How to write a work summary

Question 1: How to write an abstract? Also known as abstract and content summary. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. Abstract is a concise summary of the description of an invention or utility model. The theme and essence of the invention or utility model shall be briefly explained. The important purpose of this paper is to facilitate people's literature retrieval and preliminary classification. The abstract text shall not exceed 300 words. The abstracts of natural science original works such as research results, experimental research reports and investigation results reports should have four elements: purpose, materials and methods, results and conclusions. The abstracts of other papers should also accurately reflect the main points of the papers and summarize their achievements and conclusions. Writing should be carefully conceived, and it is often above the fold who reviews the manuscript. ...........................................................................: Well, I think you should have checked the contents above. Just make it up. There's not much material in it anyway. Just don't write too few words!

Question 2: "Examples of how to write abstracts of papers" Papers generally have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other readers can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.

It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.

Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.

Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation.

[example]

Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.

Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.

The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.

[example]

Thesis title: thermal simulation model and algorithm of integrated circuit

As we all know, various characteristic parameters of semiconductor devices are temperature-sensitive functions [such as LS (t), B (t), C 1 (t), CP (t)...]. Integrated circuits have integrated a large number of components on the wafer. When the circuit works, the power consumption of components will generate heat, which will spread around along the wafer. However, due to the thermal resistance of the semiconductor chip and the substrate material, the temperature of each point on the chip cannot be the same. Especially for power integrated circuits, there will be high temperature in the area of high power devices, so there is uneven temperature distribution on the chip.

However, in order to simplify the calculation, this temperature difference is often ignored when analyzing the performance of integrated circuits, and all components are assumed to be at the same temperature. For example, the general circuit simulation program-spice is handled in this way. Obviously, this assumption brings calculation errors to integrated circuits. The error of power integrated circuit will be greater. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is how to calculate the temperature distribution on the integrated circuit chip, how to calculate the circuit characteristics at different component temperatures, and how to consider the thermal and electrical interaction on the chip.

This paper introduces the thermal simulation model of integrated circuit, simulates the thermal circuit problem as a circuit problem, and then uses the circuit simulation program to solve the chip temperature distribution. In this way, a mature circuit analysis program can be used to greatly improve the speed and accuracy of calculation. Based on this model and algorithm, the author compiled a FORTRAN program YM- LIN -3, which can determine the chip temperature distribution and calculate the circuit characteristics of components at different temperatures. The program has been passed on IBM-PC microcomputer and satisfactory results have been obtained.

The abstract of the above paper is nearly 600 words, which is obviously too long. As long as it is carefully revised (for example, the first paragraph can be deleted, the second paragraph only keeps the last few sentences and the third paragraph is added), the abstract of the paper can be written in 200 to 300 words.

Example of summary:

First, the title of the paper abstract example

Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of Subject Library

The development direction of contemporary library construction is digital library, which is the existing form of future library, and its research and construction level will directly affect the position and role of China library in the future information age. In view of the objective trend of library digitalization development, starting from the problems faced by digital libraries in China, this paper analyzes and discusses the main strategic problems and strategies that should be solved in the construction of digital libraries.

Demolition according to law and building a harmonious city

Demolition in accordance with the law and building a harmonious city are the ultimate goals of urban planning of the * * * department. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the significance of legal demolition, explore the causes of various contradictions in demolition, find ways to solve various interest disputes, and make contributions to building a harmonious society from the perspective of perfecting laws and regulations and striving for the interests of the people.

Second, the graduation thesis master thesis doctoral thesis abstract example

Thesis title: Countermeasures for prevention and control of motor vehicle exhaust pollution ... >>

Question 3: How to write a reading summary?

People are full of enthusiasm again and again, dreaming of breaking the stereotype they are in, but they have been slow to act. Soon, their dreams disappeared and their plans failed completely. Once again, they are caught in the groping and have not realized everything that is obvious in their potential.

Anthony? Robin told us not to think about running 3.5 miles at first, not to be president, and not to monopolize the big market. To solve the immediate challenge, don't focus on the highest job, but on the next thing. To travel to a distant city, you have to take the first step.

"Hope is not equal to the result", which is the key. You must act, you must take the first step. You must come down and talk to yourself.

"How successful do I want to be?" "am I determined to make myself strive for these successes?" Is it possible for me? "Meditate for a while, and you will realize that there are many times in your life when you feel that you haven't done much for something, and you decide to change it: thousands of people have adopted a good lifestyle to promote their health and have been persistent.

It is a basic rule that you must find out where you are before starting a trip. You may have a destination in mind and a map in your hand, but you can't get there unless you know where you are on the map now.

Question 4: How to write a summary of professional and technical work in the evaluation of professional titles?

I was born on1979165438+1October 28th. I graduated from Bengbu Staff University in Anhui Province in July 2002 with a university degree, and was assessed as an assistant engineer in July 2008. I have been engaged in project construction management since graduation. During this period, I worked hard to learn professional technical knowledge and devoted myself to scientific and technological innovation and progress in the process of technical management on the construction site. I worked as a builder in Tang Hong Jiayuan No.1 staff residential building and Minshan World Building Phase II project. During the years of training in the front line of construction, the professional knowledge I learned in school quickly turned into business ability. As the technical and quality backbone of the company, under the direct leadership of the company manager and chief engineer, I am meticulous in technical management. After several years of hard work, I have acquired certain construction technical ability and experience. Since August 2008, I have worked as a project builder in Hefei Doors and Windows Co., Ltd. ..

Over the years, in the process of contributing to the development of on-site construction, my professional and technical ability has also been enriched and improved. In a word, I have done some useful work, but there are still many problems to be improved. My professional and technical work is summarized as follows:

First, enhance quality awareness and create architectural products.

In March, 2008, he worked as a project builder in the second phase project of North Zone of University Science Park undertaken by Mianyang Fuxiang Construction and Development Co., Ltd. The project quality is the life of the construction enterprise. In order to obtain good project quality, technical managers are required to have a good sense of excellence. As the project builder of the project, I will take the lead in establishing and perfecting the project first.

Ministry of technology and quality management rules and regulations. According to the project construction method, the project quality objectives are decomposed into various professional and technical posts, and then the construction is organized according to the requirements of technical posts. A series of management systems conducive to ensuring the project quality have been established successively, such as technical review system, project quality inspection system, hidden acceptance system, quality common fault control measures, semi-finished products protection measures and so on. According to the characteristics of large amount of excavation and concrete pouring in this project, the formwork support adopts the tool-type quick release system, and the glued bamboo formwork with film covering is used together to ensure that the gap of bamboo formwork is not more than 1mm and the surface flatness is not more than 2mm, which not only saves the cement consumption, but also completely eliminates the quality hidden danger of ceiling plastering, and realizes the double harvest of economic and social benefits. The surfaces of the tiles on the interior and exterior walls are smooth and clean, with the same color, dense joint filling, straightness and uniform width, and the details of the waterproof layer on the roof are carefully handled, consistent and beautiful. The surfaces of doors and windows should be clean, free from scratches and bumps, and the surface of wall paint should be smooth and even, with uniform thickness and no air holes. Straight line. In the process of construction, the construction shall be carried out in strict accordance with the design and construction drawings and the requirements of national specifications, procedures and general atlas, and various sub-projects shall be completed seriously. Achieved the quality goal of "high standard and high quality". Through the direct participation and control of the technical work of the project, the quality, progress and benefit of the project have received good results.

Two, study hard business technology, do a good job.

I've been doing well since I started working in Hefei Doors and Windows Co., Ltd. in August 2008. Under the tight time and heavy task of this project, I voluntarily gave up my personal rest time and worked overtime without complaint, which fully reflected the due role of a young professional and technical personnel.

In my work as a project builder, I apply my professional knowledge to work practice, from technical guidance and quality inspection and acceptance of the construction site to verification of technical data.

Question 5: How to write an abstract is a brief statement of the contents of the paper without comments, so as to supplement the deficiency of the title, let readers know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible, and provide convenience for scientific and technological information personnel and computer retrieval.

National standards have clear provisions on abstracts, and internationally renowned retrieval publications also have very strict requirements on abstracts. Even if the publication is included, if the abstract does not meet the requirements, it will also affect the inclusion of papers. Writing a good abstract is not only the basic requirement of academic communication, but also conducive to the citation and inclusion of papers, which must be highly valued.

Basic requirements for writing abstracts

1. Summary type

Indicative abstract: Briefly introduce the purpose of the research and the outline of the paper, with a short length (generally 50 ~ 100 words).

Summary of the report: introduce the research results of the paper in detail, provide the main innovative contents and as much quantitative or qualitative information as possible, which is long (generally 200 ~ 300 words).

Report-indicative abstract: the part of the paper with high information value is expressed in the form of report abstract, and the rest is expressed in the form of indicative abstract, with a length between the two (generally 100 ~ 300 words).

Generally speaking, academic sci-tech journals (periodicals) are required to write a reportable or reportable abstract.

2. Summary content

Report and report-the indicative summary should generally include the research objectives, methods, results and conclusions.

Objective: To study the premise, purpose and task.

Methods: The principles, theories, conditions and tools used.

Results: research results, observation results or phenomena, determined relationships, etc.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study.

Problems needing attention in compilation

1. The abstract should mainly introduce the work, achievements and opinions of the author of this paper, and should not contain common sense content in this subject field, and should not make (self-) evaluation on the paper.

2. Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title of the paper (the common mistake is that the 1 sentence in the abstract is repeated with the title).

3. The abstract should use the third person instead of "the text" or "the author" as the subject; Generally speaking, "in this article" is not used as an attribute or an adverbial.

4. The content should be specific, such as "research related issues" and "get some useful conclusions", not specific.

5. Generally, there should be no quotations, charts and figures and complicated mathematical formulas in the abstract.

6. Tense of English abstract: Generally, the work done is described in the simple past tense, and the results and conclusions obtained are described in the simple present tense.

7. Well-known standardized symbols and terms should be used; When the abbreviation (abbreviation) appears at 1, its complete meaning should be given in common Chinese and spelled out in English.

8. Try to use short sentences in English abstracts, try to modify nouns with phrases, and don't use clauses.

9. It is particularly important to correctly express professional vocabulary in English. Secondly, we should pay special attention to the number, specific reference and general reference of nouns in English abstracts.

Question 6: How to write the abstract of the paper?

Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.

The abstract shall include the following contents:

① The purpose and significance of this study;

(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;

(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;

④ The significance of the conclusion or result.

Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.

Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.

Question 7: How to be a successful manager, how to write and how to be a successful manager.

Strengthening the construction of principals in primary and secondary schools is an important measure to realize the goals, strategies and guidelines of China's education development, and it is also an organizational guarantee to implement the specific policies and measures of the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China at the grassroots level. Especially in recent years, many schools are in the transition period between old and new principals. A large number of new principals have taken up leadership positions in branch schools. How will they inherit and carry forward the fine tradition of running a school, adapt to the new situation under the new historical conditions, solve new problems, and make themselves an excellent principal and a successful manager? This is a topic of great concern to education administrative departments at all levels and principals of primary and secondary schools.

Question 8: How to write the summary of accounting vouchers? Miss Liu, who has just joined the accounting work of enterprises, recently called Jun accounting agency, which is engaged in bookkeeping business in Shenzhen. She said that the biggest problem she is facing now is that she doesn't know the abstract of the accounting voucher, sometimes she can't understand it herself, and she often jokes. I wonder if Jun Hexin can introduce a good way to write the summary of accounting vouchers? 1 should be standardized and unified. The daily revenue and expenditure business adopts the sentence pattern of "subject+predicate+object". That is, it has three basic elements of economic behavior: subject, object and content. For example, Wang Ping bought a 150 yuan office pen in cash. Abstract: Zhang Pingbao office pen. The more standardized and unified the voucher summary, the more convenient it will be for future review. 2. concise and clear. Too complicated description is really not conducive to improving work efficiency, but too simple generalization can't express the economic content clearly. Therefore, when writing an abstract, we should grasp the key points and express the economic content as comprehensively as possible within the number of abstract words set by the computer. For example, Zhu Xinhua Information Department borrowed 5000 yuan from Shenzhen to purchase materials. Borrow money and buy materials for Zhu Xinhua, but not for Zhu Xinhua, let alone for borrowing money. 3. Be accurate and careful. For the same accounting voucher reflecting different economic contents, each economic content accurately corresponds to a summary, and the same summary cannot be used in general. The current debit and credit bookkeeping method and accounting basic work norms allow the preparation of accounting vouchers for one loan and multiple loans, one loan and multiple loans, and multiple loans under special circumstances. At present, the widely used computerized accounting software generally has the function of "modifying the abstract", which provides conditions for accurately compiling the abstract of accounting documents. 4, correct wrong account to mark. When errors are found in accounting vouchers, the summary of the original erroneous vouchers is written in red as "A voucher was invalidated on a certain day of a certain month", and the summary of the correct accounting vouchers is written in blue as "A voucher was revised on a certain day of a certain month". For accounting entries with only the wrong amount, when preparing vouchers for adjusting digital differences, it is summarized as "Adjust a voucher on a certain day of the month"; If you modify the wrong voucher of the previous year, you must add the word "year" before "month and day". Junhexin Certified Public Accountants hereby reminds you that when you cancel, modify or adjust the wrong voucher, you should manually mark "This voucher has been corrected on a certain day of the month" at the bottom of the modified bookkeeping voucher summary, indicating that the voucher has been modified. The above are several small methods that should be paid attention to when writing a voucher summary, hoping to provide it to friends in need.

Question 9: How to write the abstract of the paper? Generally, there should be abstracts, some for international communication, and some in foreign languages (mostly in English)

Text) abstract. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other uses are not reading.

You can get the necessary information by reading the full text of the paper.

It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.

Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise and content.

It also needs to be fully summarized.

The length of a paper is generally limited to 5% of the number of words in the paper.

For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.

Don't give examples, don't talk about the research process, don't use charts and figures, and don't give them to culture.

Learn the structure, don't make self-evaluation.

[example]

Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.

Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.

Common mistakes in abstract writing,

One is to copy the subtitle in the text of the paper.

(Table of Contents) or the text at the end of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.

Question 10: How to write the abstract of graduation project? Hello!

Please refer to:

Writing methods and skills of graduation thesis abstract

1. The role of abstraction

Abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information of the paper. The paper should reflect the author's viewpoint, the main contents of the paper, the research results and original opinions. A good abstract is easy to index and search, easy to be included in a large database and provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange.

2. Basic norms and principles of writing abstracts

(1) Thesis abstracts are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign (usually English) abstracts. Different schools and institutions have different requirements for space restrictions. Generally, Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, English abstracts should not exceed 250 substantive words, and Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent. The length of the abstract of graduation thesis can be appropriately increased.

(2) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used alone. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.

(3) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.

(4) The text should be concise and verbose, with important contents abstracted, foreword, background and other details excluded, old conclusions and original data removed, and no notes or annotations added. Use direct expression to delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the most information should be provided with the least words.

(5) The abstract does not use special characters, charts, chemical structures, and mathematical expressions composed of special characters, and does not list examples.

Gong 3. Four elements of abstraction

Purpose, method, result and conclusion are called the four elements of an abstract.

(1) Purpose: To point out the scope, purpose, importance, tasks and preconditions of the research, rather than simply repeating the theme.

(2) Methods: Briefly describe the work flow of the project, what main contents have been studied and what work has been done in this process, including objects, principles, conditions, procedures and means.

(3) Achievements: State the important new discoveries, achievements and values after the research, including the data and results obtained through investigation, experiment and observation, and analyze its unsatisfactory limitations.

(4) Conclusion: Through the study of this topic, the important conclusions, including the correct views confirmed from it, are analyzed and studied, and the significance of its application in real life and the value of integrating theory with practice are compared and predicted.

4. Writing steps

As a special narrative, its writing steps are different from ordinary articles. The writing time is usually after the completion of the paper, but it can also be written in advance, and then the abstract can be revised while writing the paper. First of all, from the four elements of the abstract, read through the full text of the paper, carefully list the important contents of the paper one by one, especially the summary of each paragraph and the topic sentence at the end of the paper, keep the outline and essence, and extract the key information used to write the abstract. Then, see if these materials can completely and accurately answer the questions involved in the four elements of the abstract, and ask for concise sentences. If answering these questions is not enough, reread the paper and extract the corresponding content to supplement it. Finally, these scattered information are combined into complete sentences that conform to grammatical rules and logical rules, and then a smooth essay is formed. Read through this passage and revise it repeatedly to meet the requirements of the abstract.

5. About English abstracts

(1) The writing methods of English abstracts should be based on recognized writing norms.

(2) Use simple sentences as much as possible to avoid monotonous sentence patterns and accurate and complete expression requirements.

(3) Use items correctly.

(4) Write in standard English, avoid using spoken English, use common words that are easy to understand, and don't use uncommon words.

(5) The author uses the past tense in his work and the present tense in his conclusion.

(6) Use active voice more.

6. Keywords

For the purpose of document indexing, words are selected from reports and papers to express the subject content information of the full text. Choose 3-8 words as keywords for each report and paper, and start a new line with prominent characters, which are arranged on the left side of the abstract. If possible, try using ... >>