I want to know about the people and things in the Qing Dynasty.

Dourgen is an important figure in the history of the early Qing Dynasty. After the death of Huang Taiji, the emperor shunzhi was only six years old. As the Regent, he was actually the supreme ruler of China at that time, the real founder of the Qing regime and the outstanding founder of the great cause of unifying China.

Unify the Northeast and conquer Mongolia.

Dourgen was born in the 40th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 12) and died in the 7th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1650). He was the fourteenth son of the Qing emperor Nurhachi. His mother is Ulan Nala, princess royal, and his mother is his brother Azig and his brother Duoduo.

In the eleventh year of Destiny (1626), Nurhachi died in the roast chicken fort near Shenyang, and Dourgen's biological mother was forced to be buried. Then, Nuerhachi's eighth son, Huang Taiji, ascended the throne, that is, Qing Taizong. At that time, Dourgen was only fifteen years old and was named Baylor (peerage). Because it is the ninth in the age series, it is called Nine Baylor or Wang Jiu.

In February of the second year of Tiancong (1628), Dourgen, aged 17, marched with Huang Taiji into the Dorotte Department of Chahar, Mongolia, and won the victory of Aomuleng. Because of his bravery and meritorious service in combat, he won the appreciation of Huang Taiji and was given the good name of Morgan Daiqing, which means the wise king. Since then, the clever and witty Dourgen has gradually become one of the main commanders of the late Jin army.

Dourgen will come out in almost every battle, and he is extremely brave every time. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), he followed Huang Taiji from Longjing to Mingbian and Tongzhou, and pushed Mingdu to Beijing. The defeated reinforcements were outside Guangqumen. For five years (163 1), Tian Cong followed Huang Taiji to attack Ming in western Liaoning. In the battle of Daling River, he personally took command and reached the gate of Daling River. There was a fierce artillery battle in the city, and there were many casualties after 8 Jin Army. Afterwards, Huang taiji angered his subordinates for not listening to dissuasion and said, "Morgan Daiqing also rushed in. If there is danger, hell to pay will not be tolerated. " When he attacked Jinzhou, he took the lead again. Zu Dashou fired from Jinzhou Chengtou to the south, and Hong Chengchou army fired from the south to the north. Dourgen was caught in the middle and almost killed. After Zu Dashou surrendered, Dourgen talked to him about the dangerous situation at that time. Zu Dashou said trembling; "If there is this matter! For example, when Wang Ma was shot, why not! " Dourgen said frankly: "At that time, the two enemies were enemies, and they were afraid of losing their hands. The birthday party was insincere and sincere!"

Due to Dourgen's maturity and reliability in military and politics, Huang Taiji was ordered to take charge of state affairs and participate in military and political affairs more comprehensively when he set up six departments in Tiancong five years.

Dourgen failed to live up to Huang Taiji's high hopes. In June of the seventh year of Tiancong (1633), Huang Taiji discussed with Baylor and other ministers the plan of further rejuvenating the country and asked them which came first, Chahar or North Korea. Dourgen expressed his strategic thinking with sharp eyes. Starting from the goal of capturing all China, he advocated that the Ming Dynasty should be the first. He said: "It is advisable to consolidate the military and horses, and when the grain and grass are ripe, enter the customs and surround Yanjing, intercept their reinforcements and destroy their bunkers. For a long time, you can sit and wait for them. " This strategy of going deep into the mainland, ravaging the land people of the Ming Dynasty, consuming the national strength of the Ming Dynasty, and then fighting against it was recognized by Huang Taiji, and the subsequent expropriation basically followed this policy. In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), in May, Dourgen took over the Ming Dynasty from Huang Taiji, and secured the security, just in Shuozhou. The following year, on his way home from Zhaofu Chahar, Mongolia, Dourgen invaded Mingbian from Pingluwei, Shanxi Province, and destroyed Ning Wuguan in the Ming Dynasty in Shanxi and Xuanda, leaving Daizhou, Xinzhou, Mudan County, Heifengkou and Yingzhou, capturing more than 70,000 people. In the third year of Chongde (1638), Dourgen was ordered to be a general, destroying the Ming side wall from the left, smashing Yue Tuo from dongjiakou, crossing Mingdu to Zhuozhou, and dividing the troops into eight routes, plundering Shanxi in the west and Baoding in the south, and defeating Lu Xiangsheng, the governor of the Ming Dynasty. South Linqing, crossing the canal to break Jinan. When returning to the north, they plundered Tianjin, Qian 'an and other places and returned from Qingshan Pass. This battle, which lasted for thousands of miles, ravaged more than 40 cities, plundered more than 250,000 people and seized countless property, which dealt a heavy blow to the Ming Dynasty and brought great disasters to the people of Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong. Xia, an Amin, described the impact of this incident and said, "When everything is gone, it will be a tragedy. The national strength is exhausted, and things cannot be done. " However, Dourgen was given five horses and twenty-two thousand silver by Huang Taiji for this campaign.

For Chahar and North Korea, Dourgen fully implemented Huang Taiji's policy of "deterring the army and governing the army with morality" to solve worries for the early reunification of the country.

Previously, when the late Jin conquered and complained to the Mongolian ministries, only the powerful Chahar Ministry headed by Lidan Khan refused to surrender and always took the attitude of confronting and dealing with the late Jin. Although the Chahar Department did not cooperate with the Ming court, it laid a great future trouble for the later Jin Dynasty. In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), Lidan Khan died in the beach of Qinghai. Taking this as an opportunity, in February of the following year, Huang Taiji ordered Dourgen to unite with Yue Tuo and other generals, led ten thousand chosen men, backed by powerful force, and appealed to the Chahar Department. This demonstration with a clear political purpose is progressing smoothly. First of all, I handed over Li Dan Khan's wife, the Queen Mother, in Siradj. On April 28th, he arrived in Toritu, the son of Lidan Khan, and Dourgen ordered his fallen uncle Nan County to surrender. In the case of the death of his father and Enemy at the Gates, Ezhe had to lead his troops to surrender. In August, dourgen led the division to triumph. Li Dan Khan won five seals in the Yuan Dynasty, and was "the treasure of patent making". At this time, Dourgen became the special envoy of Huang Taiji. Because this imperial seal of the Yuan Dynasty symbolizes "eternal glory", Huang Taiji was overjoyed. In the second year (1636), the country name was changed to Qing and the country name was Chongde. At the same time, it is even more important for Dourgen to be named Prince Heshuo Rui.

Korea was originally a vassal state of the Ming Dynasty, and it has been loyal to the Ming court for generations. Although it has been split and threatened by the Qing Dynasty for many times, it has never wavered, and it has always echoed with the Ming Dynasty in some major events, so it has always been a major concern of the Qing Dynasty. In December of the first year of Chongde (1636), in order to completely dispel this concern, Huang Taiji led an army to invade North Korea and surrounded korean king's Li Zong in the south of Seoul. During this military operation, Dourgen and Hoggby entered Changshankou, Kechang and Chongde from Kuandian, and raided Jianghua Island in the first month of the following year (1637). At that time, Korean princesses, two princes and many ministers and their families moved to the island to take refuge. Dourgen met with stubborn resistance from the North Korean army here. After fierce fighting, the Qing army killed the defenders 1000 people. After the siege, Dourgen used both kindness and prestige to immediately implement Huang Taiji's surrender policy, stop killing and let Jianghua Island surrender. Dourgen did not insult the surrendered members of the North Korean royal family, and he was quite humble. King Han was captured by his wife, son and many ministers, and reinforcements from all walks of life were defeated by the Qing army, so he had to lay down his arms, put on royal robes, lead the ministers, dedicate the seal given by the Ming Dynasty to Huang Taiji and surrender to the Qing Dynasty. When Huang Taiji won a great victory in Beijing, he ordered Dourgen to restrain the rear troops and bring back the proton Liwa, Li Hao and their ministers from North Korea. Han Wang Yizhi did not forget this feeling, because Dourgen was all his wife and treated him with courtesy. When the king of Qing Dynasty gave gifts, Dourgen's share was always the thickest.

After successfully solving the problems of Mongolia and Korea, Dourgen concentrated on assisting Huang Taiji and launched a fierce and lasting contest with the Ming Dynasty in western Liaoning.

In the third year of Chongde (1638), in preparation for marching into the Ming Dynasty, Dourgen supervised the renovation of Shengjing-Liaohe Avenue. Then, as mentioned earlier, since the invasion of the Ming Dynasty, dongjiakou destroyed a large area of Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong, and did not return until the fourth year of Chongde (1639). In the Ming Dynasty, in order to finally seize the place outside Shanhaiguan, Dourgen moved the capital to Yizhou for five years (1640) and constantly attacked Jinzhou, Songshan and Xingshan. Due to the slow progress, he was scolded by Huang taiji and was reduced to the county king, fined 22,000 yuan, and won the record of two cows. After being punished, Dourgen became more conscientious, devoted himself to virtue for seven years (1642), and finally captured Hong Chengchou, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty. G Jinzhou, forcing the Ming dynasty general Zu Dashou finally surrendered. The battle of Jinsong, which lasted for three years, dealt a great blow to the Ming Dynasty. Dourgen gained great prestige and was restored as a prince. At this time, Huang taiji was terminally ill, and the military affairs often entrusted Jill Erlang and Dourgen to deal with the two princes.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, Dourgen followed Huang Taiji to the north and south, and made great contributions to the unification of Northeast China and Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty, ranking above all kings.

Regent's imperial power

In the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Huang Taiji died of sudden illness on the ninth day of August. Due to the failure to arrange a funeral before his death, there was a sharp contradiction between Manchu nobles on the issue of succession to the throne. Before the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the heir was not appointed by the emperor among the princes before his death, but negotiated by the nobles and kings. Before Huang taiji died, the kings had gradually divided into parties: one with Dourgen as the core; The other faction, headed by Huang Taiji's eldest son, Prince Su Haoge, has shown signs of contention. As soon as Huang Taiji died, supporters of both sides immediately launched activities. Huang taiji's two flags, the yellow flag and the yellow flag, as well as the blue flag headed by Haug, vowed to establish Haug. Tours, Sony, Toure, Gong Adai, Ao Bai, Tan Tai, Tazhan and other ministers went to Hogg's house and planned to make Hogg king. Sony and other six people even "* * * vowed to live and die together". Haug sent someone to explore Zheng Qinwang Gilhallan's intentions. Gil Haran was Nurhachi's nephew and was quite influential at that time. He also tends to establish Haug as the monarch, but he also advocates consulting with Dourgen. On the other hand, Dourgen and Duo Duo's White Flag and White Flag advocated that Dourgen be the monarch. Dourgen's two half-brothers, Prince Azig of Wuying County, Wang Duo of Henan County and some Baylor ministers, once "knelt down to persuade King Rui and immediately took the lead". The situation is extremely tense because the two sides do not give in to each other. The crisis of the Qing regime is serious, and scuffles may occur at any time.

Although Dourgen coveted the throne, he was a tried and tested politician after all. He assessed the situation and dared not make a move.

On the fifth day after Huang taiji's death, that is, August 14, Dourgen volunteered. He called a meeting of all the kings to discuss the establishment of successors. On this day, the tension reached its peak. At dawn, the ministers of the two yellow flags swore an oath at the Yu Daqing Gate, and asked the Bayara soldiers of the two flags (elite Qin Bing) to erect bows and arrows around the palace and pose as if they were fighting each other. Before the formal meeting, Dourgen was still testing the attitude of Sony, Minister of Yellow Flag. Sony said coldly, "The first emperor had a son, and one of them must be established. This is my opinion, there is nothing else to say. " At the beginning of the meeting, Sony and others spoke first and urged the prince to stand up. Dai Shan, the younger brother of Huang Taiji and the prince of rites, also said that Hogg should be allowed to inherit the throne. In the dominant situation, Haug showed a little humility. At this time, Azig and Dodo launched a counterattack, and they advised Dourgen to be emperor. The experienced Daishan also said: "If Wang Rui agrees, it will be a blessing for our country. Otherwise, you should still set up a prince. " No longer insist on riegel. The ministers of the two white flags further launched an offensive, saying that if Hogg was established, we would not survive and resolutely opposed it. It is common to see that Dourgen did not explicitly agree, and even posed for himself or Dai Shan. The situation is more chaotic and unpredictable. Daishan withdrew from the meeting because of her advanced age. Dourgen didn't agree to establish Duo Duo. At this time, the meeting can hardly go on. Two generals with yellow flags came forward with swords and said, "I belong to the emperor (Huang Taiji), and I am wearing the emperor's clothes. I can't thank you enough If I don't set up Di Zi, I would rather die in the underground emperor. " Dourgen saw that he was not superior to Hogg. Two Yellow Banners and Zhenglan Banners firmly support Haug, and Belle Giralang, the main flag of Blue-inlaid Banner, and Belle Daishan, the main flag of Zheng Hongqi Banner also agree or tend to establish Haug, including five. In this case, if. Dourgen's strong claim to be the emperor is sure to get burned. Therefore, Dourgen proposed a compromise plan: Fu Lin, the sixth son of Huang Taiji, would be the emperor, and Jilalang would be the assistant officer with him. When Fu Lin was old, he would immediately return to politics. This plan, which broke the deadlock and was accepted by both sides, not only excluded his political opponent Haug, but also enabled him to actually enjoy the rights of the emperor.

Two days after the agreement was reached, Daishan's sons Bei Zishuo and Sun Junwang attempted to overthrow Cheng Yi and persuaded Dourgen to stand on his own feet. Proceeding from the overall situation, Dourgen exposed this plot to confuse the country and reluctantly killed them. On August 25th, the eighth year of Chongde (1644), six-year-old (five-year-old) Fu Lin acceded to the throne and changed next year to be the first year of Shunzhi. Prince Dourgen and Jill Harlan were assistant ministers, and later they were called Regents. "In addition to criminal politics, big and small state affairs, Nine Kings (Dourgen) specialize." Zilhallang only cares about "sending troops and so on."

No matter how Dourgen planned subjectively, his action of establishing Fu Lin objectively avoided the open division and scuffle of Manchu nobles; And wooed some ministers with yellow flags, such as Tan Tai, who struck out two in Gushan, Commander-in-Chief of Guards, and Sony, who came to Qixinlang, to express their support for him. This is undoubtedly very important for the next coordination of entry into the customs and the seizure of national political power.

After Dourgen's assistant administration, he took a series of measures to restrict flag owners and strengthen centralization before entering the customs.

In December of the eighth year of Chongde, he decided with Jierhang that "Baylor, the kings, should be in charge of six departments" on the grounds that "the court is litigating, but it can't make judgments one after another, thus weakening Baylor's power, leaving only Beizi and Gong to manage the ministries". While Beizi and Gong are responsible to the Regent. At the same time, orders were issued to ministers, assistant ministers and Douchayuan, asking them to be "loyal to the public" and obey the Regent, otherwise they would never be tolerant; He also told all officials in Douchayuan to pay close attention to King Baylor's actions. If you have anything to correct, you must listen to the facts, and you are not allowed to follow and hide it. In the first month of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), it was decided: "From then on, all foreign countries will never give Baylor any more. "It further restricted Baylor's contact with the outside world, thus concentrating more power in the hands of the Regent. Soon, Girard Lang announced: "In the future, all government offices should know Prince Rui first, and the title of the file should be written first, either for me or for records. "Jill Harlan retired from the first place to the second place. This is certainly not his generosity, but Dourgen's clever use of strategy. In this way, the power of the king's pre-treatment was weakened, and Jilalang was also dourgen. "The king is the beginning of dictatorship." At this time, does also agree that the regent in the palace and the ceremony of hunting and marching, the king shall not be equal, so Dourgen actually enjoyed the honor of the emperor.

After winning the throne of Regent, Dourgen set out to attack his political opponent, Haug. On the first day of April of the first year of Shunzhi, Ho, who originally supported Haug, reported Haug's complaint and invaded Dourgen. In this way, Dourgen tried to kill Hogg on the grounds of "absurd words" and "heinous crimes". Just because Fu Lin couldn't eat, Hogg was saved from death, but he was fined five thousand two hundred pieces of silver, which was wasted as Shu Ren. At the same time, he executed Haug's confidant ministers Omoto, Yang Shan, Yi Chengge and Luo Shuo on the charge of "insurrection with the king".

At this point, in just eight months, Dourgen was in power. Dourgen's series of practices, although a personal power struggle, are objectively of great significance to the further development of the Qing regime, making the military and political power of the Qing Dynasty centralized and unified. This is the necessary premise and reliable guarantee for the Qing soldiers to enter the customs as soon as possible.

Seize the opportunity to occupy Beijing

In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Dashun Army led by Li Zicheng captured Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, and the Ming Dynasty perished.

Prior to this, on the 26th day of the first month, Dourgen wrote to the commanders and fighters of Shu Dashun Army in the name of "Emperor Qing", "If you want to make concerted efforts with the ministers and take the Central Plains, if you can mix districts, you will be prosperous. Don't know how to respect? " This is to form a United front with the peasant army. At the beginning of April, Dourgen did not know that the peasant army had occupied Beijing, so he made an emergency military mobilization in Shenyang. Two-thirds of the Manchu and Mongolian troops were recruited by the Han army. April 9th. He was appointed as a "general under orders", and with the power of "acting cheaply", he led Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, Shang Kexi and other generals who defected from Azig, Duoduo and Ming to attack Shanhaiguan. On April 13, the Qing army arrived in Liaohe. Wu Sangui, the company commander of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, sent someone to the Qing army to report that the peasant army had captured Beijing and begged the help of the Qing army. When this situation suddenly changed, Dourgen showed amazing resilience. Without hesitation, he immediately changed his strategy, accepted the advice of his former college classmate Fan Wencheng, and regarded the peasant army as his main enemy. He consulted Hong Chengchou. In addition to agreeing with Fan Wencheng's suggestion, Hong Chengchou also emphasized the need to send an advance officer to announce that the purpose of this March is to wipe out the rebellion and destroy the peasant army. Anyone who has done his duty and made significant contributions will be rewarded as an exception. In order to gain time, we should calculate the mileage, choose the best soldiers first, the trench last, limit the time and go straight to Beijing. 19, after the Qing army arrived in Weng, Wu Sangui sent lieutenant Yang Kun to see Dourgen. Dourgen officially wrote back to Wu Sangui, expressing that "the tragic death of Emperor Chongzhen is outrageous"; It is claimed that the purpose of sending troops this time is to "attract teachers of benevolence and righteousness, burn boats and pots, and swear to destroy thieves and eliminate people's fire and water." And we must do "only set the Central Plains, and share the interest with the people". He made it clear that he would not stop until China was reunified. At the same time, he wooed Wu Sangui and said, "Uncle Wu wants to repay the Lord and be loyal to the thief. Don't be suspicious because he is my enemy defending Liaodong. ..... If "lead people to return, sealed in their homeland, promoted to captaincy. The national enemy can be reported, the family business can be guaranteed, and the descendants of the world enjoy wealth. "It's like going against customers and pretending to be the supreme ruler of the country. Marked by this letter, the Qing regime completely changed the target of attack and finally completed the political and military strategic transformation.

On April 21, the Qing army marched 200 miles day and night, and it was 15 miles away from Shanhaiguan when it was dark. On the same day, Li Zicheng personally led more than 200,000 troops into Shanhaiguan, surrounded Wu Sangui's department in Shanhaiguan, and then launched a fierce battle to seize Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui knew he was defeated and sent envoys to the Qing army for emergency many times. However, after dourgen, Dodo and Azig were contemplating, they still didn't dare to trust Wu Sangui, so the Qing army "imposed martial law" that night and moved the array in the middle of the night. The rumble of guns in the fierce battle between Li Zicheng and Wu Sangui lasted all night. In the early morning of the 22nd, the Qing army approached Wuli. When Wu Sangui saw that the Qing army had arrived, he shelled Dashun Army, led more than ten officers and hundreds of armour to break through, and went straight to the camp to meet Dourgen, shaved his hair and became a vassal. Dourgen made Wu Sangui the king of the day before the army, which set an example for the promotion of the Ming Dynasty. Dourgen ordered Wu Sangui to go first and turn the switch on and off. Dodo and Archie led the troops to close the door for a while and put up a white flag on the city, followed by Dourgen's own army. After Wu Sangui led the army to start for the right wing and encircle the enemy Li Zicheng. Li Zicheng knew that the strength of the border troops was a matter of success or failure. He invaded and fought to the death with Wu Sangui. In Shanhaiguan city, the sound of guns thundered and the arrows gathered like rain, but the Qing army was on the defensive. In the afternoon, seeing that Wu Sangui was exhausted, Dourgen ordered to blow the horn three times and shout three times. At first, he sent Dodo and Azig to lead tens of thousands of fighters out of Sangui array to the right and headed straight for the enemy line. After several rounds, he saw the knife flashing. At that time, the wind was blowing very hard, and a pale yellow dust went straight to Dashun Army from near to far, and the peasant army was defeated. Only "a grain is empty, the battlefield is empty, the corpses are everywhere, and the wilderness is full." Liu Zongmin was wounded in the battle, and Li Zicheng withdrew. After Li Zicheng's army was defeated, Dourgen ordered the soldiers and civilians inside Shanhaiguan pass to have their hair shaved. And ordered the whole army, "now enter the western expedition, don't kill innocent people, don't plunder property, don't burn houses. It is better to sin than to make an appointment. " On the way to March, in the name of Fan Wencheng, he posted Anmin's proclamation everywhere in the Han Palace, which read: "Volunteers came to avenge your father, not to kill you, but to punish today's thieves. Those who return from official positions will be reinstated; Those who return from the people will resume their business. " This completely changed the barbaric practice of the Qing army entering the customs many times, burning, killing and looting everywhere, and made the officers and men in the customs follow the wind and come from afar. In this way, the Qing soldiers ran 120 miles in one day, without any resistance, and arrived in Tongzhou on the first day of May. The day before, Li Zicheng had already loaded the trench, abandoned Beijing and withdrew from the west.

On May 2nd, officials in the last years of the Ming Dynasty greeted Dourgen with gifts from the emperor 50 miles outside Chaoyang Gate in Beijing. Dourgen entered the city by bus and rose to Wuying Hall, where he was officially visited by officials and generals of the Ming Dynasty.

After Dourgen entered Beijing, his mother and brother, Prince Azig of Wuying County, once said, "When you first got Liaodong, you couldn't kill it, so the Qing people were killed by Liao people. It is appropriate to use this military force for slaughter. " This barbaric and stupid suggestion was flatly rejected by dourgen. In the Han Palace, Dourgen continued to adopt the suggestions of Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou and others, and lost no time in taking a series of measures to win over the Ming scholars. Mourning for Emperor Chongzhen: When Dourgen arrived in Beijing, he was "mourned for Emperor Zhuang Minglie" for three days and was buried with the emperor's ceremony. At the same time, Yuan Guifei, Hou, Liu Guifei, etc. Will be "buried as a system." Change the attitude towards the Ming royal family: it is stipulated that "those who associate with the Ming king shall not take their titles." There was an imperial clan named Zhu Shuaiqin who came to defect and was welcomed. Later, he was appointed as the magistrate of Baoding. Praise. The martyrdom of Ming Dynasty still employed the officials of Ming Dynasty's yamen, and also used some influential people: such as Quan Feng, Chen Mingxia and other fallen officials of Ming Dynasty were all appointed as university students or ministers. There is no restriction on relegated officials to wear Ming Dynasty clothes: in July, Shandong Governor Zhu Langdie asked him if newly recruited officials could still wear Ming Dynasty official clothes with gauze hats and round necks to "serve the people". Dourgen said that at present, "the army is the concern, and clothes, rituals and pleasures are not made, so the officials are simple and care for the Ming Dynasty." Take protective measures for the Ming Tombs: In June, send a college student to Quanfeng to "pay homage to the late Ming Taizu and emperors", "put the late Ming Taizu in the imperial temples of past dynasties", and stipulate that "the Ming Tombs will still be paid homage in the spring and autumn". Enforce strict military discipline to please the people: At that time, Dourgen left most of the Qing army outside the city. "Anyone who goes in and out of the city gate will have nine flags coming in and out." It is stipulated that "anyone who enters or leaves people's houses shall be punished by law. For those in the Qing army who violate the ban and "harm the people and use the guys", they "know the heavy punishment". "These measures to appease the ruling class of the Ming Dynasty and purge military discipline are all aimed at buying people's hearts, which is what Fan Wencheng said:" Governing the world is to win people's hearts. Scholars show for the people, gain experience, and the people gain experience. "Facts have proved that these methods have really played a role in wooing the Ming literati and stabilizing the people's hearts. At that time, the Koreans who entered the customs with the Qing army pointed out that "at the beginning of the entry of the Nine Kings, killing and looting were forbidden, so the people of the Central Plains were all gratified." This had a great influence on the unification of China in Qing Dynasty.

After the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan, Manchu aristocrats had a heated debate on whether the Qing Dynasty should make Beijing its capital and unify China. At that time, due to the war in various places, the water transportation was impassable. "Beijing's public and private reserves are inexhaustible, and there is no shortage of food and grass. The people are hungry and cold." At this time, the Commissioner is "more crops." As a result, the officers and men of the Eight Banners "all moved back to their homeland" and "many people have grievances" about moving the capital to Beijing immediately. At the same time of internal troubles and foreign invasion, in May and June, there were rumors that "there were rumors that the Qing soldiers were marching eastward in July and August" and that "the eastern soldiers would be looted, and all the old, weak, women and children would be killed to stop the red". In this situation, Prince Azig, Dourgen's half-brother and half-brother, advocated that the kings should stay and guard Beijing, while the soldiers should either guard Shenyang or surrender to Shanhaiguan, so that there would be no future trouble. Dourgen's attitude is very firm on such a strategic issue that is directly related to the establishment and maintenance of the Qing Dynasty's national rule. He retorted that once he had Beijing, he would "immediately move the capital to make progress" in the Central Plains and unify China. Especially in the current uncertain situation, it is even more difficult to abandon and return to the East, which is shocking. He said firmly: "Yanjing is where Tintin is. Why not build a capital here and want to move eastward? " In order to appease the people, in June, Dourgen explicitly announced that Beijing was the capital. He also sent an assistant Lord protector to send flag cards, Hetuo, Gushan and Ezhen. To see Master Fu Lin. He also declared many times: "The people are the foundation of the country. Since Ercao sincerely surrendered, what is the crime of killing? " Ercao tried to think that there are hundreds of millions of soldiers and their families in Fu Lin today, so why did they follow? For the soldiers and civilians of An Yanjing. I came to the East Palace yesterday and appointed more than ten officials as governors, caresses, departments and officials. Why? Unify the world. Why did Shengjing Tangyin get more than one million yuan all the time, and then it was transported continuously? For military and civilian use inside and outside the capital. "This is not only for the people of Beijing, but also for the soldiers and civilians in the Eight Banners. With his determination to cross the rubicon, he overcame all difficulties and made up his mind to build Beijing and unify China.

In September, Fu Lin entered the customs, and Dourgen led his ministers to meet them in Tongzhou. After Fu came to Beijing, Dourgen was immediately named "Uncle Regent" and "erected a monument for him". Dourgen's half-brothers, Azig and Dodo, were also promoted to princes. Gil Harlan was only named "Uncle Wang of Xinyi Fuzheng". The Regent is the only one at this time.

10/day, Fu Lin "Tintin ascended the throne" in Beijing, announcing that "China follows Sui" and "represents all nations". Since then, the Qing dynasty has made the ruling center from the outside to the inside, and made another step forward on the road of unifying the whole country.

Ease contradictions and expand achievements.

While establishing a foothold in Beijing, Dourgen further adopted a series of policies to ease ethnic and class contradictions politically and economically, so as to consolidate his position and expand his achievements.

Cancel the dispatch; The amount of "three salaries" (Liao salaries, suppression salaries and training salaries) in the late Ming Dynasty was several times that of the normal taxes of the Ming government, which was the greatest tyranny in the late Ming Dynasty. This endless increase made the people live in poverty at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and the people hated it. After the Qing army entered the customs, it was suggested that the Qing Dynasty should also increase its troops according to the figures at the end of the Ming Dynasty, which was opposed by Dourgen. In October of the first year of Shunzhi, it was ordered to abolish all the extra factions except three salaries and regular taxes. At the same time, it is required that "the state and county military defense government should touch it and inform it." "If there is an official secret faction, examine its facts and correct its arguments, it will be punished. If you indulge, you will sit with me. The governor suggested that we should attack on the road as soon as possible and personally ask the people about their sufferings. " In this way, the tax revenue will be reduced by several million taels every year, and the extremely poor people can breathe a sigh of relief.

Anti-bribery: Dourgen also severely reprimanded the bad style of bribery in the late Ming Dynasty. In June of the first year of Shunzhi, he said in Yu Guanzhong, "Anyone who overthrew the Ming Dynasty was bribed by court officials at home and abroad, and his merits and demerits were unknown. Where officials are employed, rich people can go in even if they are not filial; People who have no money can't see it, even though they are virtuous. " "Chaos and bad government all start here, and the crime is bigger than this." Therefore, he ordered: "Today's domestic and foreign officials, if they wash away the lungs and intestines of the past and are loyal to their duties, will be rewarded with a salary and enjoy wealth forever; If it is still in the past, it will abuse power for personal gain, and the national laws are all there. You will not be light, you will be firm. " Therefore, some Han palaces at that time believed that "Wang Shang's (Dourgen's) New Deal was better than that of the Ming Dynasty, such as exempting money and grain and prohibiting bribery, which convinced the people. "

Combating eunuch forces: eunuch forces were rampant at the end of the Ming Dynasty, not only manipulating state affairs, but also persecuting ordinary people. At that time, there were as many as 9,000 ladies-in-waiting and as many as100000 people in prison. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the eunuch forces were still very arrogant. In July of that year, as usual, the eunuch went to Huang Zhuang, a suburb of Beijing, to urge for money and food. Dourgen thought it would "disturb the people" and did not agree to do so. In August, the official ordered that eunuchs were not allowed to go down to collect them, but were collected by local officials. This is the first blow to the eunuch forces. The second blow to eunuchs was to ban eunuchs from participating in the Senate. It turns out that after Ming Xizong, every time he went to court, eunuchs had to wear royal clothes to attend. This system has not changed since the Qing government moved its capital to Beijing. Every time court officials meet, eunuchs always salute in front of civil and military officials. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Dourgen approved the invitation of Libu, stipulating that "prison officials are not allowed to go to court and there is no need to queue up". After these two blows, the eunuch's power in court politics and economy was curbed.

Temporary compromise to quell resistance: shaving hair is one of the national oppression policies implemented by the Qing rulers. As early as the Nurhachi period, the Han people and people of other nationalities who surrendered to Manchuria were marked by shaving their hair. After the Qing soldiers entered Beijing, Dourgen still insisted on shaving his head. "Don't be obedient." But he soon discovered that "people who shave their heads are very angry." So, in the month of entering Beijing, Dourgen changed his previous order and announced that "from now on, all subjects in the world will still follow it." The temporary concession on the issue of shaving made the Qing Dynasty ease the contradiction with the Han people in the north to some extent before it captured Jiangnan and re-issued the shaving order. In addition, in response to the resistance of the northern peasant army and local people at that time, Dourgen adopted a policy of vigorously appealing to local officials, and ordered them to make contributions according to whether they could appeal to the peasant army soldiers. Soldiers of the peasant army who surrendered were entrusted with different official positions. In June of the first year of Shunzhi, Liu Yindong, the governor of Shuntian, saw that "rogues and fake officials are all used" and thought it was inappropriate and advocated "careful selection". Dourgen said: "At the beginning of the strategy, people are needed, and officials who are obedient are not demanding." This important policy of Dourgen played a certain role in disintegrating the resistance of the peasant army. Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and other places were quickly pacified, giving the Qing regime, which had just entered the customs, a strategic base for self-protection and defense against the enemy.

Evaluate the situation and break it down one by one.

Reunification of the country by force is Dourgen's established policy. However, at that time, the Dashun Army, which thought its main force had surrendered to Angola, and the Daxi Army, which was active in southwest Zhang, added up to more than 400,000. Zhu Yousong, the axe king of the Ming Dynasty, just established the regime of Hong Guang in Nanming in Nanjing, and assembled the troops in the towns south of Jianghuai. There are still 500,000 troops, which is the natural barrier of the Yangtze River. When the Qing army entered the customs, there were only 200 thousand people in the Eight Banners of Manchu and Mongolian Han Army. In the vast hinterland of China, the Qing army has to fight against many opponents, and its strength is insufficient, so it is likely to be caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Dourgen size up the situation, according to Liu Yindong's suggestion, "don't rush to the west thief (peasant army) under today's situation. If you want Tutsi thieves, you must transfer Mongolia to the trilateral area, and dispatch troops will attack Shanxi and Henan, so that the thieves will be caught between Scylla and Charybdis. We must first plan the road of Shu and Han, and then set the southeast bureau. " Formulated a unified national operational deployment, first to appease the Nanming regime and concentrate on cracking down on the peasant army. Doing so can achieve the goal of killing two birds with one stone: First, it proves that Dourgen's slogan "world without thieves" is being put into military action to gain the broad support of the Han landlord class; Second, it is convenient for the Qing army to concentrate its main forces to smash the enemy one by one and avoid fighting on both sides at the same time, thus gaining the political and military initiative.

After determining the operational deployment, Dourgen ordered King Azig of England to attack Xi 'an from Suide via Tumote and Erdos. Before attacking Jiangnan, Yu Duoduo Wang was ordered to pursue Dashun Army by the way. Wang was ordered to enlist the Great Western Army.

At the same time, Dourgen paid close attention to confusing Nanming. He said to Jianghuai and other places: There are those who don't forget the Ming Dynasty, assist the sages, and work together to attack the "thieves", and there are * * * to protect the river left. I won't forbid you. But we still have to make peace, live up to expectations, and always remember that we have avenged you, destroyed Kou and developed good-neighborly friendship with you. This created an illusion for the Hong Guang regime, as if the Qing Dynasty was going to divide the north and the south with Nanming, and only attacked the peasant army without attacking the south of the Yangtze River. As expected, Nan Ming relaxed his vigilance against the Qing Dynasty. Instead of resisting the Qing soldiers, he sent envoys to Beijing to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty, fantasizing about imitating the story of the Song Dynasty and making peace with the Qing Dynasty on the condition of paying 100,000 yuan a year. I also fantasized about uniting the Qing army and suppressing the peasant army.

With the continuous progress of the military, Beijing is becoming more and more stable.