What does it mean for two children to argue about the sun?

Original text:

Confucius was traveling eastward and saw two children arguing and asked him why.

One son said: "I think that when the sun starts to rise, people are close, but when the sun is at noon, they are far away." .

Yi'er said: "At the beginning of the day, it is as big as a car hood, and at midday it is like a pan. Isn't this why the far ones are small and the near ones are big?"

Yi'er said. : "At the beginning of the day, it is cool in Cang (cāng), and in the middle of the day, it is like exploring the soup. Isn't it hot for those who are close and cool for those who are far away?"

Confucius couldn't decide.

The two children laughed and said: "Who (shú) knows (zhì) for you (rǔ)?"

[Edit this paragraph] Notes

Day: sun.

East: To the east.

Travel: travel, study tour.

Debate: argue. Bian: Debate; Dou: Fight

It: refers to two children.

Therefore: reason, reason.

To: think.

Go to: distance.

Chu: Just now.

Midday: Noon.

Car hood: The car hood is used to keep out the sun and rain.

And: to.

Then: Just.

Pan Yu: A container for holding things. The round one is called a plate, and the square one is called a bowl.

For: Yes.

Author: The sun of….

Cangcang Liangliang: cool and slightly chilly. Cangcang: means cold.

Tan: Reach out.

Soup: hot water.

Jue: Judgment, judgment.

Who: Who, which one.

Ru: You.

Who knows more about you? Who said you are wise? (Who said you are well-informed?) Who: Who? For: pass "predicate". "Zhi" communicates with "Zhi", wisdom.

Hu: Here

Exploring the soup: Put your hand into the hot water.

Cang Cang Liang Liang: It is a metaphor for how cool it is when the sun just rises.

Zhi: Same as "wisdom", wisdom.

[Edit this paragraph] Translation

When Confucius went to the East to study, he saw two children arguing. Confucius asked them the reason for the argument.

One child said: "I think the sun is close to people when it first rises, and is far away from people at noon."

Another child thought that the sun was far away when it first rose. People are far away, but people are close at noon.

The first child said: "When the sun just rises, it looks like a big round hood, but when it reaches noon, it looks like a plate. Isn't this small in the distance and big in the distance?"

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Another child said: "When the sun first rises, it feels very refreshing and cool. At noon, it is as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't it hot when you are close and cool when you are far? ?”

Confucius could not judge whether the two children were right or wrong.

The two children laughed and said: "Who is wiser?"

[Edit this paragraph] Reading

Confucius traveled eastward and saw two The children argued and asked why.

One son said: "I think that when the sun begins to rise, people will be close, but when the sun is in the middle, it will be far away."

One son said that when the sun begins to rise, people will be far away. And the time of day is close.

Yi'er said: "At the beginning of the day, it is as big as a car hood, and at midday it is like a pan. Isn't this because the ones far away are small and the ones close are big?"

One son said: "At the beginning of the day, it is cool and cool in Cangcang, and at the middle of the day, it is like exploring the soup. Isn't this because the people near are hot and the people far away are cool?"

Confucius\cannot\ Definitely.

The two children laughed and said: "Who do you know?"

[Edit this paragraph] Central idea

1. There must be a way to explore nature spirit.

2. Be good at observation and independent thinking.

3. Observing things from different angles will lead to different conclusions.

4. Know what you know, know what you don’t know, and seek truth from facts.

5. There is no end to learning.

[Edit this paragraph] Scientific explanation

The reason is that it is incorrect to explain the distance between the ground and the sun based on different feelings.

One child in "Two Children Debating the Sun" said that because the sun in the morning is cold and the sun at noon is hot, the sun in the morning is far closer to noon. The other child said that the sun in the morning is big and the sun is small at noon, so the sun in the morning is far and near noon. The factual observation is indeed true, so how to explain it? What's going on?

The reason the sun appears to be larger in the morning than at noon is due to an optical illusion. We see white shapes larger than black shapes of the same size. This is called "light penetration" in physics. When the sun first rises, the surrounding sky is dark, so the sun appears bright. However, at noon, the surrounding sky is very bright. In contrast, the brightness difference between the sun and the background is not that great. This also makes us look The reason why the sun is larger in the morning than at noon. In short, the sun is the same distance from us in the morning as it is at noon, so its size is also the same.

In fact, because the solar radiation at noon is too strong, it is unrealistic to directly observe the size of the sun with the naked eye. This may also be due to people's impression that the sun at noon is just a bright point, while the sun at sunrise and sunset can be observed as a circle.

Also, it is hotter at noon than in the morning. Is it because the sun is closer to us at noon than in the morning? Neither. So why?

It is hotter at noon than in the morning because the sun shines directly on the ground at noon, while in the morning the sun shines diagonally on the ground. It can be seen that when the sun shines directly on the ground, the ground and the air are at the same time. The same area receives more radiant heat from the sun than when the morning sun is slanting, so the heating is the strongest. So it is hotter at noon than in the morning.

In fact, the hot or cold weather is mainly determined by the air temperature. The main factor affecting air temperature is determined by the radiation intensity of the sun, but solar heat is not the main reason that directly increases the temperature. Because the heat energy directly absorbed by the air is only a small part of the total heat energy of solar radiation, most of which is absorbed by the ground. After the ground absorbs the solar radiation heat, it is then conducted upward to the air through heat transfer methods such as radiation and convection. This is the main reason for the increase in temperature.

In short, it is hotter at noon and colder in the morning every day, not because the sun is far or near from our ground.

When studying, the teacher may say it is the same distance! There are 2 real answers! I think I know everything about relativity! It means taking a point as the center and making comparison at one point. In other words, there should be two central points in the article, one is the earth, and the other is the area where the two children are. If the earth is used as the center point, then the distance between the sun and the earth remains the same in the morning or at noon. If we take the area where the two children are as the center point, it should be closer at noon. We all know that the sun and the earth are both spheres. So let's first assume that the area where the two children are located is directly above the area circle, and the sun is assumed to be to the left of the earth. At this time, the sun seen in the area where the two children were was the morning sun. As long as the area where the two children are located is directly below the sun, then the sun at this time is the sun at noon. The straight line between the two points is the shortest. At this time, it can be clearly known that the area where the two children are located is centered. Click time. The morning sun is further away from the area where the two children are than the noon sun. The two children in the article did not know the earth at all, so they used their own area as the center point. This will determine who is right and who is wrong.

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to the author

This article is selected from "Liezi·Tang Wen"

"Liezi" is said to be the place where people from the Zheng State led the imperial bandits during the Warring States Period. write. Yu Kou was one of the representatives of Taoism during the Warring States Period.

"Liezi" was originally a compilation of the writings of Liezi (a member of the Zheng Kingdom in the early Warring States Period and Lieutenant Commander of the Imperial Guards), his disciples, and his followers. It was written around the late Warring States Period. Qin Shihuang burned books and harassed Confucian scholars, and Liezi was banned. In the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao was respected, and Liezi became popular in the world. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism and dismissed hundreds of schools of thought. Liezi was scattered among the people. Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty asked for his legacy to be published in the world. Liu Xiang compiled Liezi into eight chapters and hid them in the secret palace of the inner palace. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Zhan's Commentary on Liezi came out, and Liezi became widely circulated. "Liezi Tangwen" was compiled and annotated by Liezi. It contains many folktales, fables and myths and legends. (Some people also say that it was written by Confucius, but there is no conclusion yet.)

Liezi, also known as Kou, also known as Yu Kou (also known as Guo Kou), was a thinker in the early Warring States Period, following Laozi and Another representative figure of Taoism after Zhuangzi, he was born in Putian of Zheng State (now Zhengzhou, Henan), and was at the same time as Zheng Mugong. There is a Liezi Temple in the north of Putian Village, Putian Township, 30 miles east of present-day Zhengzhou City. His studies were based on Huangdi Laozi. It advocates tranquility and inaction. The "Taoist" section of Bangu's "Yiwenzhi" contains eight volumes of "Liezi", also known as "Chongxu Jing" (written between 450 BC and 375 BC). It is an important Taoist classic. "Yiwenzhi" contains eight volumes of "Liezi", which were lost early. Judging from the ideological content and language use, the current eight volumes of "Liezi" may have been compiled by modern people based on ancient materials. There are 134 poems with a wide range of themes, some of which are of great educational significance.

Liezi devoted his life to moral knowledge. He studied under Guan Yinzi, Huqiuzi, Lao Shang, Zhibo Gaozi, etc. and lived in seclusion in Zheng State. For forty years, he practiced Taoism quietly without seeking fame or fortune. He advocated following the name, responsibility and governance by doing nothing. Eight chapters including "Yang Zhu", "Shuo Fu", "Huang Di", "King Mu of Zhou" and "Li Ming" were compiled into the book "Lieh Zi", among which more than 100 fables have been lost. "The Journey of the Yellow Emperor", "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain", "Kuafu Chasing the Sun", "Alarmed People Worry About the Sky", etc., each chapter is very interesting, meaningful and thought-provoking.

Liezi is open-minded and does not care whether he is rich or poor. Because his family was poor and he often didn't have enough to eat, someone advised Ziyang, the ruler of Zheng, to support Liezi in order to attract good people. So Ziyang sent him ten carts of grain. I thanked him repeatedly, but refused to accept anything in kind. My wife complained: I heard that a wise man can live a happy life with his wife and children, but now I am often hungry when the prime minister gives you food and you don't accept it. My life is really miserable. Ah. Liezi smiled and said to his wife: Ziyang didn't really understand me, so he only gave me food after listening to other people's words. In the future, he might also blame me for what he said, so I couldn't accept it. Ziyang was killed, many of his party were implicated and killed, and the imperial bandits were safe. This story of Liezi is still circulated among the people in Zhengzhou, and this story is also recorded in "Zhengzhou Chronicles" in the 32nd year of Kangxi's reign.

Liezi was noble and mysterious. He cultivated the art of wind control and was able to ride on the wind. He often rode the wind in the spring and traveled around the wilderness. Zhuangzi described the scene of Liezi riding on the wind: "It is calm and good. Return after five days. ". Flying freely, chasing far away with ease, his ease and contentment are enviable. In the first year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (742), Li Longji named him Chongxu Zhenren, and his book is Chongxu Zhenjing.

[Edit this paragraph] Characters

Confucius: modest and prudent, seeking truth from facts.

The two children: smart and cute, good at using their brains, good at observation, boldly questioning issues that they do not understand, and dare to Debate.

[Edit this paragraph] Character introduction

Confucius (551.9.28 BC ~ 479.4.11 BC), named Qiu, was born in the state of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province), was buried on the Surabaya River in the north of Qufu City, which is today's Confucius Forest.

According to "Historical Records: Confucius Family". The ancestors of Confucius were originally descendants of the Shang Dynasty. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty granted him the title of concubine to King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty. Weizi Qi, a famous and loyal minister of the Shang Dynasty, established his capital in Shangqiu (today's Shangqiu area of ??Henan Province).

After the death of Wei Ziqi, his younger brother Wei Zhong came to the throne, and Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. After Kong Fujia, the sixth ancestor of Confucius, descendants began to take the surname Kong. His great-grandfather Kong Fangshu fled from Song to Lu in order to escape the civil strife in Song. Confucius's father, Shu Liang He (the courtesy name is Shu Liang and He is his given name), was a famous warrior in the state of Lu. Uncle Liang He first married the Shi family and gave birth to nine daughters but no son. His concubine gave birth to a son, Meng Pi, but he had a foot disease. Under the circumstances at that time, neither women nor disabled sons were suitable heirs. In his later years, Uncle Liang He gave birth to Confucius with a young woman named Yan. Because the middle of Confucius' head was concave when he was born, like a loach mountain; and because Confucius' mother went to Niqiu Mountain to pray and then conceived Confucius, she named her Qiu with the courtesy name Zhongni (Zhong means second, Shu Liang). He's eldest son was Mengpi, which means first.) When Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang He died of illness. After that, Confucius' family was very poor. Due to various reasons, Confucius did not achieve much in politics, but the three months he governed the state of Lu showed that Confucius was worthy of the title of an outstanding statesman. Political dissatisfaction allowed Confucius to devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius once served as a military commander in the State of Lu, and later traveled around the country with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the State of Lu and concentrated on teaching. Confucius broke the educational monopoly and pioneered private education. There are as many as 3,000 disciples of Confucius, including 72 sages, and many of them are high-ranking officials in various countries.

Confucius had a profound influence on later generations. During his lifetime, he was known as the "Sage of Heaven", "The Wooden Duo of Heaven" and the "Eternal Saint". He was one of the most erudite scholars in society at that time, and He was revered as the Holy Saint (the saint among saints) and the teacher of all generations by later generations. He once revised "Poems" and "Books", settled "Li" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes", and wrote "Spring and Autumn". Confucius' thoughts and theories had a profound impact on later generations. "The Analects of Confucius" is a classic work of Confucianism. It was compiled by Confucius's disciples and his re-disciples. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.

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Zhi: to understand "wisdom", wisdom

For: to understand "predicate", to say

The word has multiple meanings

This is not : This is not... For, yes.

Who knows more about you? Who said you are wiser? Wei, through "predicate", said.

Old and modern meanings

Panyu:

Ancient meaning: bowls and plates used for eating in the past.

Today’s meaning: a plate used to hold phlegm, garbage, and human excrement.

Soup:

Ancient meaning: boiling water, hot water

Modern meaning: juice after heating and cooking food

Ignore the revolution of the earth , only considering rotation, from the center of the sun to a fixed point on the earth's surface, the distance must be long in the morning and short at noon. It's just that this change in distance is not enough to cause it to be hot at noon and cool in the morning. Hot at noon and cool in the morning is caused by the angle of incidence of the sun, which is not the truth mentioned in "Two Children Debating the Sun".

This article is a fable. The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One believed that the sun was close to people in the morning, and the other believed that the sun was close to people at noon. For this reason, they each held their own opinions and couldn't argue. Even a learned man like Confucius Nor can one make a judgment. This story illustrates that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, one must dare to think independently and question boldly; it also illustrates that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite, and even the most knowledgeable people will not know something, and learning is endless.

The story can be understood in three parts. First, it writes about Confucius' encounter with two children arguing on the road, and points out the time, place, characters and causes of the story. The two children expressed two completely different views on the issue of how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children using the intuition (visual, tactile) that people can experience in daily life to clarify their opinions to refute the other party's opinions. Finally, it is written that Confucius was unable to make a decision when facing the argument between the two children, which caused the two children to "laugh". The full text is only about a hundred words, but it can give people many enlightenments.

The characteristic of language expression is to express the characters and unfold the storyline through dialogue description, which expresses the innocence and loveliness of the two children and the scientific attitude of Confucius' modesty, prudence, and seeking truth from facts.

The main purpose of selecting this article is to enable students to initially understand the language characteristics of ancient Chinese prose, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The different meanings of characters and words in ancient and modern times are the difficulty in learning this article. For example, "I go when the sun starts to rise and people are near" the word "go" means "distance", which is different from the common modern meaning. In addition, "尰", "汝", etc. rarely appear in modern Chinese, and words such as these must be understood by students.

The following translations are for reference only.

Confucius went to the East for a study tour. On the way, he saw two children arguing. Confucius asked them the reason for their dispute.

A child said: "I think the sun is close to people when it first rises, and is far away from people at noon." Another child thought that the sun is far away from people when it first rises, and is close to people at noon.

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Another child said: "It feels cool when the sun first comes out, but when it reaches noon it is as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't this how hot it is when it's close and cool when it's far away?"

Confucius listened and could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said: "Who said you are knowledgeable?"

2. Learning objectives

1. Learn the three new words in this lesson and be able to follow the comments after class to clarify the text. meaning.

2. Read the text emotionally. Memorize the text and retell the story.

3. Understand the content of the text, learn the spirit of the ancients who were good at using their brains and boldly questioning in order to understand nature and explore the truth, and Confucius’ scientific attitude of being modest, prudent, and seeking truth from facts, and realize that there is no end to learning.

3. Teaching Suggestions

1. Before class, teachers can review the scientific knowledge involved in the text. You can also arrange students to collect information on their own before class on questions such as "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change throughout the day? Why does the sun look bigger in the morning and smaller at noon? Why does it feel cooler in the morning and hotter at noon?"

2. Although this article is concise, the different meanings of ancient and modern words are still a difficulty for students to read and understand. For example, the modal particle "hu", which rarely appears in modern literature, appears three times in the article. It is recommended to solve this difficulty in three steps. (1) After students read the text, they can initially understand the meaning of each sentence based on the annotations. For things that students don’t understand, teachers can give some guidance so that students can understand the context. (2) Read it repeatedly to understand the content of the story. (3) Tell the story in your own words.

3. This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and share what they thought of after reading this text. Students should be encouraged to speak freely and gain insights from multiple perspectives. For example, the two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; the two children understand things from different angles, and the results are different; Confucius can correctly treat the questions raised by the children, not knowing what is not known, and seeking truth from facts.

As for the end of the article, Confucius "cannot solve it", students should know that many natural phenomena are common scientific knowledge to us, but in ancient times it was difficult to solve them due to underdeveloped science and technology. It is a mystery, so it is understandable that Confucius "cannot solve it". It can be seen that the universe is huge and the knowledge is vast, ranging up and down, but even a wise man cannot know everything. Confucius did not "pretend ignorance as knowledge", but had a pragmatic attitude of "knowing what is known, and not knowing what is unknown". Therefore, when teaching, do not take the joke about Confucius as the main theme.

4. For beginners to learn classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. When studying this article, you should still focus on guided reading. When reading this article aloud, you can follow the following tips to read the pauses in sentences.

Confucius was traveling east, saw two children arguing, and asked why.

Yi'er said: "I think that when the sun begins to rise, people are close to you, and when the sun is in the middle of the day, people are far away."

"One son said: "When the sun rises at the beginning of the day, it is far away, but when the sun rises at the middle of the day, it is close."

One of the children said: "The sun rises at the beginning of the day and is as big as a car hood; when it reaches the middle of the day, it is like a pan. This is not / The ones far away are small / and / the ones close / big?”

One son said: “The sunrise at the beginning of the day / is cool in Cangcang, and the middle of the day / is like exploring the soup, which is not / the one close by is hot / And / is it cool when it is far away?"

Confucius could not decide. The two children laughed and said: "Who / do you / know much about?"

The description of the language and dialogue of the two children This is the key point for teachers to guide students to read aloud.

In the second natural paragraph, two children have completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times. Students should be guided to read the two children in a positive tone. Each has his own opinion and refuses to give in to each other.

In the third and fourth paragraphs, the two children use their own feelings and experiences to prove their own opinions and refute each other's opinions in the same sentence structure. , all end with rhetorical questions. Pay attention to the reading of rhetorical questions. Among them, "as big as a car hood" and "rutantang" should be read with emphasis, while "as big as a plate bowl" and "cangcang cool" should be read lightly to make them read more clearly. There is a contrasting tone, so that it will form a climax where the two peaks are in confrontation, arguing and needing to be resolved.

In the fifth natural paragraph, the two children saw that the saint Kong could not decide, and said with a smile: "Who knows more about you?" ?" also uses a rhetorical question format. It should be made clear that the children's smiles are not sarcastic. Students should be guided to read in a lively and relaxed tone to show the innocence and cuteness of the children.

Instruct students to read classical Chinese aloud. Pay attention to standard reading and lead reading. On the basis of students understanding the content of the article and being able to read the full text emotionally, students should be guided to read aloud by role, and strive to achieve recitation in class.

5. Expand after class. It is recommended to arrange a language practice activity and perform "Newly Edited Two Children's Debate on the Sun" before the activity. The teacher provides the activity idea: a modern teenager travels through time and space to the distant ancient times and encounters two children debating the sun. The two children ask the teenager to judge the activity. , let students create and perform in groups, and then communicate in the class

4. Reference materials

1. This article is selected from "Liezi·Tang Wen". "Liezi" is said to have been written by Lie Yukou (about 450 BC - 375 BC) from the Lu State during the Warring States Period. It contains many excellent fables and folk tales from the pre-Qin era.

2. Confucius (AD). 551 BC - 479 BC), whose name was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni. He was a thinker, politician, and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was the founder of Confucianism. The students compiled a book called "The Analects of Confucius" and passed it down to the world.

3. About the scientific knowledge in "Two Children Debating the Sun"

The distance of the sun from the earth in the morning and at noon. It's the same. Why does the sun appear larger in the morning than at noon? This is a visual error and illusion. The same object appears smaller when placed in a group of objects that are larger than it, but when placed in a group of objects that are smaller than it. appear large. In the same way, the morning sun rises from the horizon against the background of trees, houses, distant mountains and a small corner of the sky. In this comparison, the sun appears larger at this time. The sun rises high at noon, and the vast sky is the backdrop. At this time, the sun appears small. Secondly, the white object appears larger than the black object. This physical phenomenon is called "light penetration". When the sun first rises, the background is the dark sky, and the sun is extremely bright; at noon, the background is thousands of miles of blue sky, and the sun has little contrast with its brightness, making it appear smaller.

The temperature at noon is higher than in the morning. Is the sun closer to us at this time than in the morning? No. The main reason is that the sun shines obliquely on the earth in the morning and the sun shines directly on the earth at noon. At the same time and in the same area, direct radiation generates more heat than oblique radiation. At the same time, at night, the heat from the sun irradiates the ground and dissipates, so it feels cool in the morning; at noon, the heat from the sun irradiates the ground, so it feels hot. The coolness or hotness of the temperature does not indicate the distance or proximity of the sun to the ground.