China was reunified for the first time in the Qin Dynasty. Why did you abandon the Qin nationality and use the Han nationality?

The leaders of all ethnic groups in the Central Plains are consistent with the Qin Dynasty. Generally speaking, it is a ripe question to call them "Qin people" and "Qin people". Why abandon "Qin" and use "Han"? Is it really because the Qin Dynasty was cruel and unpopular?

Dressed in black, the Qin Dynasty strode into Rong.

From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty for more than 2,000 years, there were dozens of titles in each dynasty, which were successively called "Qin people", "Tang people" and "Taohuashi", but they were all defeated by "Han people". This has long been associated with titles in previous dynasties and has become a special word for Han people. After the Han Dynasty, the title of "Han" was still used by many Han founders, and even many non-Han founders such as Xiongnu and Shatuo also took the title of "Han". This is very rare in other countries. Why are they so happy?

From the earliest Han people in the Han Empire to the Han people who are now above all titles, how did the "Han people" complete this unimaginable change and gradually become the largest nation in the world?

From Qin in China to "beautiful" Han people

Why we abandon "Qin" and use "Han" is really related to China.

Now most people think that china China in English comes from porcelain, but the actual situation is just the opposite.

China didn't actually originate from porcelain.

China is from India, the earliest "porcelain" in China is porcelain, and China comes is Chinese porcelain or porcelain. /kloc-in the 7th century, chinawrea (ware means articles and utensils) began to appear, especially "China porcelain". However, ware is omitted in vernacular and vernacular. Both porcelain and porcelain can refer to "porcelain". Perhaps China's "porcelain" was so famous that it stole the limelight of porcelain, and their sources were reversed. Then trouble is coming. Where does China come from? The answer is India.

As early as more than 300 BC, when Indian King Candeira Gupta was in power, "Cina" appeared in the Political Theory written by Minister Canak Ya. Cina is widely regarded as the source of China, but the specific direction of Cina is controversial from time to time. There are dozens of sayings: German scholar Richthofen said it originated in Yan 'an, Vietnam, and French scholar La Cupperi said it originated in ancient Dian.

The concept of "China originated from Qin and Cina originated from Qin" was first put forward by Jesuits in 1665, and later proved by German scholar Laufer and French scholar Buriott, which gradually became a tributary. According to their argument, before the 2nd century BC, Qin defeated Yiqu (now Gansu, Shaanxi and Ningxia), annexed Bashu and dominated Xirong. Because the nation was in the Central Plains and had trade with India in the southwest of Myanmar, the name of Qin was spread to India. During this period, India had active trade and other contacts with Central Asia, the two river basins, Egypt, Greece and Rome. Affected by this, Sininm in Hebrew, Thin in Roman Latin, Tzinitza in Greek and China in English all originated from Cina. It can be seen that the Qin people who lived in the western regions temporarily and were regarded as Rong Di by the governors of the Central Plains from time to time were the Central Plains people who fought the most in foreign cultures (especially in the West), and "Qin people" became the general title of the Central Plains people.

Fight against Xiongnu

"Qin people" prefer to be called "Han people" After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Wei's title was chosen, and the emperor attacked Xiongnu in the north and defeated Baiyue, which further expanded and stabilized the application scope of "Qin people". But outside the Central Plains, people in the Qin Dynasty did not call themselves "Qin people", and they seemed to prefer "Han people" after their death. Although the "Han" of the Han people originated from Liu Bang, it was actually not Liu Bang's own choice, but voluntary unbearable.

At the end of the Qin dynasty, many men rose up, and Xiang Yu and Liu Bang were the strongest. People from all walks of life were the first to destroy Qin, and they all agreed that "the Guanzhong is the king first". Pei Gong Liu Bang began to attack Shanhaiguan. He should have been crowned king of Guanzhong, but great changes have taken place.

Hongmen Banquet-A banquet with ulterior motives

Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, who was enfeoffed in advance, was named after all the places where the troops were stationed, "Divide the land into kings", * * * had a vassal king with a reward of 18, and Liu Bang was stationed in Hanshui and was named "Hanwang" instead of "Guanzhong King". Liu bang is very courageous and does not intend to be sealed. He is willing to fight to the death and attack Xiang Yu. There are reasons for Liu Bang's indignation, not just the different titles. Related to the rich Guanzhong and the vast Kanto, Bashu is the exile of prisoners, and Hanzhong is also a remote and barren place. It is really a shame for Liu Bang, who has made great contributions to the Qin Dynasty. At this time, "Xiang Yu's soldiers are 400,000, millions, Pei Gong's soldiers are 100,000, and hundreds of thousands". Xiang Yu's aristocratic background is closely related to Chu Huaiwang, the leader of anti-Qin forces. Chu people are also good at fighting, and they all stand on the side of Chu army. Once Liu bang defended spontaneously, the result was incredible.

Liu Bangding named "Han" as the national title, just at this time, counselor Xiao He played an important role. Xiao He remonstrated that "Tian Han calls beauty by words" and analyzed the situation. He advised Pei Gong to compromise for perfection, but "Sanqin can still be pacified, which is beneficial to the whole country". Liu Bang, who was angry and helpless, perhaps got some comfort from "Tian Han, very beautiful" before taking the title of Hanwang and personally attending the dangerous Hongmen banquet. I have to say that Xiang Yu chose this word in his heart. In ancient times, it was said that the Han River and the Milky Way in the sky flowed in the opposite direction, and Han and Hehan came into contact from time to time. When it comes to Korea, it is associated with heaven, which is famous compared with other country names. Today, there is an ancient Hantai in Hanzhong, reminding everyone that Liu Bang set out from Hanzhong and set the tripod. Paradoxically, when setting the title, Liu Bang knew that he had a chance to choose another word, but he still used "Han" as the title. However, this is not important. What? As a result, for a long time after the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the outside world actually did not say that the Han Dynasty rewarded the Han people, but the Qin people. Why is this?

Specialization of "Han"

Although the Han Dynasty was established, foreign cultures were called "Qin people" at most before Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. "Biography of Historical Records of Dawan" records: "The new Qin people in Wanwencheng know well, but they still eat a lot." In Hanshu, it is said that the Huns rewarded the Qin people when they fled to the Huns in the Han Dynasty. Even in the imperial edict of guilt in 89 BC, there was a saying that "the Huns tied horses before and after and set up a city, saying' Qin people, I am like a horse'". In this regard, Yan Shigu, a native of the Tang Dynasty, said that China should learn from Qin people and learn from history, which was most recognized by later generations.

The essence of appellation is a kind of recognition. Although the martial arts of the Qin dynasty are no less than those of the Han dynasty, the influence of pure force on a title is actually not great. This demand comes from the support of cultural thought, political system and economic foundation. Xu Zhuoyun, a famous historian, believes that the significance of China in the Han Dynasty is not only a political dynasty, but also a unique identity of China people with different backgrounds and futures.

What did the Han Dynasty do to make the Central Plains people prefer "Han people"?

The significance of China in the Han Dynasty is not only a political dynasty, but also the identity of a China person with different origins and future. This is related to a series of pioneering work in politics, religious culture and economy in Han Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty started the political system of local government by abolishing feudalism and establishing counties, but in the Han Dynasty, the establishment of China and the establishment of the secretariat further strengthened the centralization of local government, and with the diligence of Dong Zhongshu and others, the official elite was able to enter the ruling class, which opened the tradition of the imperial examination system in China for thousands of years and turned the previously closed sinner aristocratic group into a regime ruled by elites all over the country.

Wei Qing's Resistance to Hungary

The integration of religious culture is more obvious. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, all local sacrifices were handled by local authorities, and all local gods built shrines in Chang 'an, and all kinds of wizards and gods were integrated into the palace. Some scholars believe that Xuanmen flourished in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and the official worship knot in the whole country was decomposed into the origin of Xuanmen. Therefore, there is little difference in the ways and tools of sacrifice in the past, which is the consistent reason of religion. Culturally, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty "ousted hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" and praised Confucianism. After the inspection, elites from all over the country gathered there to study in imperial academy, and then returned to teach in other places, which had a very important and consistent impact on national culture, especially the lower culture. In addition, in the economic field, the "Guisu" in the Han Dynasty emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce, and built national canals, six auxiliary canals and white canals, which greatly developed agriculture. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed public ownership, government-run and private ownership into public ownership, which increased the national finance and integrated the national economy.

Therefore, the inclusive system of politics, culture and economy made the Han Dynasty gain great recognition, and people with differences in different places were willing to live for a long time, which laid the foundation for the name of the Han Dynasty to become the national title of the Central Plains. So that the Han Dynasty was abandoned by Wang Mang in AD 8, but the title of "Han" did not disappear, and it was revived several times.

The most famous are Shu Han founded by Liu Bei, Liu Yuan in other Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Batty Li Shou and Liu Zhiyuan in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Wang Jian, Gong Liu and Liu Chong in Ten Kingdoms Period, and Chen Youliang in the late Yuan Dynasty. Among them, there are a large number of ethnic minorities, such as Hun Liu Yuan, Shatuo Liu Zhiyuan and Shatuo Liu Chong.

Why do they do this?

People who used "Han" at the beginning knew clearly that Liu was the majority. Taking "Han" as Liu Bang's successor is closely related to Liu Bang's Han Dynasty and Liu Bei's Dynasty, in order to show noble blood relationship and deny other regimes. This essentially explains the "home country" nature of titles: a title represents the family background of an emperor. However, the political appellation of ethnic minorities is "Han nationality", because it is necessary to recognize and adopt the cultural traditions of the Han nationality in the founding of the Central Plains. Liu Yuan has clearly put forward that "the Han generals will live forever, and the complex of kindness and people".

Here, although the use of "Han" is getting wider and wider, and its connection with politics is getting closer and closer, the Han people are still just a direction they don't really understand. It was during the period of great unification that the Han nationality began to have a strong national color.

The birth of the largest country in the world

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Southern Dynasty was a continuation of the Han regime, while the Northern Dynasty was in a state of blending between Hu and Han, which not only aroused the national outlook, but also promoted the national blending. The political power established by the southern minorities, such as the rulers of the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei and the Northern Zhou Dynasties, are all Xianbei people, and the policy of calling China aborigines "Han people" or "Han people" is often contemptuous.

"The old history of the Five Dynasties. "Biography of Zhang Li" recorded that after being captured by the Khitan in the Liao Dynasty, he said, "Li, Han people are also! Clothes and diet are different, life is worse than death, please hurry! " The abstract description of national heroes is incisively and vividly.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Manchu regime was defeated by foreign powers several times, and the traditional arrogant world outlook of the whole country was severely hit. Many people in China pin their hopes of saving the nation from extinction on the East. Intellectuals believe that China is poor and weak because China is ruled by non-Han people, which does not constitute a real nation and country and lacks cohesion.

Liang Qichao's sentence in Xinmin Shuo is very representative: "The imperial species is to make it infatuated forever, but unpopular! If my husband enters the cloud, wouldn't it be in case I were Han! " Intellectuals gradually exported national views, exaggerated the Han nationality, subverted Manchu rule and enhanced national cohesion.

Sun Yat-sen proposed multi-ethnic integration, and the Han people formally proposed it.

19 12 When the Republic of China was founded, Sun Yat-sen proposed the "five ethnic groups * * * harmony" of Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan and many ethnic groups who believe in Islam, which was formally proposed by Han.

Of course, these five ethnic groups are not the only ones in China. The affirmation of 56 ethnic groups is still after liberation.

After 1949, China implemented the policy of ethnic equivalence, and adopted the standard of "name depending on the subject" for ethnic appellation, which aroused the national consciousness of ethnic minorities. Many ethnic minorities have lost their national identity. By 1953, more than 400 ethnic titles have been registered.

People's Republic of China (PRC) implements the policy of ethnic reciprocity.

Today's 56 ethnic groups are not produced at one time, but have four stages. The first national census of 1949 to 1954 identified 38 ethnic minorities such as Mongolia, Hui, Tibet and Manchu, and the second census of 1954 to 1964, and the remaining 183 registered in the last national census. 56 ethnic groups are probably from 1965 to 1982 after the third national census. At this stage, the Barrow nationality in Luo Yu, Tibet was newly recognized, and the Jinuo nationality in Jinuo Mountain, Yunnan Province was recognized as 1979, and the number of ethnic members increased to 56. This is in line with the "China" put forward by China's * * * production party in 1930s. * * * There are dozens of ethnic minorities.

56 ethnic groups unite (can you find the Han nationality? )

As for the most populous nation in the world, some scholars compare its formation process to snowballing: the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are cradles, from point to line, from line to surface, like snowballing, absorbing and integrating ethnic minorities from time to time. Of course, in this process, snowflakes will also fall. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, in order to facilitate tribute and guard against the Japanese pirates, Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty sent a boatman with a surname of 36 from Fujian to Ryukyu for a holiday. Although Ryukyu was changed to Okinawa nearly 700 years ago, the local people still have the custom of offering sacrifices to the Confucius, which belongs to the Han nationality.

Those who make the strong will be punished from a distance.

Tired of watching, watching a joke makes you happy and relaxed.

Beautiful sister

When I was a sophomore, one day I saw the Communist Youth League Secretary of our class walking on campus with a beautiful girl. I rushed over and patted him on the shoulder and said, "Where did you get this girlfriend?" Not bad! " I was embarrassed to see him. So I proudly returned to the classroom. I heard the news that there was a new head teacher in our class, and then I saw that beautiful sister stepped onto the podium?