Answers to Reading Qing Yu's Witness

Although this story is a satirical joke, it is also a refutation of substantive justice and formal justice.

A person with only half a sole is disabled and can be classified as substantive justice; The conductor thinks that disabled people need disability certificates, which is formal justice.

Substantive justice attaches importance to conclusion and ignores process; Formal justice pays more attention to process, that is, procedure.

The most obvious example of the difference is the identification of "evidence".

Substantive justice rarely asks about the source of evidence and pays more attention to its authenticity; Formal justice attaches great importance to the legitimacy of the source of evidence, that is, even if the evidence is true and important, as long as it is obtained illegally, it is considered invalid.

Returning to the topic, substantive justice believes that people who lack half a sole obviously belong to the disabled; Formal justice cannot be recognized because it does not produce disability certificate, regardless of its essence.

Substantive justice represents truth in many cases, while formal justice is more of an order and rule.

Substantial justice mostly appears in a society ruled by men, and many cases are only determined by people's subjective judgment; Formal justice mostly appears in developed societies ruled by law, and everything is decided by rules and laws.

Formal justice represents an order in many cases, such as the disability certificate of the disabled.