the books are written with brush and ink. The book is three feet long (about 67.5cm) for writing imperial edicts and decrees, two feet four inches (about 56cm) for copying scriptures, and one foot (about 23cm) for writing folk letters. Important discoveries have been made in Changsha, Hunan, Jingzhou, Hubei, Linyi, Shandong, Dunhuang, Juyan, Wuwei and other northwest regions. Among them, books from the Eastern Han Dynasty were unearthed in Juyan.

Bamboo slips are mostly bamboo pieces, each piece writes a line, and all the bamboo pieces of an article are woven together, which is called "bamboo slips". This is the earliest book form in ancient China, and the wood chips used for writing characters are called wooden slips, which are mostly used for writing short articles. Ancient bamboo slips can also be embodied by modern technology.

Muppets:

Muppets rooted in Quanzhou, a famous historical and cultural city, were called "Silk Puppet" in ancient times, also known as "Silk Opera", and were commonly known as "Kerry" among the people. It is an ancient and rare opera popular in Minnan language area, which has formed a set of stable and complete performance norms and more than 700 traditional plays for hundreds of years.

Among all kinds of puppet shows in China, Quanzhou puppet show is the only one that still has its own musical "puppet tune". Up to now, nearly 300 pieces of Qupai and ancient musical instruments such as Nangu and Gong Ju have been completely preserved.

Quanzhou puppet has a complete image structure and exquisite production, especially the carving and pastel techniques of the puppet head, which are unique. Quanzhou's puppet head has a clear outline and refined lines, which inherits the carving and painting styles of the Tang and Song Dynasties. On the basis of inheriting his traditional skills, contemporary puppet head production pays more attention to exaggeration and deformation, especially to individuality and expressiveness. It is a well-known folk craft treasure at home and abroad.

Generally speaking, the image of Quanzhou puppet has more than 16 lines, and even more than 30 slender hanging lines, which are diverse in lines and complicated in operation. Compared with most traditional puppet shows in China, skill performance is the most difficult.

Peking Opera:

Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", is composed of two basic tones, Xipi and Huanger. It also sings some local tunes (such as Liu Zi Opera and Blowing Opera) and Kunqu Qupai. 1840 was formed in Beijing and prevailed in 1930s and 40s. It is sometimes called "National Opera". It is still a big drama with national influence. It is the representative of China modern opera, with comprehensive business, mature performance and magnificent momentum. Chinese Peking Opera is the quintessence of China with a history of 200 years. The name of Peking Opera first appeared in Shenbao in the second year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1876). Historically, it has been called Pihuang, Huang Er, Huang Qiang, Peking Opera, Pingju, National Opera and so on. In the fifty-fifth year of Qing Qianlong (1790), four Anhui Huizhou classes entered Beijing, where they became attached to Kunqu opera, Han opera and Yiyang. Its rich repertoire, the number of performing artists, the number of troupes, the number of audiences and the profound influence are the highest in the country. Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art, that is to say, singing (singing), reciting (reciting), doing (acting), fighting (martial arts) and dancing (dancing) are integrated into one, and stories are told and characters are portrayed through programmed performance means to express the thoughts and feelings of "happiness, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and sadness". Roles can be divided into four categories: raw (male), Dan (female), pure (male) and ugly (both male and female). Characters are divided into loyalty, ugliness, good and evil. Every image is vivid.

Kunqu opera:

Kunqu Opera is an ancient drama in China. It was originally called Kunshan Opera or Kunqu Opera for short. It has been called Kunqu Opera since the Qing Dynasty, and it is also called Kunqu Opera now. The accompaniment instruments of Kunqu Opera are mainly Sheng, Xiao, Suona, Sanxian and Pipa (percussion instruments can be used). The performance of Kunqu Opera also has its own unique system and style. Its greatest characteristics are strong lyricism, delicate movements and ingenious and harmonious combination of song and dance.