How many years has Chinese civilization been passed down?

First of all, civilization and culture have different definitions. The so-called China is really four ancient civilizations, and it is just the name of the Chinese cultural circle. Other cultural and academic circles don't recognize it, because the Xia Dynasty didn't even have words, let alone cities. So the first dynasty in China was Shang Dynasty, and Chinese civilization has a history of 3600 years. Xia Dynasty was forged by Zhou people.

Secondly, in the past, Confucianism believed that the Yellow River was the origin of Chinese civilization, and archaeology found that barbarians in the Yangtze River valley also had splendid cultures.

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Why was the ancient Greek civilization not included in the four ancient civilizations? Is China really one of the four ancient civilizations?

Come on, you are from China! Why not recognize your country? Why do you believe in your country? Do you think China doesn't have this ability? Excuse me, are you from China?

The so-called "four ancient civilizations" is not a slogan formulation of kindergartens in the international and academic circles. It's just a reference to "the cradle of several civilizations". Even so, China is not among the "four great civilizations". There have never been four ancient civilizations in global history.

For a long time, China officials have always claimed that China is one of the so-called "four ancient civilizations", and that we are an ancient country with a civilization history of 5,000 years, which is an important part of educating the people. These ridiculous arguments are still widely circulated and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. In fact, anyone with a little knowledge of world history knows that this is just a joke.

First of all, let's take a look at this so-called "four ancient civilizations". There is no such slogan formulation for kindergartens in the international and academic circles. Only the "cradle of several civilizations" is similar. Even so, China is not among the "four great civilizations".

If we follow the definition of "four oldest civilized countries", then China may not even rank in the top ten, not to mention four. Its civilization began in the Shang Dynasty around 1500 BC, but it took more than 3,000 years, while other great works had existed from 2000 to 1000 before that, and the civilization of the two river basins in the Middle East began around 3,500 BC. The Nile Valley civilization in Egypt also began around 3500 BC, the Aegean civilization in Greece around 2500 BC, and indus valley civilization around 2500 BC. This is only in terms of large areas, and there are more secondary civilizations such as Hittite civilization, Assyrian civilization, Phoenician civilization, Persian civilization, Jewish civilization and so on. (These ancient civilizations are the predecessors of many countries in West Asia today, and these ancient Semites and Persians are also Jews today. According to the previous definition of "four ancient countries", China can only rank among these civilizations and countries. Where can it rank?

Careful readers may find that the top four civilizations should be Middle East civilization, Egyptian civilization, Greek civilization and Indian civilization from the starting time of the civilizations listed above. There is no place for China. Why did the Greek position disappear in China's official propaganda, but it became China after 1000 years?

This is not an unintentional mistake. In fact, under the background of anti-western politics manipulated by the government for a long time, systematically belittling western civilization is only an integral part of various propaganda activities. Because Greek civilization is the source of western civilization, China officials, for ideological reasons, don't want to see any information showing the superiority of western civilization, and want to belittle any aspect of western civilization as much as possible, plus the extreme hatred and jealousy of the "nationalists" in power to western civilization, so they have made such a trick.

The reader may ask: Isn't the official in China promoting "5,000-year civilization"? Why is it actually only 3500 years?

Then we need to understand some basic common sense and concepts in archaeology and history, and some "historians" in China have long misled and fooled people by confusing these basic common sense and concepts. This is about the difference between the two concepts of "culture" and "civilization" and several basic characteristics that constitute "civilization".

There are strict differences between the two concepts of "culture" and "civilization" in archaeological history (although we often confuse them in daily life). Simply put, "culture" is a concept belonging to the Stone Age, especially the primitive tribal remains of the Stone Age, especially the Neolithic Age, including the Stone Age and the Stone Age, while "civilization" belongs to the concept of the Bronze Age, especially the national stage after human beings entered the Bronze Age.

In fact, from the etymology of the two English words "culture" and "civilization", we can clearly see the difference between them. The original meaning of the word "culture-"is "farming", which clearly shows that the original meaning of the concept of "culture" belongs to the category of primitive tribal times associated with "farming"; The original meaning of civ-, the root of the word "civilization", is "citizen", which clearly shows that the original meaning of the concept of "civilization" belongs to the category of the Bronze Age, and it is linked with "city" and industry and commerce by the appearance of "citizen". (The word city comes from the variant "cit-" of the root "civ-". )

The main characteristics of "civilization", such as writing, metal smelting, city-state, religious etiquette, etc. (defined by Jasper) are closely related to the emergence of industry and commerce. Judging whether and when a civilization started is based on the above criteria and archaeological findings, not on myths and legends, folk stories, unofficial history's miscellaneous books, or so-called "historical records" like historical records two thousand years later than the archaeological age. This is the common sense of archaeology and history.

Someone may ask me this question: Then, why should we judge our own history by foreigners' standards, and can't we judge it by our own standards? Absolutely. However, the concepts of "civilization" and "culture" originally came from the West. Not only that, the whole method system of archaeology and history was introduced from the west. If we want to use our own standards, we can't use western concepts to preach "we have a history of civilization of 5,000 years", but we should use our own words to say "we have a myth of 5,000 years".

But according to this standard, we have a history of "5,000 years", while other countries and regions, especially around the Mediterranean and the Middle East, are not only "5,000 years", but at least more than 10,000 years. So we still can't take advantage of anything.

China's "historians" have long confused the standards of "culture" and "civilization", misleading and fooling people. For example, primitive tribal cultures belonging to the Neolithic Age (such as Yangshao culture, Longshan culture and Liangzhu culture). ) stolen, pretending to be the so-called "civilization" era, so that the history of China suddenly advanced by one or two thousand years, or even two or three thousand years. When introducing other civilizations in other countries, we use another standard, strictly from the official starting point of other countries' civilizations (writing, metal smelting, the emergence of city-states), which virtually shortens the distance between China and those countries with the oldest civilizations, and even gives people an illusion. It seems that China is earlier than these countries and regions which actually have much earlier civilization than China. In fact, if we measure ourselves by China's standards, many countries. That's the trick. Trick.

Let's take a detailed look at the history of China and the world from the beginning.

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Why is the emperor called the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Supreme"-the Xia Dynasty was invented by Zhou people? !

The ninth five-year plan originated from the Book of Changes. The first of the sixty-four hexagrams in Zhouyi is the dry hexagram, which symbolizes the sky and represents the image of the emperor. The dry divination consists of six Yang divinations, the anode and the prosperous pole. Counting from the bottom up, the fifth one is called the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Nine means that this plan is a positive plan, and five means the fifth plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan is the first of the 64 hexagrams, with 384 hexagrams. The "nine" here is not a specific number, but a symbol to distinguish the yin and yang attributes of numbers. The Ninth Five-Year Plan is the best of the dry divination. The fifth hexagram is the throne, representing the emperor. In the dry divination, Yang reached its peak in this position, representing the extensive application of virtue and slowly accumulating. From the ninth day to the fifth, it is the most upright and vigorous, which is the symbol of the emperor's virtue. Other identities are not as good as this six-pointed star. 96, more than 95, too late, it becomes "96, Kanglong has regrets."

Later, people used "nine" and "five" as specific figures to match the ninth five-year plan of the emperor, and the use of "nine" and "five" in architecture also conformed to aesthetic principles. In ancient China, numbers were divided into positive numbers and negative numbers, odd numbers were positive and even numbers were negative. Nine is the highest yang number, and five is right, so "nine" and "five" symbolize the authority of the emperor and are called "the respect of the Ninth Five-Year Plan".

As the palace building of the last two feudal dynasties in China, the Forbidden City embodies the supremacy of the emperor everywhere. For example, Tiananmen Gate has five doors, nine wide and five deep. There are nine or five buildings in the Forbidden City, but eleven in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which is unique in the whole Forbidden City. The paraphrases in the Book of Changes include "the change of the avenue, each with its own destiny, is conducive to maintaining harmony and chastity". The origin of the name of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing is said to have originated from this.

The Book of Changes, also known as the Book of Changes, is one of the oldest documents in China and is regarded as the first of the Five Classics by Confucianism. Yijing, Shangshu, Shijing, Book of Rites and Chunqiu are the five classics.

The Book of Changes describes the change of state with a set of symbol systems, and shows the philosophy and cosmology of China's classical culture. Its central idea is to describe the changes of everything in the world with the unity of opposites of Yin and Yang. The Book of Changes was originally a book for divination, but its influence was biased towards China's philosophy, religion, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, physics, literature, music, art, military and martial arts. I ching in a broad sense includes I ching and I ching. The Book of Changes is divided into 30 hexagrams and Xia Jing into 34 hexagrams. Because the Book of Changes was written very early, around the Western Zhou Dynasty, the meaning of words evolved with the development of the times, and the content of the Book of Changes was not easy to read during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, so people in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period wrote Ten Wings to interpret the Book of Changes.

The version of the Book of Changes that has been handed down to this day is said to be played by Zhou Wenwang, so it is also called the Book of Changes. "Historical Records" records that "King Wen was arrested and played the Book of Changes". Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period was considered as the creator of the Ten Wings. Ten Wings is an interpretation of the Book of Changes, which is divided into ten chapters: 1. Upload; 2. upload; 3. Upload with pictures (also known as "elephants"); 4. Upload with pictures (also known as "elephants"); 5. Upload with copula; 6. Upload with copula; 7. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Eleven Wings were called Yi Zhuan and regarded as a part of Zhouyi.

However, according to modern archaeological research, Zhou Wenwang and Confucius are not the authors of the Book of Changes. As the most important classic of Confucianism, The Book of Changes is a big lie. Confucius admired the Zhou Dynasty and advocated its restoration in the Spring and Autumn Period. Later, shameless Confucian disciples regarded Confucius as their ancestor and kept paying tribute to Confucius and the Zhou Dynasty. Confucianism has created countless lies in the history of China. For example, American scholars have studied it (Sarah Allen 199 1). There is no Xia Dynasty in history, but it was invented by the Zhou Dynasty. The evidence is that all the written records of the Xia Dynasty came from the Zhou Dynasty and later Confucian disciples, such as Sima Qian's Historical Records. Moreover, the symbol of Xia Dynasty invented is just the opposite of Shang Dynasty, and the Xia Dynasty forged by Zhou Dynasty and later Confucian disciples is aimed at usurping the name of Shang Dynasty and creating public opinion, which is pitiful to modern times.

The dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a scientific research project that combines natural science with humanities and social sciences to study the chronology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the history of China. It is a systematic project of interdisciplinary joint research. This project is a national key scientific and technological project of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The project officially started in May 2000 1996, and passed the national acceptance in September 2000 15.

Due to modern archaeology, animal bones used for divination in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhong Dingwen on bronzes have been discovered. In 1970 BC, Mawangdui of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, Hunan Province unearthed almost complete Book of Changes, Tao Te Ching and other books in the 2nd century BC, which is the earliest version of the existing Book of Changes, including the Book of Changes, and has always been regarded as written by Confucius. These materials exposed the lie that the copyright of the Book of Changes was written by Confucianism instead of Zhou Wenwang or Confucius. Comparing the Book of Changes unearthed in Mawangdui with Zhong Dingwen in Zhou Dynasty, it can't be written by Zhou Wenwang, and the book should be written in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, about the end of the ninth century BC. At present, it is generally believed that the Book of Changes is not the work of any legend or historical figure, but is compiled from the characters used in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The evil of Confucianism goes far beyond the state wasting a lot of money to verify the existence of its fabricated "Xia Dynasty". Confucianism is the chief culprit of China's backwardness to the West. For details, please refer to China's Swords from the Palace from the History of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties-Studies on Chinese Studies and the Study of National subjugation.

Attached:

Sarah Allen (199 1), the shape of a turtle: myth, art and universe in early China.

Mythological Opposite of Shang Dynasty: The Shape of Turtle: Myth, Art and Universe In the early days of China, Sarah Allen pointed out that many aspects of Xia Dynasty were completely opposite to the characteristics considered as symbols of Shang Dynasty. The records that China classical historians like Sima Qian have access to can only be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. Allen believes that the dualism implied between Shang and Xia is that Shang represents fire or the sun, birds and the East, while Xia represents the West and water. Allen believed that the development of Xia in this myth was a necessary action of Zhou Dynasty, and they proved the legitimacy of their conquest of Shang Dynasty by pointing out that Xia had been replaced by Shang Dynasty.