Who knows about the Three Kingdoms?

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and historical facts

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is written based on the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Zhang Xuecheng, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said in "Bingchen Miscellaneous Notes" about romances that "seven points are true and three points are false". Many wonderful plots in the novels are legends through the ages and are deeply influenced by local unofficial legends and anecdotal rumors.

After the May 4th Movement in the early Republic of China, anti-traditional scholars actively clarified the "Three Kingdoms" to re-evaluate the traditional positive figures of Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, and Liu Bei. Revolutionary scholars such as Hu Shi and Lu Xun also took the lead in interpreting the "Three Kingdoms" "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, in order to clarify the true history, coupled with Mao Zedong's personal preference for Cao Cao, New China scholars often inherited the anti-traditional scholars' opinions on Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, etc. before the reform and opening up. Character explanation, citing "Three Kingdoms" to refute "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

Zhang Fei: Zhang Fei’s courtesy name is Yide, not Yide.

Taoyuan sworn sworn relationship: Liu Guan and Zhang did not become sworn sworn friends, but just fell in love as brothers. Guan Yu is even older than Liu Bei.

Famous weapons: Famous weapons such as the double-stranded sword, Qinglong Yanyue Sword, Zhangba Snake Spear, Fangtian Painted Halberd, Qingzhi Sword, etc. are fictitious.

Zhang Fei whipped the postal supervisor: It was Liu Bei who did it. Because the postal supervisor refused to see Liu Bei, Liu Bei was furious and whipped the postal supervisor.

Cao Cao offered the Seven-Star Sword: Fiction. In the novel, Cao Cao attempted to assassinate Dong Zhuo by offering the sword. In fact, Cao Cao believed that Dong Zhuo would eventually be defeated and fled back to his hometown overnight.

Chen Gong captured and released Cao Cao: Chen Gong began to follow Cao Cao in 191. It was not Chen Gong who captured and released Cao Cao, but someone else.

The Eighteenth Route Princes attacked Dong Zhuo: In fact, only the Eleventh Route Army participated in Dong Zhuo's crusade, including General Yuan Shu, Jizhou Mu Han Fu, Yuzhou Governor Kong Min, Yanzhou Governor Liu Dai, and Hanoi Prefect Wang Kuang, Bohai Prefect Yuan Shao, Chenliu Prefect Zhang Miao, Dongjun Prefect Qiao Mao, Shanyang Prefect Yuan Yi, Jibei Prime Minister Bao Xin and Guangling Prefect Zhang Chao, while Sun Jian and Cao Cao were not included in the list due to official positions. Tao Qian participated and contributed food, grass, money, etc., but did not send troops. Gongsun Zan also participated in the co-sign, but he was dealing with Wuhuan at the time and did not send troops; Kong Rong was busy dealing with the Yellow Turban bandits at the time; although Ma Teng and Han Sui had not yet accepted the recruitment, they did not support Dong Zhuo (the imperial court); Qingzhou governor Jiao He Although he had raised an army, he did not participate in the alliance because of the resurgence of the Yellow Turbans in Qingzhou, and soon died of illness. Wang Rui, the governor of Jingzhou, had also raised an army, but was forced to death by Sun Jian because of a personal grudge. In addition, Chen Wang Liu Chong, Chen Guoxiang Luo Jun, and Henan Yin Zhujun raised armies against Dong Zhuo.

Guan Yu warmed the wine and beheaded Hua Xiong: Hua Xiong was killed by Sun Jian and was beheaded by the owl.

Three Heroes Fight Lu Bu: A fictional plot in which Lu Bu was repulsed by Sun Jian.

Serial plan: "Three Kingdoms" has not recorded Diao Chan's name, but Lu Bu did have an affair with Dong Zhuo's maid.

Diao Chan: There is no Diao Chan in history. Diao Chan was created by folk artists, dramatists and novelists in the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

Battle of Jieqiao: The winner of this battle was Yuan Shao, not Gongsun Zan. Ju Yi was not killed by Zhao Yun. In the battle to eliminate Gongsun Zan, Ju Yi’s contribution was the greatest, but he was also Lord Gao Zhen was killed by Yuan Shao after the Battle of Jieqiao.

Sun Jian's death: Because he pursued the enemy with only a few followers, he was ambushed by Huang Zu, and Zhong Liuya died in Xian Mountain.

Tao Qian: Tao Qian’s behavior is inconsistent with historical facts.

Liu Huangshu Liu Bei: In order to show Liu Bei's status and portray him as the orthodox monarch of the Han Dynasty, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms compiled a complete family tree of eighteen generations for Liu Bei. He became the emperor's uncle, and this title was Liu Bei's magic weapon to fight against Cao Cao's attempt to coerce the emperor and order the princes. Historically, Liu Sheng's son Liu Zhen lost his qualification as a marquis because he failed to pay gold in accordance with the court's regulations. Later, he experienced wars and political disputes, and his family lineage had already declined and his genealogy was unknown. If according to the hierarchy in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Liu Bei would be called Emperor Xian: Grandpa Gaozu.

Xuzhou’s chariot execution: Liu Bei also did it.

Three things about Tushan: Guan Yu was defeated and captured and surrendered, so there is no "Three things about Tushan".

The blood-stained edict: This is absolutely not the case. Ma Teng was a warlord with a bandit nature, and his attack on Li Guo was just a personal grudge.

Red Rabbit Horse: Red Rabbit Horse disappeared after Lu Bu's defeat. It did not become Guan Yu's mount.

Execute Wen Chou: Wen Chou died in the rebellion of Cao Jun. Probably killed by Zhang Liao or Xu Huang.

Sun Ce's death: He was assassinated and died. The assassin was a domestic slave and retainer of Xu Gong, the former governor of Wu County. He was not frightened to death by Yu Ji.

Go through five passes and kill six generals: a fictional plot. After Guan Yu left Cao Cao, he did not pass through the five passes, and Kong Xiu, Meng Tan, Han Fu, Bian Xi, Wang Zhi and Qin Qi are not recorded in historical books.

The legacy plan to determine Liaodong: a fictional plot. Guo Jia died suddenly at the age of thirty-eight, leaving no plan behind. This plan was Cao Cao's own plan.

Beheading Cai Yang in the ancient city: It was Liu Bei who did it, and the location was not in the ancient city.

Xu Shu’s wisdom: There are not many records of Xu Shu in official history.

Xu Shu enters Cao Ying: Cao Cao marched south, Xu Shu fled south with Liu Bei, and Xu Shu's mother was captured in the rebellion. Xu Shu bid farewell to Liu Bei and entered Cao Ying, and later became an important minister of Wei.

Burning Bowang Slope: It was Liu Bei who did it again. Zhuge Liang had not left the mountain at that time.

Burning the New Wilderness: There is no record in history, it was made up by Luo Guanzhong.

Changbanpo seven in and seven out: It should be Changban, Zhao Yun was just escorting Liu Bei's family to retreat, there was no such thing as seven in and seven out. Zhao Yun was just an unknown general at that time.

Mrs. Mi jumped into the well: According to official history, both Mrs. Gan and Mrs. Mi were safe and sound in Dangyang.

Liu Cong was killed: After surrendering Jingzhou, he was appointed by Cao Cao as the governor of Qingzhou and granted the title of Marquis. He was not killed. Later, in order to commend his achievements, Cao Cao moved him to the position of admonishing doctor.

Talking with Confucians: Only records Zhuge Liang's meeting with Sun Quan. The war faction and the peace faction in Soochow are increasingly competing with each other. Zhuge Liang is just an envoy.

Zhou Yu wisely calculated on Jiang Qian: Jiang Qian failed to lobby Zhou Yu before.

Inspiring Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu already wanted to fight, and Cao Zhi had not written "Ode to the Bronze Bird Terrace" at that time. The so-called Cao Cao's desire to occupy the two Qiaos of Soochow was a folk rumor. The full text of "Tongquetai Ode" is recorded in "Three Kingdoms", but there is no sentence "taking two Qiao to the southeast, and having fun with them day and night", which is a pseudo-entrusted work by later generations. Tongquechun Deeply Locks the Second Bridge (Qiao) refers to the two bridges on Tongquetai. In ancient times, there was no word for "bridge", so it was written as "Qiao".

Borrowing arrows from straw boats: There is no such thing. A similar incident occurred during Sun Quan’s battle at Ruxuwu.

Bitter meat plan: It is true that Huang Gai pretended to surrender, but there should be no bitter meat plan.

Kan Ze: Kan Ze was an important minister of the Eastern Wu Dynasty. He was a figure respected by Sun Quan and had never participated in military operations.

Pang Tong presented the Lian Lian strategy: Lian Lian was Cao Cao's decision, and Pang Tong had never participated in the Battle of Chibi.

Kong Ming’s request for the east wind is purely fictitious. During the winter solstice in Jiangdong, there are often southeasterly winds.

Huarong said: Liu Bei led his troops to pursue the defeated Cao Cao, but he arrived too late and Cao Cao ran away.

Cao Cao laughed three times: After Cao Cao was defeated in Chibi, he only laughed on Huarong Road.

The Battle of Chibi: The burning of Cao’s ship took place in Wulin.

The dispute over Nanjun: did not happen. Sun Quan lent Nanjun to Liu Bei after Zhou Yu's death. Borrowing Jingzhou was just Lu Su's idea, in order to give Cao Cao one more powerful enemy.

Guan Yu's battle with Huang Zhong: Liu Bei conquered Jingnan, and the four commanderies surrendered. Huang Zhong surrendered with Han Xuan, the governor of Changsha.

Marriage between Sun and Liu: The marriage between Mrs. Sun and Liu Bei was only a political marriage and did not have the color of love between a man and a woman. There was no subsequent love affair between Mrs. Sun and Liu Bei. Mrs. Sun should have died shortly after leaving Liu Bei and before remarrying.

Losing his wife and losing his troops: Sun Quan did not adopt Zhou Yu’s beauty trick.

Zhou Yu was narrow-minded: History books record Zhou Yu's rational, generous and friendly style. And Zhuge has never even met, so how can he be jealous? Zhou Yu's generosity was famous during the Three Kingdoms period.

Three Qi Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu died before going to Xishu. Zhou Yu died of illness in Baqiu during his expedition to Shu. It’s not that he was pissed off by Zhuge Liang’s intelligence.

The Crouching Dragon Diao Xiao at Sanjiangkou: Diao Zhouyu is Pang Tong, not Zhuge Liang.

Zhou Yu and Kong Ming: In the two years from the end of the Battle of Chibi to Zhou Yu's death, Zhuge Liang was in the Lingling area.

Ma Chao raised his troops: Contrary to historical facts, Ma Chao raised his troops first and Ma Teng was killed.

Cutting off the beard and abandoning the robe: The battle was indeed fierce, but it was Ma Chao who suffered the defeat, and there is no record of cutting off the beard and abandoning the robe in official history.

Xu Chu fought Ma Chao naked: There is no record that Ma Chao was even stared at by Xu Chu so that he did not dare to move.

Zhang Song presented the map: Liu Bei asked Zhang Song about the situation of soldiers, horses, food and money in Shu, so Zhang Song drew a map and gave it to Liu Bei.

Luofengpo: This is because Pang Tong died from an arrow when he attacked Luocheng.

Ma Chao's battle with Zhang Fei: It was Ma Chao who wrote a private letter to Liu Bei asking for surrender. There is no incident in the novel where Zhang Fei and Ma Chao fought for more than 200 rounds without deciding the outcome, and were later surrendered by Zhuge Liang.

Conquer Hanzhong: The commander-in-chief during the conquest of Hanzhong was Liu Bei, who was also the staff officer of Fazheng.

The plan to seize Tiandang Mountain: pure fiction.

Dingjun Mountain: Xia Houyuan was killed in Liu Bei's night attack, not in Huang Zhong's formation.

Five Tiger Generals: Liu Bei did not name the "Five Tiger Generals" because the biographies of Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Ma Chao, and Huang Zhong were placed in the same chapter in the Three Kingdoms. Later generations called them the Five Tigers of Shu.

Zhou Cang, Hu Ban: fictional characters, no records in history. Hu Ban may refer to Shu general Wu Ban.

Guan Yu's Single Sword Meeting: An official banquet between Lu Su and Guan Yu. Lu Su ordered the generals of Soochow to hold single swords and go to the banquet hosted by Guan Yu.

Bone scraping to heal wounds: Hua Tuo had already died in the Battle of Chibi at this time, and it was an ordinary military doctor who performed the surgery.

The Seventh Army Flooded: It was autumn, heavy rains continued, and the Han River surged. Guan Yu took advantage of the water's potential to use the water force to lead his troops to break the famous general's ban, capture Pang De, and lead his army to attack.

Guan Yu's refusal to surrender in Maicheng: There is no record of explicit refusal to surrender in history, but "Jiang Biao Zhuan" records that Guan Yu used fake surrender to break through.

Capture Guan Yu: It was not Pan Zhang, but his general Ma Zhong.

The Yuquan Appears as a Saint and pursues Lü Meng’s life: The Yuquan Appears as a Saint is adapted from the story of the construction of the Yuquan Temple in the Tang Dynasty, and Lü Meng died of illness.

Seventy-two Doubtful Tombs: Cao Cao was buried in Gaoling (now Xigaoxue Village, Anfeng Township, Anyang County, Henan Province).

Guan Ping: Guan Yu’s eldest son, not his adopted son, he followed Yu to the army. His name only appears twice in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms.

Guan Xing: Weak Guan (nearly twenty years old) was appointed as a minister and supervisor of the army because of his talent. He died a few years after the Battle of Yiling.

Zhang Bao: Although he died young, he left an heir, Zhang Zun.

Mi Fang: I didn’t see him being executed by Lingchi after he escaped back to Shu camp. After the war in Yiling, he followed He Qi to the Qichun area of ??Wei State.

Kan Ze recommended Lu Xun: Lu Xun was originally Lu Meng’s deputy in Jingzhou. After Lu Meng’s death, Lu Xun naturally took over the defense of Soochow’s western front.

Battle of Yiling: The Wu army has more than 100,000 soldiers in total, and the Shu army has 80,000 troops. It is definitely not a victory with a small number, and the Wu army is waiting for work, so there is no reason to be invincible.

Pan Zhang’s death: Pan Zhang made military exploits for Sun Quan in the Battle of Yiling, killed Feng Xi and others, and died in 234.

Bai Di Tuogu: Liu Bei’s death Tuogu, Zhuge Liang and Li Yan still said to Zhuge Liang: "You are ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will surely be able to secure the country and resolve major events. If your heir can assist, assist him; if he is not talented, you can take care of yourself."

The Eight Formations: The Eight Formations are Zhuge Liang’s art of war formations. The so-called eight formations are the Sky-covering Formation, the Earth-carrying Formation, the Wind-raising Formation, the Cloud-falling Formation, the Flying Dragon Formation, and the Tiger-wing Formation. , Bird Flying Formation and Snake Pan Formation, each formation consists of thirty-two teams of soldiers. There are also records in "Jin Ji" by Qian Bao of the Jin Dynasty and "Shui Jing Zhu" by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It’s not a stone circle or a labyrinth of gods and monsters.

Seven captures of Meng Huo: There is no record of the seven captures of Meng Huo in "Three Kingdoms". However, "Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn" and "Huayang Guozhi" mentioned "seven captures and seven verticals", but the specific process is not recorded, and E Huan, Zhu Rong, Meng You, Mulu King, etc. were all created in novels.

Six Expeditions from Qishan: Zhuge Liang attacked Wei five times, but only the first and fourth time he left Qishan were blocked by Cao Zhen.

"The Later Disciple": The false trust of future generations was not done by Zhuge Liang.

Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang: During Zhuge Liang's first three Northern Expeditions, the Wei army was not led by Sima Yi but by Cao Zhen.

Lost Street Pavilion: The commander-in-chief of the Wei army is Zhang Zha, not Sima Yi.

Empty City Strategy: After the defeat of Jieting, the Wei army did not pursue the Shu army. Zhuge Liang only moved the people and food in Xi County. And the leader of the Wei army at that time was not Sima Yi. There is no record of the empty city plan in "Three Kingdoms", it only appears in unofficial histories.

Cao Zhen was so angry that he died of illness in Luoyang.

Zhuge Liang cursed Wang Lang to death: Wang Lang died of illness in 228 and did not go to war with the army.

Zhuge Liang’s use of troops: Zhuge Liang is good at running an army, but not good at strategizing. His political achievements are the most dazzling.

Burning the Shangfang Valley: Zhuge Liang defeated the Wei army in Lucheng, and Sima Yi only defended the camp with his own body. "Three Kingdoms" does not mention what kind of tactics were used to defeat the Wei army.

Shaanxi rural legends are not much different from the romance; Shangfang Valley, one said Hulu Valley, is suspected to be the nickname of Lucheng

Dead Zhuge scared away the living Zhongda: This is true, and it is not Zhuge Liang's plan. The record in "Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn" is: After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated quietly without announcing any mourning. Sima Yi noticed something and drove his army to pursue him. When the two armies were close, Shu Han general Jiang Wei and Chang Shi Yang Yi ordered the Shu army to counterattack with flags and drums and pretend to attack. Sima Yi did not dare to approach, so he had to retreat. The Shu army entered the valley and then mourned. At that time, there was a joke in Shu that "Zhuge died and Zhongda came back to life".

Wei Yan rebelled and was killed by Ma Dai: Wei Yan was at odds with Yang Yi, failed in the fight, was defeated and killed.

Geographical relocation: Taibai Mountain was moved next to Qishan Mountain, Chencang was moved to the south of Jieting, and Qishan Mountain was even moved to the sloping valley north of Baoxie Road, or to the vicinity of Wuzhangyuan.

Opening words: The opening words are from Linjiangxian written by Yang Shen of the Ming Dynasty, not written by Luo Guanzhong.