Public opinion on Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang (181-234) was an outstanding statesman, military strategist, strategist, essayist, and diplomat during the Three Kingdoms period. The courtesy name is Kongming and the nickname is Wolong. Zhuge Liang was born in an official's family in Yangdu County, Langye County (now Yinan County, Shandong Province) in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181). The Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie, and their ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as Sili Xiaowei (chief of the garrison of the capital) during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died of illness when he was 3 years old. Zhuge Liang lost his father when he was 8 years old. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, they followed their uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to join his old friend Liu Biao, the pastor of Jingzhou.

In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings lost their livelihood, so they moved to Nanyang (one said Wollongong, Nanyang, Henan; another said Longzhong, twenty miles west of Xiangyang, Hubei (now Xiangfan, Hubei)) to live in seclusion in the countryside and farm to make a living. In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), 19-year-old Zhuge Liang and his friends Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shuijing Sima Hui.

Later, in order to eliminate the historical disputes left by Zhuge Liang's seclusion, Gu Jiaheng, a native of Xiangyang, Hubei Province who served as the prefect of Nanyang, Henan Province in the Qing Dynasty, wrote: "The merit lies in the court, and there is no distinction between the first and the last; the name is high. In the sky, there is no need to distinguish between Xiangyang and Nanyang."

This was written by Gu Jiaheng, a native of Xiangyang, Hubei who was the prefect of Nanyang, Henan in the Qing Dynasty. Because Zhuge Liang was so famous in the world, the two provinces competed for the location of Zhuge Liang's former residence. Gu Jiaheng couldn't think of it. To offend Nanyang, but also afraid of being blamed for betraying Sangzi, he wrote this wonderful couplet, which not only praised Zhuge Liang, but also smoothed over the dispute between the two provinces, which is fair. But the controversy did not subside. When the second set of "Three Kingdoms" stamps "Longzhong Pair" souvenir sheet was issued in 1990, Hubei and Henan provinces competed for the location of the "Longzhong Pair" launch ceremony and formed a delegation. He went to Beijing to complain, and the plan was blocked. The Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties of Beijing Normal University have organized an academic symposium on "Zhuge Liang cultivated the land". The statement that Zhuge Liang cultivated the land in Xyang has been approved by most people. At the same time, historians also believe that, just like Just like the civil and military Chibi, Zhuge's monuments in Xiangyang and Nanyang can also coexist.

In the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei "visited the thatched cottage three times", met with Zhuge Liang, and asked about the plan to unify the world. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation at the time incisively and proposed to first capture Jing, Yi served as a base, reformed politics internally, united with Sun Quan externally, pacified the Yi and Yue in the south, and reconciled with the Rong in the west. Waiting for the opportunity, they sent troops from both directions to the north to unify the country's strategic thinking. This conversation is the famous "Longzhong Dui" (That is, "Thatched Cottage").

After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei suddenly became enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talent was rare, so he sincerely asked Zhuge Liang to come out and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang then went out to assist Liu Bei, joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight Cao Cao, and defeated Cao's army in Chibi. The three kingdoms formed a tripartite force and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian'an, Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the twenty-sixth year, Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister to preside over the government. In three years (223 years), Liu Bei was critically ill and asked him to take care of his future affairs.

After Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and became the pastor of Yizhou. Be diligent and prudent, handle all political affairs personally, strictly enforce rewards and punishments, alliance with Soochow, improve relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest, implement farming, and strengthen war preparations. In the fifth year of Jianxing (227 years), Shangshu (i.e., "Chu Shi Biao") came under Liu Chan's command and led his army to station in Hanzhong. He made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains, mostly using food but without success. After twelve years, he finally became ill due to overwork and died in the Wuzhangyuan Army. He left his funeral affairs to Jiang Wei.

Zhuge Liang was an outstanding statesman, thinker, and military strategist in Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. For thousands of years, Zhuge Liang has become the embodiment of wisdom, and his legendary stories have been recited by the world. Zhuge Liang's writings are included in the "Zhuge Family Collection Catalog" in the original biography of "Three Kingdoms", consisting of twenty-four chapters and one hundred and forty-four thousand one hundred and twelve words. Compiled by later generations, the "Collected Works of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu" compiled by Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty is relatively complete. Zhuge Liang's main works in his life include: "The Master Before", "The Master After" (or the Yunhou Chapter was forged by later generations in Zhuge's name), and "Longzhong Dui". Zhuge Liang was skilled in strategy, good at making decisions, and good at ingenuity. He once innovated the "Liannu", which could fire 10 arrows continuously; he also made "Wooden Ox" and "Flowing Horse" to facilitate military transportation in the mountains; he also practiced the art of war and made the "Eight Formations". picture".

There are many memorial monuments to Zhuge Liang, dozens of them across the country.

There is an endless stream of tourists.

The earliest Wuhou Temple in the country is in Mian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Wuhou Temple in Mian County is the No. 1 Wuhou Temple in the world. Wuhou Temple in Mian County was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao (AD 263). Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was named "Wuxianghou" during his lifetime (Wuxiang is in Wuxiang Town, Hanzhong City today). After his death, he was posthumously named "Zhongwuhou" by Liu Chan. Therefore, historically, his temple was honored as "Wuxianghou". Hou Temple". Now the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is majestic and grand in scale. It has seven courtyards and more than 60 temples. It is not only a place to pay homage to the sages, but also a place to visit cultural relics. What is even more significant is that the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is located at the former site of the "Xingyuan Prime Minister's Mansion" where Zhuge Liang went to Hanzhong to station troops for the Northern Expedition.

At present, in addition to Wuhou Temple in Chengdu and Wuhou Temple in Mian County, there are also Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, Wuhou Temple in Baidi City, Wuhou Temple in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Wuhou Temple in Qishan. In addition, there are the Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple built before the Tang Dynasty, the Wuhou Palace (Puqi, Hubei) built in the Ming Dynasty, the Huangling Temple (Yichang, Hubei) built during the Jian'an period, etc. Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang is named after the descendants of Zhuge Liang who have lived here for generations. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall was first built during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, more than 370 years ago. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has fifty-two rooms of ancient buildings, which house Zhuge Liang's tomb. In recent years, the Lanxi Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has become increasingly famous and influential. It is a major historical site and a scenic spot in Lanxi.

Chronology of Zhuge Liang

Era, Age, Life and Deeds

In the 4th year of Guanghe, 181 1 years old, Zhuge Liang was born in Langye Yangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong Province) ).

Zhongping 6 years 189 9 years old Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away.

In the 3rd year of Chuping, 192, at the age of 12, Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Si passed away.

In 194, the first year of Xingping, at the age of 14, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his younger sister were adopted by their uncle Zhuge Xuan. His older brother Zhuge Jin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.

In the 2nd year of Chuping, 195, at the age of 15, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the governor of Yuzhang. He and his younger siblings went to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.

In the second year of Jian'an, 197, at the age of 17, Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings moved to Nanyang.

Jian'an 4th year 199 19 years old Zhuge Liang and his friends Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing Sima Hui.

Jian'an 12th year 207 27 years old Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei a plan to divide the world into three parts, which is the famous "thatched cottage pair". He immediately came out to assist Liu Bei.

Jian'an 13th year 208 28 years old Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei and participated in the Battle of Chibi and won.

In the 14th year of Jian'an, 209, at the age of 29, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the military advisor Zhonglang General.

Jian'an 16 years 211 31 years old Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou.

Jian'an 19th year 214 34 years old Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and led troops with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to join forces with Liu Bei. Liu Bei entered Chengdu and took charge of Bashu. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the Shu army's military division, the general of the left, and also the chief minister of the government.

20th year of Jian'an 215 35 years old Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.

23rd year of Jian'an 218 36 years old Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu to raise military rations to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.

In the first year of Shu Zhangwu, 221, 41 years old, Liu Bei ascended the throne and established the Kingdom of Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister.

In 223, the first year of Shu Jianxing, at the age of 43, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to Baidi City.

Liu Chan made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as a pastoralist.

2 years after the establishment of Shu 224 44 years old Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu and stabilized the people who were in chaos due to Liu Bei's defeat.

3rd year after the founding of Shu, 225 45 years old, Zhuge Liang led his army to the south and stabilized the four southern counties.

4 years after the founding of Shu, 226 46 years old, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei.

In the 5th year of the founding of Shu, 227, 47 years old, Zhuge Liang submitted the "List of Departures" to his former lord Liu Chan for the Northern Expedition.

In the 6th year of the founding of Shu, 228, 48 years old, Jieting was lost during the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears in his eyes, demoted himself to the right general, and acted as prime minister.

In the 7th year of the founding of Shu, 229, at the age of 49, Zhuge Liang once again made another northern expedition to capture Wudu and Yinping, and restored his position as prime minister.

In the 8th year of the founding of Shu, 230 50 years old, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition.

In the 9th year of the founding of Shu, 231, 51 years old, Zhuge Liang went north to attack Qishan, defeated Sima Zhongda, and defeated Wei general Zhang He.

In 233, the 11th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 53, Zhuge Liang built a pavilion in Xiegu to gather grain.

In 234, the 12th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 54, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during the second Northern Expedition.

The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang's Biography

Written by Chen Shou of Jin Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's courtesy name was Kongming and he was a native of Langxieyangdu. Han Si Li Xiaowei Zhuge Fenghou also. His father Gui, named Jungong, was the capital of Taishan in the late Han Dynasty. Liang was orphaned early, and his father Xuan was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu. Xuan general Liang and Liang's younger brother were all officials. The Han Dynasty elected Zhu Hao to replace Xuan. Xuansu had an old relationship with Liu Biao, the herdsman of Jingzhou, and relied on him. Xuan died, Liang worked hard to cultivate Long Mu, and wrote "Liang Fu Yin". He was eight feet tall, and when he was compared to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, no one at that time allowed him to do so. However, Cui Zhouping of Boling and Xu Shu of Yingchuan and Yuanzhi were friendly to Liang, and they were said to be trustworthy.

At that time, he first settled in Xinye. When Xu Shu saw the late master, he took charge of his weapon and said to the late master, "Zhuge Kongming is a Crouching Dragon. How can the general want to see him?" The late master said, "You are here with me." The concubine said, "This man can be here. See, you can't give in. The general should take care of it in vain. "Then the first master came to Liang and saw him three times. Yinpingren said: "The Han Dynasty collapsed, traitorous ministers stole their lives, and the Lord was covered in dust. I did not measure my virtue and ability, and wanted to believe in the greatness of heaven, but my wisdom was too short and shallow, so I used it rampantly. As of today. However, my ambition is still not over. What do you think of the plan?" Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been countless heroes who have joined forces across the state. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao was a little famous and outnumbered. However, Cao Cao was able to defeat Shao. To use weakness to become strong is not only due to the timing of the day, but also due to human conspiracy. Today, Cao has millions of people, holding the emperor to command the princes. This can not be competed with. Sun Quan has held Jiangdong for three generations, and the country is in danger and the people are in danger. Attached, the virtuous people can be used for it, but they can be used as reinforcements, but they can't be used as reinforcements. How could the general be interested in the fact that he was a general? Yizhou is a dangerous place with thousands of miles of fertile fields. It is the land of heaven that Gaozu used to become an emperor. Liu Zhang was weak, Zhang Lu was in the north, the people were rich and the country was rich, but they didn't know how to care. The general is a member of the emperor's family. He is faithful to the world, takes charge of heroes, and thirsts for talents. If there are thorns and thorns across the road, he will protect the rocks. He will fight with the Rong in the west and the Yiyue in the south. He will be a good friend of Sun Quan on the outside and Sun Quan on the inside. If there is a change in the world, I will order a general to lead the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Is it sincere that the people will not eat pots of pulp to welcome the general? If this is the case, then the hegemony will be achieved and the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. "The First Master said: "Good!" So he and Liang Qinghao became close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were displeased, so the First Master explained: "The solitary one has a bright hole, just like a fish has water. I hope you will not say anything more." Yu and Fei stopped.

Liu Biao’s eldest son Qi was also very talented. In response to the words of his second wife, he loves his younger son Cong and is displeased with Qi. Every time Qi tried to find a way to stabilize himself with Liang, Liang always refused and failed to help him. Qi then took Liang to visit the back garden and went up to a high building. In the middle of the banquet, he asked people to get off the ladder, because he said to Liang: "Today, I can't go up to the sky, and I can't go down to the earth. The words that come out of my mouth are in my mouth." "Ear, can you say it?" Liang replied: "Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger inside, but Chong Er is outside and has no words?" After Hui Huangzu died, he came to the conclusion and became the prefect of Jiangxia. When the Russians came to report their soldiers, Cong heard that Duke Cao was coming to fight, so he sent an envoy to ask for surrender. When the First Lord was in Fan Wenzhi, he led his troops to the south. Liang and Xu Shu followed, but Cao Gong chased and defeated them, and captured the concubine's mother. The concubine said to the late master, pointing to his heart: "I originally wanted to fight with the general and those who seek hegemony, and this is a small area. Now that I have lost my mother, the small area is in chaos, and it is not helpful. Please say goodbye from now on." Cao Gong.

The First Lord arrived at Xiakou and Liang said: "The situation is urgent. Please ask for help from General Sun." At that time, Quan supported his army in Chaisang and waited to see the success or failure. Liang said to Quan: "There is great chaos in the sea. General He raised troops to occupy Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou also took over the Han Dynasty to join forces with Cao Cao to fight for the world. Now that Cao Cao was in trouble, the situation was over, and Jingzhou was defeated. The hero had no use for his power, so Yuzhou fled here. The general will deal with it according to his ability: If the Wu and Yue people can compete with China, it is better to defeat them as soon as possible; if they can't do it, why not put up their armor and attack from the north? The hesitation plan will lead to disaster and disaster. "Quan Ru said, "Why doesn't Liu Yuzhou carry out the plan?" Liang said, "Tian Heng, a strong man in Qi, still upholds his righteousness. What's more, the royal family of Liu Yuzhou is extremely talented and admired by all the people. If things go wrong, it's God's fault. How can they be restored? , hundreds of thousands of people, controlled by others.

My plan is decided! No one but Liu Yuzhou can be Cao Cao, but after Yuzhou's new defeat, how can he resist this difficulty? Liang said: "Although the Yuzhou army was defeated at Changban, the number of soldiers who have returned today is as high as 10,000 from Guan Yu's navy, and there are no less than 10,000 soldiers from Liu Qi and Jiangxia." Cao Cao's troops were exhausted from afar. When they heard that they were pursuing Yuzhou, their light cavalry traveled more than three hundred miles in a day and a night. This is what is called "at the end of a strong slave, the force cannot penetrate Lu Zun". Therefore, it is taboo in the art of war, and it is said that "the general must be defeated". Moreover, the people in the north are not used to water warfare; and the people in Jingzhou are so adept at fighting that they can force their troops to defeat them, but they are not convinced. Today, the general can sincerely command tens of thousands of strong generals to lead an army, and by working together with Yuzhou, the army will be defeated. If Cao's army is defeated, it must return to the north. In this way, the power of Jing and Wu will be strong, and a tripod will be formed. The chance of success or failure lies today. "Quan Dayue immediately sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and other 30,000 naval troops to follow Liang Yi to the ancestors and resist Cao Gong. Cao Gong was defeated in Chibi and led his army back to Ye. The ancestors then took over the south of the Yangtze River and Liang was appointed as the military advisor Zhonglang General, and was envoy to oversee the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang, and Changsha. He adjusted their taxes to strengthen the army.

In the 16th year of Jian'an, Liu Zhang, the herdsman of Yizhou, sent Fa Zheng to welcome the late lord. , sent troops to attack Zhang Lu. Liang and Guan Yu attacked Jingzhou. Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others led their troops up the river, divided the counties, and surrounded Chengdu. Yi Liang was appointed as the Military Advisor General and was in charge of General Zuo's affairs. When the First Lord was away, Liang often guarded Chengdu and had sufficient food and troops. Wu Han, Geng Yan, and others first persuaded Shizu to ascend the throne, but Shizu resigned. Four times before and after, Geng Chun made a speech and said: "The heroes of the world are chattering and hoping for something." If they do not follow the discussion, the scholar-bureaucrats will each return to seek help from the Lord, and they will have nothing to do but obey the public. ’ Shizu felt so deeply about Chunyan that he promised it. Today, the Cao family has usurped the Han Dynasty, and the world has no master. The great king of the Miao family, the Liu family, rose from the Shao Dynasty, and now he is the emperor, which is appropriate. The scholar-bureaucrats who have followed the great king and worked hard for a long time also hope that their merits will be as great as those of pure speech. "The former Lord then ascended the throne, and Ce Liang became the prime minister and said: "I am not a good person for my family, I flatter the general government, work conscientiously, and do not seek peace and tranquility. I want to appease the people, but I am afraid that I will not be able to appease the people. Yu Xi! The Prime Minister has made it clear that he understands my intentions, and he has not been idle in assisting me, helping to spread the light and illuminating the world, so what do you do! "Liang served as the Prime Minister to serve as minister of affairs, and it was a holiday. After Zhang Fei's death, he became the commander of the school.

In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu's reign, the late emperor died of illness in Yong'an, so he summoned Liang to Chengdu. It was a later matter, and he was called Liang. He said: "If you are ten times as talented as Cao Pi, you will definitely be able to bring peace to the country and achieve great success." If the heir can assist him, he can assist him; if he is not talented, you can take care of him yourself. Liang burst into tears and said, "I dare to devote all my strength and loyalty to my chastity, and then die!" The first lord also issued an edict to the later lord, saying: "You will work with the prime minister, just like your father." "In the first year of Jianxing, he was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang in Liang and established a government to manage affairs. After a while, he was also appointed as the pastor of Yizhou. Government affairs were not big or small, and Xian decided with Liang. All the counties in the south of the country rebelled, and Liang Yixin suffered a great loss. , so he did not add troops, and sent envoys to recruit Wu. In the spring of the third year, Liang led the army to march south, and in the autumn the military supplies were flat. In the fifth year, he led his troops to the north and stationed in Hanzhong. When he was about to leave, Shangshu said: "The emperor died before he started his business. Today, Yizhou is exhausted. Autumn is the time of life and death. However, the ministers of the bodyguard are tireless at home, and the loyal people forget about themselves outside. This is because they want to repay the special experience of the late emperor to His Majesty. It is sincerely appropriate to open Zhang Shengting to honor the legacy of the late emperor and to magnify the spirit of the people with lofty ideals. It is not appropriate to belittle oneself, to use metaphors that are unjust, and to block the road of loyalty and admonishment. The palace and the mansion are all integrated into one body, and there should be no differences or similarities between them. If there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and good, they should be punished and rewarded by a judge to show your majesty's common sense. It is not suitable to be partial and use different laws internally and externally. The ministers, such as Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc., are all good and honest, with loyal and pure aspirations. Therefore, the late emperor is deported to Your Majesty. If you are foolish and think that all matters in the palace are no matter how big or small, if you consult them carefully and then implement them, you will surely be able to make up for the gaps and benefit a lot. The general Xiang Chong was of good character and well-versed in military affairs. He tried to use it in the past. The late emperor called him Neng, and he was elected as the governor by consensus. If a fool thinks that everything in the camp is well understood and consulted, he will be able to make things harmonious, and the good and the bad will be settled. Being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and being distant from virtuous ministers is why the later Han Dynasty declined. When the late emperor was still alive, whenever he discussed this matter with his ministers, he would always sigh and hate Huan and Lingye. The ministers, ministers, chief historians, and soldiers who have joined the army are all ministers who have learned about the death of Zhenliang. I hope that your majesty will believe in it, and the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. You can count on it in the coming days.

"I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang, surviving in troubled times, and not seeking to be heard by the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain. In view of the events of the time, I was grateful, so I promised the emperor to drive me. Later, when the army was defeated, I was ordered to be in danger. It has been 20 years since I came. It's a big deal.

Since receiving the order, I have been lamenting all night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would damage the late emperor's wisdom, so I crossed Lu in May and went deep into the barren area. Now that the south has been secured and the troops are sufficient, it is time to lead the three armies to the north to secure the central plains. The common people are exhausted and the slaves are dull, the traitors are eliminated, the Han Dynasty is restored, and the old capital is restored. The reason why this minister reports to the late emperor is to be loyal to His Majesty's duty.

"As for considering the profit and loss, I will give my loyal advice and defeat you, Yi and Yun. I hope that your majesty will entrust my ministers to bring the thieves back to life; if they fail to do so, they will be punished and punished." The spirit of the late emperor. [If there is no word of virtue, then] blame You Zhi, Yi, Yun, etc. for their slowness, so as to make them responsible. I am deeply grateful for the kindness and should stay away now. I am in tears and don't know what to say." Then he went and settled in Mianyang.

In the spring of the sixth year, he raised his voice and took eyebrows from Xiegu Road, making Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi suspicious of the army. Liang personally led all the troops to attack Qishan, the troops were organized in order, rewards and punishments were austere, and the order was given to Chang Ming. The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui, and Yong'an rebelled against Wei Yingliang, and Guanzhong was shaken. Emperor Wei Ming went to Chang'an in the west and ordered Zhang He to resist Liang. Liang sent Ma Su to supervise the troops in front and fought with He at the street pavilion. Su violated the bright moral standards and acted inappropriately, which was greatly defeated by Zhang He. Liang took out more than a thousand families in Xi County and returned them to Hanzhong, killing them to thank the crowd. Shangshu said: "I have a weak talent and talk about theft but not the stronghold. I personally hold the yue to monitor the three armies. I can't teach the rules and regulations. I am afraid when things happen. Even if there are streets and pavilions that disobey orders, and Jigu is not disciplined, all the mistakes are to blame." There is no way to appoint someone. I know how to deal with things in secret. "Spring and Autumn" says that I am responsible for the commander's duties. Please demote yourself to the third rank to supervise the blame. "So I appointed Liang as the right general and acted as prime minister. President as before.

In winter, Liang came back from Sanguan and surrounded Chencang. Cao Zhen refused, and Liang returned after running out of food. Wei General Wang Shuang led his cavalry to chase Liang, Liang fought with him, defeated him, and killed both of them. In the seventh year, Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yinping. Guo Huai, the governor of Yongzhou in Wei, led his troops to attack Shi. Liang went out to Jianwei, and Huai returned, thus pacifying the two counties. The imperial edict said: "The battle of Jieting was caused by Ma Su, but the king took offense, deeply devalued himself, violated the king's will, and obeyed the guards. The year before last, the army was brilliant, and Wang Shuang was killed by Que; this year, Guo Huai was conquered. Escaped; surrendered the Di and Qiang, revived the two counties, and established a powerful and ferocious town. His merits are obvious. "Now that I have returned to you as prime minister, I will not resign you."

In the ninth year, Liang returned to Qishan, used wood and oxen to transport his troops, and withdrew the army after running out of food. He fought with Wei general Zhang He and shot him dead. In the spring of the twelfth year, Liang learned that the masses came out of Xiegu, transported by flowing horses, and settled in Wugong Wuzhangyuan to fight against Weinan with King Sima Xuan. Every time Liang suffered from food shortages and lacked ambition, he divided his troops into fields and established them as the basis for a long-term garrison. The cultivators are mixed among the residents of Weibin, but the people are safe and the army is selfless. The stalemate lasted for more than a hundred days. In August of that year, he became seriously ill and died in the army at the age of fifty-four. When the army retreated, King Xuan went to his camp and said: "He is a genius in the world!"

Liang ordered to be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, because the mountain was a tomb and the tomb was large enough to accommodate the coffin. No utensils required. The imperial edict said: "Wei Jun is physically talented in both civil and military affairs. He is wise and sincere. He was entrusted by an orphan to support and support the alliance. He continued to prosper and was determined to pacify the chaos. He was in charge of the six divisions. He never failed to conquer, and he was impressive in martial arts and powerful. Huang, the great meritorious service of the Jihan Dynasty, the great merits of the Yi and Zhou Dynasties. How can I not pay tribute to him? , so in the future of Guangzhao, I will envoy Du Qiong, the chief minister of Zuo Zhonglang, and give him the title of Marquis of Wuxiang. He has a soul and a soul, so I am so honored!

At the beginning, Liang said from the outside: "Chengdu has 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of thin fields. The children have enough food and clothing. As for the ministers who are away from home, they have no other arrangements. They carry food and clothing with them, and they all rely on the officials. If on the day of my death, I don't have any silk inside or money outside, I will be able to disgrace Your Majesty. "And died, just as he said.

Liangxing is better than ingenuity, and the profit and loss of crossbows, wood, oxen and horses are all unexpected. He deduced the art of war, made eight Chen diagrams, and got the key points. Liangyan taught and played. It's so impressive that it's a separate episode.

In the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao's reign, an order was issued to build a temple for Liang in Mianyang. In autumn, General Zhong Hui of the Wei expedition to the west went to Hanchuan to worship Liang's temple and ordered his sergeants to do so. You are not allowed to collect wood or woodcutters on the left or right side of Liang's tomb.

Contents of Zhuge's Collection: The first is to establish the government as a pastoralist, the first is the system of power, the second is to conquer the south, the third is to go north, the fourth is to calculate, the fifth is to discipline, the sixth is to comprehensively review, the seventh comprehensive review is to be followed, the eighth miscellaneous remarks are to be part one. Ninth Miscellany The Tenth Noble and the Eleventh Military Essentials The Twelfth Chuan Yun The Thirteenth and the Book of Sun Quan The Fourteenth and the Book of Zhuge Jin The Fifteenth and the Book of Meng Da The Sixteenth Abolition of Li Ping The Seventeenth Law Examination Part 1 Article 18, Section 19, Section 19, Section 20, Section 21, Section 21, Section 22, Section 23, Section 23, Section 24, Section 24, Section 24 One thousand one hundred and twelve words.

Chen Shou and others said: I am in front of you, and my servants lead Zhongshujian and Northern Houchen Xunxu. Zhongshu ordered Guannei Houchen and Qiao Zuo: The envoys determined the story of Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu. Liang Bizuo endangered the country, and he was hindered and unwelcome, but he still recorded his words. He was shameful and good, and he left behind. It is true that the Jin Dynasty was bright and virtuous, and its benefits were boundless. It has not been seen since ancient times. Duplications are often deleted and they follow the categories, and there are twenty-four chapters in total. The title is as shown on the right. Liang was a man of rare talent and a powerful weapon. He was eight feet long and had a very majestic appearance. He was very different from other people at that time. After causing chaos in the late Han Dynasty, he followed his uncle Xuan to seek refuge in Jingzhou, where he worked hard in the fields without seeking to be educated or successful. At that time, Liu Bei, the general of the left, thought that Liang was very talented, so he paid three visits to Liang in the thatched cottage. Liang Shen thought that Bei was majestic and outstanding, so he took off his belt and wrote sincerely and sincerely. When Emperor Wu of the Wei Dynasty went south to conquer Jingzhou, Liu Cong held the prefecture to hold hostages, but he was prepared to lose power and be outnumbered, with no place to stand. When Liang was twenty-seven years old, he devised a strange strategy and sent Sun Quan to ask for help from Wu Hui. Quan not only stayed and served, but also admired the beauty and elegance. He respected him very much, so he sent 30,000 troops to assist him. Be prepared to fight Emperor Wu, defeat his army, take advantage of the victory, and achieve peace in the south of the Yangtze River. The reserve then took Yizhou to the west. Yizhou was established, and Liang was appointed as the military advisor general. He was given an honorary title, worshiped Liang as Prime Minister, and recorded the ministerial affairs. When he was ready to die, his heir was young and weak, and he focused on everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified South Vietnam internally. We implemented laws and regulations, organized the army, and used engineering and machinery techniques to the utmost. Science and education were strict, rewards and punishments must be trusted, and no evil should be shown. If you don't pick up relics, your territory will not be invaded and weakened, and your demeanor will be awe-inspiring.

At this time, Liang Zhizhi's ambition is to advance and look at the dragon and tiger, including the four seas, and to retreat across the border of the mausoleum, shaking the whole world. And when he thought he had no body, no one could cross the Central Plains and compete with the superior country. Therefore, he used his troops without restraint and repeatedly showed off his military prowess. However, if you are talented, you are good at governing the army, and you are short on clever planning. In managing the people, you are better than generals. However, the enemy we faced may have talented people, but the numbers were too small, and their attack and defense were different. Therefore, even though they mobilized the masses for many years, they were unable to defeat them. In the past, Xiao He recommended Han Xin, and Guan Zhong promoted Wang Zicheng's father. They both considered their own strengths and could not take advantage of both. A bright weapon can govern politics, but it can also control and Xiao's Yapi. At that time, the famous generals did not have Chengfu and Han Xin, so their achievements were delayed and their righteousness was not as good as evil? Destiny has its destiny and cannot be fought with intelligence.

In the spring of the second year of Qinglong, many bright commanders showed their martial arts skills and divided their troops into fields to form a base for a long-term garrison. When he died of illness in autumn, Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears from those who have consulted Liang. Although Gantang sings about Zhao Gong and Zheng people sing about Zichan, there are no far-reaching examples. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, they will not complain even if they work; if you use the way of life to kill people, they will not be angry even if they die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thorough and thoughtful about Ding Ning. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great sage and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that Zhou Gong's edicts were troublesome and thorough. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and the Duke of Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are meant for all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on historical facts, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world.

His Majesty Fu Wei followed the ancient sages without scruples. Therefore, even though the enemy country made slanderous remarks, he did not change the taboos, so he understood the way of great passage. I would like to record and write down my works. The minister, Shoucheng, was frightened, and he paused, for it was a capital crime. On the first day of the second month of the tenth year of Taishi (Guisi), Chen Shou, the prime minister of the Marquis of Pingyang, came forward.

Qiao's courtesy name is Bosong, the second son of Liang's brother Jin, and his real name is Zhongshen. Both Qiao and his brother Yuan Xun were famous at that time. Commentators believed that Qiao's talent was not as good as his brother's, but his nature and karma were beyond him. At the beginning, Liang had no sons and asked Qiao to be his heir. Jin Qi Sun Quan sent Qiao to the west. Liang considered Qiao as his suitable son, so he changed his name to Yan. He was worshiped as the Commander-in-Chief Prince Consort and followed Liang to Hanzhong. He died in the sixth year of Jianxing (Yuan Dynasty) in the twenty-fifth year of the first year (Yuan). Zipan, who was promoted to General Yiwu of the Guarding Army, also died early. Zhuge Ke saw that he had killed Wu and had all his descendants, but Liang had descendants of his own, so he climbed far away and became Queen Jin again.

Think far ahead. In the twelfth year of Jianxing's reign, he showed off his martial arts skills and wrote to Jin Shu: "Zhan is now eight years old. He is smart and cute. I think he has matured too early and may not be a high-ranking official." Next year, he will be appointed as the Lieutenant General of Yulin, and will be promoted to the rank of Colonel of Shesheng, Shizhong, Shangshu Pushe, and the rank of Military Advisor General. He is a master of calligraphy and painting, and has a strong sense of knowledge. The people of Shu remember him brightly and love his talent and agility.

Every time there was a good government event in the imperial court, even though it was not initiated by Zhan, the people would pass it on and tell each other, "This is what Gehou did." This reputation is so good that it is not true. In the fourth year of Jingyao's reign, he served as the general guarding the capital, and together with the general of the auxiliary state, Nanxiang Hou Dong Jue, he served as minister of book affairs. In the winter of the sixth year, General Deng Ai of Wei Zhengxi attacked Shu and entered from Yinping by Jinggu Road. Watch and supervise all the troops to stop at Fu, break the advance, retreat, and stay at Mianzhu. Ai sent a letter to lure Zhan and said: "If he surrenders, he will definitely be named King Langxie." Zhan was angry and killed Ai's envoy. Then he fought, was defeated, and died in battle at the age of thirty-seven. Everyone dispersed, and Ai Chang drove to Chengdu. Looking at the eldest son Shang, both of them disappeared. The second son Jing and Pan Zixian and others moved to Hedong in the first year of Xianxi.

Dong Jue was the official historian when the Prime Minister came to power. Liang called him: "Dong Lingshi is a good scholar. Whenever I speak to him, I think carefully and appropriately." After Liang's death, he moved to Shangshu Pushe, and replaced Chen Zhi as Shangshu Ling. He moved to the general position and served as a general, and Fan Jian of Yiyang was appointed to Yan Dynasty. In the 14th year of Yanxi (2), he sent Wu as a school lieutenant. When Sun Quan was seriously ill, he did not see the construction. Quan asked Zhuge Ke: "How can Fan Jian be like Zong Yue?" Ke replied: "His talent and knowledge are not as good as his prediction, but his elegance is beyond him." Since Zhan, Jue, and Jian Tong were in charge, Jiang Wei often went out on expeditions, and the eunuch Huang Hao stole the opportunity, and the Xian army generals protected him, but he was unable to correct it. However, Jian Te did not associate with Hao Hao. In the spring of the next year after Shu was defeated, Jue and Jian both went to Kyoto and joined the army as prime ministers. In the autumn, they served as regular servants on casual cavalry and sent envoys from Shu to express their condolences.

Comments: Zhuge Liang is the prime minister of the country. He cares for the people, shows rituals, appoints officials, obeys the authority, is open-minded and sincere, and delivers justice. Those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are enemies, and those who violate the law and are negligent will be loved. Punishment is inevitable. Those who plead guilty and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded, and evil deeds will not be devalued; common things should be refined, physical principles should be followed, names should be followed and responsibilities should be fulfilled, hypocrisy Disdainful; finally within the territory of the country, those who are fearful but loving, although the punishment and administration are harsh but have no resentment, because of their calm intentions and clear warnings. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success. He must adapt to the situation and make strategies, which is not his strength!

Some of Zhuge Liang's political achievements

1. Dujiangyan,

"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui" records: "Zhuge Liang used the weir as his agricultural base during his northern expedition. The capital of the country is to be guarded by 1,000 and 200 people, and there are weir officials." --- Zhuge Liang pioneered the practice of weir officials.

The details of this decree are breathtaking, including the date of the annual dredging work, the depth of excavation, the stone ruler Zhuge Liang used for dredging maintenance, and the stainless steel ruler that was not copied until the 1980s. Ruler replacement. The maintenance regulations established by Wuhou are still implemented unchanged to this day.

Second, the Wa people resisted the British;

As far back as 225 AD, the Kanamanjuan tribe of the Wa people living in the Gourd Kingdom signed an alliance with Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, and swore to submit to the Shu Han court. Guard the border and never rebel; for 1700 years, the Wa people have always followed this covenant. In 1934, when the British army attacked the Banhong and Banlao areas, the Wa people kept this covenant in mind. King Banlao rose up to resist and organized the Wa armed forces. Niu Meng swore allegiance to their most respected "grandfather" - Zhuge Liang. This is the famous "Ban Hong Incident".

Three, six "tea ancestors" worshiped by ethnic minorities.

"Pu'er Prefecture Chronicles? Ancient Relics" records: It is said that Marquis Wu traveled through the six mountains, leaving copper gongs in Youle, placing copper trowels in the wild branches, burying iron bricks in the wild bricks, and leaving wooden bangs in Yi. In the country, the horses and pedals were buried in Gedeng, and the sacks were placed in Mancai. This is why the mountain is named after it. "One of the six major tea mountains is called Kongming Mountain. The local people also call the tea tree "Kongming Tree" and respect Zhuge Liang as the "Ancestor of Tea." To this day, the Jinuo, Bulang, Wa, Dai, Hani, Zhuge Liang's villages hold a gathering every year on Zhuge Liang's birthday, called the "Tea Patriarch Meeting", where they sing and dance while admiring the moon, setting off Kongming lanterns, and worshiping Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang's status in martial temples throughout the dynasties

The martial arts temple appeared for the first time in Chinese history in the Tang Dynasty

1. "New Book of Tang - Rites and Music Five" records: "In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, the Taigong Shangfu Temple was built. He respected Taigong as King Wucheng, and the ceremony was comparable to that of King Wenxuan, and he was served by ten wise generals and elephants from past dynasties. The ten sages of the martial arts temple are:

Sun Wu of the Wu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Ranju of the Qi State, Wu Qi of the Wei State of the Warring States Period, Le Yi of the Yan State, Bai Qi of the Qin State, and Zhang Liang of the Western Han Dynasty , Han Xin, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty, Li Jing and Li Shiji of the Tang Dynasty, and Yi Taigong Wang was the chief worshiper of the Wu Temple. ”

2. In the third year of Emperor Dezong’s reign in the Tang Dynasty, the imperial court issued an edict to ask the History Museum to conduct research and list 64 famous generals from ancient to modern times for sharing. All of them were painted with images, and they were ranked around King Wucheng.

The 32 people on the left are: Yue Fan Li, Qi Sun Bin, Zhao Lianpo, Qin Wangjian, Wei Qing, Sui and Han Qinhu, Guo Ziyi, etc.

3. Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty granted Zhuge Liang the title of King Wuling and granted him a temple in Longzhong.

Song Dynasty:

In the Song Dynasty, Zhuge was worshiped as a loyal minister (given the Yinghui Temple with "Renji"), and at the same time, Zhuge was still worshiped as a famous general, whose status was second only to Zhang Liang, who ranks first alone, is still on an equal footing with Sun Wu, Han Xin, Li Jing and others.

"History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 105 "Book of Rites 8": In the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Ministry of Rites said: "In the temple of King Wucheng, seventy-two generals will be worshiped." So he laid the foundation for the day, and Zhang Liang was appointed to the temple. . Different grades are divided according to the direction

First grade: Zhang Liang

Second grade: Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Le Yi, Zhuge Liang, Li Ji and Xiang Xiang, Tian Rangju, Fan Li, Han Xin, Li Jing, Guo Ziyi And heading east

The third stall: Donglang, Bai Qi, Sun Bin, Lian Po, Li Mu, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, Li Guang, Huo Qubing, Deng Yu, Feng Yi, Wu Han, Ma Yuan, Huangfu Song, Deng Ai, Zhang Fei, Lu Meng, Lu Kang, Du Yu, Tao Kan, Murong Ke, Yu Wenxian, Wei Xiaokuan, Yang Su, He Ruobi, Li Xiaogong, Su Dingfang, Wang Xiaojie, Wang Jun, Li Guangbi, and heading west;

Fourth gear: Xilang, Wu Qi, Tian Dan, Zhao She, Wang Jian, Peng Yue, Zhou Yafu, Wei Qing, Zhao Chongguo, Kou Xun, Jia Fu, Geng Yan, Duan Peng, Zhang Liao, Guan Yu, Zhou Yu, Lu Xun, Yang Hu, Wang Jun , Xie Xuan, Wang Meng, Wang Zhene, Hu Luguang, Wang Sengbian, Yu Jin, Wu Mingche, Han Qinhu, Shi Wansui, Yuchi Jingde, Pei Xingjian, Zhang Rendan, Guo Yuanzhen, Li Sheng, and eastward.

The Jin people followed the old system of the Tang Dynasty, but lowered the status of Guan Zhong and Han Xin, and eliminated Wang Meng and Murong Ke. Zhuge Liang's status as a famous general remained unchanged. Moreover, in the concept of "History of the Jin Dynasty", if anyone says the sentence "Zhuge Liang does not know how to fight", it proves that this person is "a big talker".

Yuan Dynasty: In this dynasty, the number of worshipers in the martial temple was greatly reduced, and many people were eliminated. However, there was still Zhuge Liang, and his status was still on an equal footing with Sun Wu and others.

1. "History of the Yuan Dynasty? Sacrifice Records Five? Wucheng Wang Article" records: "Wucheng King established a temple to the west of the Privy Council Hall, and ten people including Sun Wuzi, Zhang Liang, Guan Zhong, Leyi and Zhuge Liang worshiped.

2. Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan Dynasty named Zhuge Liang the King of Xu Lie Zhongwu Xianling Renji

The great novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" was born in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. In order to avoid the huge influence of the romance novel, the situation thereafter was not the same. column.